Afghanistan |
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Minaret of Jam |
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The Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam comprise a masterwork of Islamic architecture and decoration.
The well-preserved minaret and its surrounding remains are the products of the Ghurid civilization, which in the 12th and 13th centuries controlled not only Afghanistan, but also parts of eastern Iran, Northern India and parts of Pakistan. The 65-metre-high minaret is built entirely of baked bricks, with intricate brick, stucco and glazed tile decorations such as alternating bands of calligraphy, geometric patterns, and verses from the Qur'an.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far and has been rarely visited in the past. Since the most recent takeover by the Taliban in 2021, tourists have been reaching it again. |
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Bamiyan Valley |
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The Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley is an outstanding representation of Gandharan Buddhist art and culture in Central Asia.
The kingdom of Bamiyan was a Buddhist state that was strategically located on the Silk Road and was an important centre of pilgrimage. The site consists of eight components, including caves with painted decorations and Buddha statues carved into the cliffs. The cliffs held two standing Buddhas, measuring 55 and 37 meters high respectively, that were the largest examples of standing Buddha carvings in the world. They were deliberately destructed in March 2001 by the Afghan Taliban government and only the niches remain.
Community Perspective: Sidney visited in 1971 and witnessed a spectacular sunset on the Buddha statues. Noone since has reviewed it, although Bamiyan is usually part of Afghanistan travel itineraries. |
Albania |
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Butrint |
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Butrint is a relict cultural landscape representing an example of Mediterranean history from the time of the Greek colony until the Middle Ages.
The site, which was inhabited from prehistoric til Ottoman times, has a fine natural setting. Major remains include the well-preserved ancient Greek theatre and the paleo-Christian basilica with beautiful mosaics.
Community Perspective: easy to reach by boat from Corfu (or the Albanian mainland), this is a vast site spanning a large time span. The mosaics unfortunately are generally not visible to the public. Nan has provided tips for visiting on public transport. |
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Ohrid Region |
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The Natural and cultural heritage of the Ohrid Region comprises the ancient town of Ohrid and nearby Lake Ohrid, one of the deepest and oldest lakes in Europe.
Ohrid has been a cultural centre of great importance for the Balkan and the Slavonic language. Its Byzantine churches are renowned for their frescoes and icons. The lake, which is low in nutrients, holds many endemic species of fish, molluscs etc. The lakeshore reed beds and wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of wintering water birds.
Community Perspective: the site encompasses a large area and warrants multiple days to experience both its cultural and natural aspects. Visit outside of the summer months to avoid the tourist crowds. Clyde’s recent review focuses on the lesser-visited Albanian side. |
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Berat and Gjirokastra |
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The Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra are well-preserved Ottoman towns, decorated with outstanding examples of kule: Balkan-Ottoman style tower houses.
Berat has been particularly marked by the peaceful coexistence of Ottoman Islam with a large Christian minority. The designated area includes Berat Castle, mosques, churches, and the Gorica Bridge. Gjirokastra was built around a 13th-century citadel and developed into a regional center. Residential quarters, the bazaar, churches, and mosques were built vertically and in stone.
Community Perspective: the two towns lie some 150km apart, complement each other and they warrant an overnight stay each. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
Algeria |
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Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad |
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The Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad comprises the remains of the first capital of the Hammadid empire.
The Qal'a (Fortress) is located in a mountainous setting at more than 1,000m altitude. In the 11th century, a prosperous Islamic town developed here. Surrounded by walls, it includes residential complexes, a large mosque, and the emir's palace surrounded by gardens and pavilions. Its design later influenced Arab architecture as can be seen in the Maghreb, Andalusia and Sicily.
Community Perspective: worth the long detour for the surrounding landscape and the 25m tall minaret that is its most striking highlight. |
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Tassili n'Ajjer |
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The Tassili n'Ajjer is a mountain range in the Sahara characterized by its impressive rock art and geological formation of sandstone "rock forests".
Erosion in the area has formed nearly 300 natural rock arches, along with many other spectacular landforms. Its prehistoric rock paintings and other ancient archaeological sites date from neolithic times when the local climate was much moister, with savannah rather than desert. Over 15,000 rock paintings have been inventoried.
Community Perspective: This area near the Libyan border is covered by regular ‘desert’ tours departing from Djanet, a city best reached by flight from Algiers. |
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M'Zab Valley |
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The M'Zab Valley in the northern Sahara holds five traditional fortified villages (ksour), which are perfectly adapted to their environment and where the traditional building techniques have been kept up.
The Ibadis settled here from the 11th century on, making the most of the defensive possibilities and creating a water distribution system to make life in the semi-desert possible. Their settlements were built around a citadel and included palm groves. The five ksour included are El Atteuf, Bou Noura, Beni Isguen, Melika, Ghardaia.
Community Perspective: one of the most interesting areas in Algeria, with Ghardaia as the main component. The area has been prone to ethnic clashes in the past and a guide is obligatory to enter the walled cities. |
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Djémila |
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Djémila shows the unique adaptation of Roman architecture to a mountain environment.
This mountain village has some of the best-preserved and most beautiful Roman ruins in North Africa. They belong to a Roman colony known at the time as Cuicul. The remains include a theatre, two fora, temples, basilicas, arches, streets, and houses. Also, impressive mosaics have been uncovered.
Community Perspective: Constantine and Setif are the major cities from where you easily can visit Djémila as a half-day trip. The site is covered in flowers in Spring. |
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Tipasa |
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Tipasa is an archaeological site that resulted from the Punic and Roman civilizations.
It was founded by the Carthaginians as a port and trading centre. They left behind one of the most extensive cemeteries of the Phoenician world. The site also includes the Royal Mauritanian Mausoleum, a Numidian circular funerary monument. As a Roman colony, it gained many prestigious structures including Christian religious buildings.
Community Perspective: be aware that it has three components: one in town, where most of what you’ll see is of Late Roman origin including the remains of four basilicas. The other one east of it, is a scruffy graveyard (see Zoë’s review). And the third, the Numidian Mausoleum, lies 11km southeast of the main archaeological complex (see Solivagant’s review). |
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Timgad |
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Timgad is an example of Roman urban planning that extended from a military camp.
Timgad, called Thamugas by the Romans, was a Roman colony in North Africa founded by Emperor Trajan around 100 CE. Its typical grid plan included features such as paved streets, 14 baths and Trajan's Arch, a 12 m high triumphal arch.
Community Perspective: Solivagant explains how Timgad differs from other Roman ruins along the North African coast as it was built ‘ex nihilo’ as a Roman “ideal city”. Juha ranks its ruins “among the best outside of Italy”; he also provides information on how to get there. |
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Kasbah of Algiers |
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The Kasbah of Algiers represents a typical Mediterranean Muslim urban landscape that has been influential across the region.
The Old Town with its labyrinths of lanes is enclosed by ramparts. The historic buildings, dating mostly from the late 16th and 17th centuries, include the remains of the citadel, ancient mosques, Ottoman palaces, as well as traditional houses.
Community Perspective: Solivagant summarizes it as “I can’t think of any cultural WHS I have visited which has been in a worse condition than the Algiers Kasbah.”, and he also shares his research on the site’s boundaries. In light of the frequent safety warnings regarding visiting this site, Juha found the Lower Kasbah quite safe to walk around on your own and the quiet and labyrinthine alleys of the High Kasbah may be better done with a guide. |
Andorra |
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Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley |
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The Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley is a pastoral landscape reflecting an agricultural way of life that was once widespread in the upland regions of Europe but now survives only in this part of the Pyrenees.
The valley was a place of passage with tracks linking it to France and Spain. Shepherds, charcoal burners, miners, blacksmiths, farmers and even smugglers have used these footpaths over the centuries. It corresponds with the Madriu river basin. The highest part is a glacial landscape, the rest was and still is used as pastures for the grazing of cows and horses during the summer. The two settlements within the valley are only used in the summer months. Terraced fields have been constructed to grow rye, and wheat and to provide hay. The land is communally owned.
Community Perspective: A number of marked trails lead into the area. But as beautiful as the scenery might be, it will not bring you closer to understanding the cultural value and one reviewer even wondered how alive the pastoral tradition really is. |
Angola |
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Mbanza Kongo |
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Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, represents the political and religious centre of a vast African kingdom that was transformed by the arrival of the Portuguese in the late 15th century.
The site (now a town of some 175,000 inhabitants) is located on a plateau. It comprises both archaeological remains of the precolonial period as well as colonial structures – often overlapping each other. The Kingdom of Kongo has strong intangible links with the slave trade and the early conversion of African kings to the Catholic religion (with a Cathedral and Jesuit College in place from the early 17th century).
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
Antigua and Barbuda |
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Antigua Naval Dockyard |
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The Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites are late 18th, early 19th century defensive structures made by the British Navy.
They were built in an ideal natural setting, around a series of bays known as the English Harbour. Enslaved laborers from plantations in the vicinity were sent to work on the dockyard. A wide range of buildings has survived. They were built in the Georgian style, with some modifications for the tropical climate.
Community Perspective: the site gets mixed reviews, but it is probably the only place of historic interest in Antigua. The dockyard area now unfortunately mostly is used for modern shops and restaurants which scream “tourist trap”. Dow's Hill Interpretation Centre and Shirley’s Heights both have good views of the harbour and the short hike out to Fort Berkeley is recommended as well. |
Argentina |
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Los Glaciares |
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Los Glaciares National Park covers a remote mountain landscape known for its ongoing glacial activity.
The park is situated on the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, the largest ice cap in the world outside of Antarctica and Greenland. It holds 47 larger active glaciers, among them the Perito Moreno. They feed two large lakes: Lake Argentino and Lake Viedma. The area also is important for scientific research on climate change.
Community Perspective: El Chalten in the north is generally preferred as a base above southern Calafate – choose yourself by reading the respective reviews of Nan and Squiffy. Be aware that the weather here is highly changeable and you should give it a few days. |
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Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis |
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The Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis are the archeological remains of towns created by the Jesuit Order.
The towns existed between 1609 and 1818, and aimed to socially, culturally and religiously elevate the local Guarani communities. They also provided protection and economic stability. These so-called reducciones included agricultural lands such as mate plantations as well.
Community Perspective: San Ignacio Mini in Argentina is its best-known component (it even comes with a sound-and-light show), while São Miguel das Missões has a remarkable façade. Nan and Timonator speak highly of Loreto in Argentina. |
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Iguazu National Park |
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Iguazu National Park holds one of the world's most spectacular waterfalls and is the habitat of rare and endangered species.
The waterfalls on both sides of the international border span over 2700m and have a height of 80 m. The spray creates a micro-climate that is favourable for lush sub-tropical vegetation. The riverbanks support fauna such as birds, caiman and various cat species. The park also protects a remnant of the Atlantic Forest, with high species diversity and a high rate of endemism.
Community Perspective: The common opinion seems to be that the Brazilian side is the better to view the extent of the waterfalls, and the Argentine side the better to get up close to the falls. Devil's Throat is the highlight here. |
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Cueva de las Manos |
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Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas, contains unique prehistoric rock art.
The cave lies in the valley of the Pinturas River, in an isolated spot in the Patagonian landscape. It stands out for the stencilled outlines of human hands. Animals and hunting scenes are also depicted. They were made by local hunter-gatherers between 9,000 and 1,300 years ago, and are among the earliest and best preserved in South America.
Community Perspective: located in a remote but lush canyon, the site nowadays can best be reached on a day trip from Perito Moreno. This can be done by car if you have your own wheels; Els has explained which route to choose. There are also daily tours, for which Chelenco Tours is recommended. |
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Peninsula Valdes |
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Península Valdés comprises the most important breeding grounds of the Southern Right Whale and is the habitat of several other marine mammals.
Only 11 kms wide, the narrow Valdes Peninsula has a dynamic coastal zone with active sand dunes and numerous cliffs, bays and lagoons. Over 1,500 Southern Right Whales visit its waters yearly to breed, and the area is essential for their conservation. It also is home to elephant seals, sea lions, orcas and penguins.
Community Perspective: Try to arrive “in season” to see the whales, elephant seals and orcas, as highlighted by Solivagant. Whale-watching tours are organized from the town of Puerto Pirámides, and more general tours of the peninsula’s wildlife from Puerto Madryn as well. You can also self-drive in the park, as described by Timonator. |
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Ischigualasto / Talampaya |
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The Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks protect geological formations of the Triassic Period where the evolution of vertebrate life can be witnessed.
These contiguous parks are rich in diversity of both plant and vertebrate fossils of the entire Triassic Period, when dinosaurs and mammals came into existence. Some of the oldest known dinosaur remains were found in this location, which makes it one of the most important palaeontological sites in the world.
Community Perspective: The sites are best reached from the town of La Rioja, although they still are 200km away. Count on a very full day of travel to visit them both. Michael has described how to reach Talampaya on public transport; for Ischigualasto you need a car. At both locations guided tours are conducted in an orderly fashion, but ”you need to really love rock formations and hard to see petroglyphs to get much out of it”. Read Frederic's tale to understand how weather-dependent a visit is. |
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Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba |
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The Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba comprise complementing urban and rural settlements that were developed by the Society of Jesus as part of their missionary activities.
In Córdoba proper, the Jesuits were allocated one of the blocks in the checkerboard plan of the city, where they built a university (Colégio Maximo), a college and a church that also held the Jesuit political/administrative bodies. The rural estancias, supported by complex hydraulic systems and worked by indigenous farmers and African slave labourers, were to provide the necessary resources through farming and textile production.
Community Perspective: Using Cordoba as a base, the estancias can be reached by adding one or two day trips by bus or car. Read Timonator’s review for the most recent info. |
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Quebrada de Humahuaca |
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The Quebrada de Humahuaca is a mountain valley that has been in use as a cultural route between the Andean highlands and the plains for over 10,000 years.
Numerous tracks, roads, settlements and fields testify to the civilizations that once lived here: hunter-gatherers, prehistoric farmers, indigenous Omaguacas, Inca, Spanish and the Argentine Republic. Especially notable are the stone-walled agricultural terraces of Coctaca. Due to its strategic position, the area was colonized by both the Inca and the Spanish, who were after the trade, minerals and agricultural products.
Community Perspective: Although set in a stunning natural setting, its cultural values are harder to grasp – the Pucará of Tilcara may be the best of the ancient sites. Frédéric spent 4 days in the area and covered a number of interesting places. |
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Qhapaq Ñan |
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Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System, is the communication and trade network developed by the Inca Empire.
The infrastructure needed exceptional technological and engineering skills in a difficult geographical setting in rural and remote parts of the Andes. The network supported the Inca Empire’s integration and was a symbol of its strength.
Community Perspective: As a serial transnational site comprising over 720km of road and 273 archaeological sites, it is hard to determine whether you have 'seen' it. Even more so as it is unclear whether the so-called Associated sites are inscribed as well. The latter include sites that are also WHS in their own right (Cusco, Tiwanaku). The main approach chosen is checking out a few locations near Lima or Cuzco and looking for traces of infrastructure (described well in Clyde’s review). Additionally, Allan has visited locations in Chile, and Els Ingapirca in Ecuador. |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
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Los Alerces National Park |
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Los Alerces National Park is a visually stunning Andean landscape moulded by glaciations and covered by lakes and temperate forests.
The forests include the best-conserved pockets of the endemic and globally endangered Alerce trees - the second-longest living tree species in the world. The largest and oldest tree here is nearly 60 metres tall and approximately 2,600 years old.
Community Perspective: Access to the park on public transport outside of the high season can be tricky, as testified by Nan. The disadvantage of the high season (January/February) on the other hand is that excursions can get fully booked, as Frédéric noticed. But you can always do a satisfying hike and see an Alerce tree. Timonator stayed overnight. |
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ESMA Site Museum |
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The ESMA Museum and Site of Memory - Former Clandestine Centre of Detention, Torture and Extermination represents the illegal oppression of opposition executed by the dictatorships of Latin America in the 1970s-1980s.
The 'Clandestine Centre' was located at the Officer's Quarters of the Argentine Navy in Buenos Aires. More than 5,000 people were kidnapped, tortured, and murdered here, and further atrocities were committed by its officers and subordinates against political left- and communist-oriented opposition members.
Community Perspective: Joel speaks of a "harrowing" museum with a strong focus on survivors' testimony, though overall it is very Argentina-specific. The museum is easy to reach within Buenos Aires by bus or Uber. |
Armenia |
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Haghpat and Sanahin |
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The Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin represent a fusion of Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture and vernacular architecture of the Caucasus.
These monasteries dating to the 10th-13th centuries are located in the Debed Canyon in harmony with their picturesque landscape. Both compounds contain several historic churches. Sanahin also has over 50 ancient khachkars (sculptured cross-stones) standing on its territory.
Community Perspective: These are located not far from each other in a fine setting, if you think away the industrial town of Alaverdi. The khachkars are of particular interest. See Nan’s review for tips on getting there without a car. |
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Monastery of Geghard |
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The Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley are renowned for their influence on Armenian monastic architecture.
The site contains a number of churches and tombs, most of them cut into the living rock. The monastery complex was founded in the 4th century by Gregory the Illuminator at the site of a sacred spring inside a cave. The main complex, situated within a defensive wall, dates from the 13th century and holds churches, chapels, cells for monks to live in, and princely tombs. The monastery had a school and library and was an important center of learning in the Middle Ages.
Community Perspective: An atmospheric site in a delightful deep valley. The buildings stand out for their delicate carvings. Geghard is a popular day trip from Yerevan, both with tourists and pilgrims. |
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Echmiatsin and Zvartnots |
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The Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots bear witness to the development of Christianity in Armenia.
They are also prime examples of Armenian church design, characterized by its central-domed cross-hall layout. Echmiatsin is the center of the Armenian Church and holds the Echmiatsin Cathedral, the most ancient church in Armenia (301), as well as other 7th-century churches. Zvartnots was built to surpass the Echmiatsin Cathedral in grandeur: it was exceptionally high for its time and covered in bas relief.
Community Perspective: Despite their importance, these are quite sober churches and one can only guess at the former beauty of Zvartnots as it’s ruined like an Ancient Greek temple. They are easily visited on the way to or from Yerevan or its airport. |
Australia |
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Kakadu National Park |
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Kakadu National Park comprises wetlands and cliffs, that have been used by Aboriginal cultures for over 50,000 years.
Its rock art reveals insights into hunting and gathering practices, social structure and ritual ceremonies of Indigenous societies. Its variety of ecosystems hold a huge diversity of flora. Large numbers of waterbirds live here, and the wetlands are the breeding habitat of the endangered saltwater crocodile and the pig-nosed turtle.
Community Perspective: The park is prone to flooding in the wet season, but two of the most popular sights are open all year: the rock art at Nourlangie Rock and the Yellow Water Cruise. May-October is the best time to visit, and the usual point of departure is Darwin (there is even a bus service). There’s enough to see to fill 3 days. |
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Great Barrier Reef |
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The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, composed of roughly 2,500 individual reefs and 900 islands extending 2,000 kilometres along Queensland's coast.
The coral reefs hold a huge biodiversity, with dugong, whales, dolphins and turtles among the most notable marine species. They provide some of the most spectacular underwater scenery on earth with 400 species of coral and 1,500 species of fish.
Community Perspective: You can go and see it from a glass bottom boat, by snorkeling, diving or just straight from the boat. Cairns is a good starting point for these tours, as are the Whitsunday Islands (which come out better in comparison). |
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Willandra Lakes |
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The Willandra Lakes Region is a geologically unique area of dry lakebeds rich in fossils and very early homo sapiens evidence.
They include the world's oldest cremation site (26,000 years old) and remains of a settlement up to 40,000 years ago (agricultural use, stone tools). The lakes dried out about 18,500 years ago. The region is important for research of the Pleistocene in Australasia, when humans became dominant and large wildlife became extinct.
Community Perspective: It’s a wonderful semi-arid desert now, with exposed fossilized trees and bones, and one of Australia's top off-the-beaten-track WHS. Locally the area is better known as Mungo National Park. Clyde describes getting there and around with a non-4WD car. |
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Tasmanian Wilderness |
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The Tasmanian Wilderness constitutes one of the last expanses of temperate wilderness in the world and a cultural landscape for Tasmanian Aboriginal people.
Tasmanian Aboriginal people have lived here for approximately 40,000 years, of which traces can be found in prehistoric cave sites. Its nature is of exceptional beauty, with various distinctive landforms ranging from the alpine to wetland and coastal ecosystems. It includes some of the longest-lived trees in the world and is home to several marsupial carnivores.
Community Perspective: The lakes of Dove and St. Clair (part of the Cradle Mountain/Lake St. Clair National Park) are the most accessible option for a short visit, and you may spot platypus, wombat and echnidna there. Shandos has given an overview of 5 of the included reserves. |
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Lord Howe Island |
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The Lord Howe Island Group represents an island system developed from submarine volcanic activity with a characteristic insular biota.
It consists of islands and rocks that are home to many species of nesting seabirds and other endemic or rare animals. It also features the most southerly coral reef in the world. Besides Lord Howe Island, the designated area includes the Admiralty Group, Mutton Bird and Sail Rock, Blackburn (Rabbit) Island, Gower Island and Ball's Pyramid.
Community Perspective: airfares and accommodation are extremely expensive because of the tourism restriction of 400 beds. Climb the peaks, visit the Lord Howe Island Museum or enjoy its beaches. |
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Gondwana Rainforests |
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The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia are renowned for their geological features and unique record of the evolutionary history of Australian rainforests.
The 41 different parks in Queensland and New South Wales are located on volcanic shields that were created after the breakup of Gondwana. They hold the major remaining areas of rainforest, where many songbird species are present as well as further rare and threatened flora and fauna species.
Community Perspective: Dorrigo National Park (Michael) is an accessible choice among the parks to visit, while Lamington National Park (Clyde) proved to be good for birders. |
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Uluru |
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Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park is a striking physical landscape of two rock formations contrasting sharply with the surrounding sand plains and desert.
The monolith Uluru (Ayers Rock) and the rock domes of Kata Tjuta (Mount Olga) are isolated remnants left after the slow erosion of an original mountain range. It also is an associative landscape via the spiritual relationship of the Aboriginal owners with the land. The area holds numerous sites sacred to the local Anangu people.
Community Perspective: Although popular, this is an expensive destination because you’re confined to the resort town of Yulara and you need a car to get around. Uluru has a magical charm, while Kata Tjuta has good hiking opportunities (Clyde has described a number of them well). |
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Wet Tropics of Queensland |
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The Wet Tropics of Queensland is an area mainly consisting of wet tropical rainforests with a great variety of animal and plant species.
It contains the remains of the great Gondwanan forest that covered Australia and part of Antarctica 50 to 100 million years ago. It is an important source of information for the study of fossils (especially of marsupials) found elsewhere in Australia. The site holds many endemic flora species and is home to the flightless Australian cassowary, one of the largest birds in the world.
Community Perspective: All reviewers so far have covered Barron Gorge National Park (an easy ride from Cairns). The other 40 or so parks and reserves stay unreviewed. |
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Heard and McDonald Islands |
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Heard Island and McDonald Islands are uninhabited, barren islands located in the Southern Ocean, with a complete absence of alien plants and animals, as well as human impact.
The islands have been territories of Australia since 1947, and contain the only two active volcanoes in Australian territory, one of which, Mawson Peak, is the highest Australian mountain. The volcanoes are covered by snow and glaciers. The islands furthermore see major breeding populations of seals, petrels, albatrosses and penguins.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Shark Bay |
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Shark Bay, Western Australia, covers a large, mostly marine area that is renowned for its presence of stromatolites and the largest seagrass bank in the world.
Its marine waters are hypersaline. Hamelin Pool has the most diverse and abundant examples of stromatolites in the world, while the Wooramel Seagrass Bank has the most seagrass species recorded from one area. The site is also of major zoological importance being home to about 11,000 dugongs and many dolphins and whales.
Community Perspective: According to Zoë, it’s not an easy site to come to grips with, unless you are satisfied with seeing dolphins at Monkey Mia. |
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Macquarie Island |
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Macquarie Island holds a remote, windswept landscape that is the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea level.
The active tectonic processes make it an important focus of geological study. The island and associated islets lie about halfway between Australia and Antarctica and are populated by huge congregations of penguins and seals. Over 850,000 Royal Penguins breed here yearly.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Fraser Island |
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K’gari (Fraser Island) is the largest sand island in the world.
It has over 100 clean freshwater dune lakes, spectacular coastal dune formations, sand cliffs and sandy beaches. Up to 50m tall rainforest trees grow on the dunes. Notable fauna includes various threatened species of frog. Dingoes were once common on the island, but are now decreasing.
Community Perspective: The site is strictly limited to 4WD vehicles, so most people opt for a guided tour. Clyde has described what you may expect from a 2-day tour from River Heads, while Carlo did a 1-day tour from Rainbow Beach. |
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Australian Fossil Mammal Sites |
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The Australian Fossil Mammal Sites Riversleigh and the Naracoorte are superb illustrations of the key stages of the isolated evolution of Australia's unique fauna.
Riversleigh has fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds, and reptiles of the Oligocene and Miocene ages, when the habitat changed from humid rainforest to dry forest. The Naracoorte Caves are more recent. Here, holes opened up creating traps for the unwary mammals and other land creatures. Fossils include those of Australian ice age megafauna.
Community Perspective: Almost all reviewers visited Naracoorte, which is the most accessible in southern Australia. The focus here is on Victoria Fossil Cave, for which you need to take part in an (educational) guided tour. John has covered Riversleigh as well. |
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Greater Blue Mountains |
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The Greater Blue Mountains Area is a sandstone plateau that holds a high diversity of eucalypts, representing all four existing groups.
It is an area of rugged tablelands, sheer cliffs, deep, inaccessible valleys and swamps. It also contains ancient, relict species of global significance such as the recently discovered Wollemi pine, a 'living fossil' dating back to the age of the dinosaurs. Notable fauna includes platypus and echidna.
Community Perspective: They’re an easy day trip from Sydney (there’s a direct train to Katoomba) and hiking is the main thing to do. Nan visited on a particularly smoky occasion… |
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Purnululu National Park |
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Purnululu National Park is famous for its sandstone domes, unusual and visually striking with their striping in alternating orange and grey bands.
This remote park includes the Bungle Bungle Range with its beehive-shaped karst sandstone. The banding of the domes is due to differences in clay content and porosity of the sandstone layers. The cone karst is of great scientific importance.
Community Perspective: You can fly in a small aircraft into the park: that way you will also have the opportunity to see the Bungle Bungles from the air. There are campgrounds to stay overnight. Danny has described how to experience the park with a car (4WD only). |
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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape |
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The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape covers an ancient aquaculture system developed by the Gunditjmara Aboriginal people.
They manipulated the water flow through volcanic rock and trapped fish there (especially kooyang). The associated practices are still part of the Gunditjmara living cultural tradition.
Community Perspective: The site doesn’t lie far from the Great Ocean Road from Melbourne to Adelaide. Frederik has described the Tyrendarra component (could use more guidance), while Jarek covered Mt. Eccles (pretty scenery, but not much to see in terms of ancient human activity). |
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Royal Exhibition Building |
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The Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens represent the late 19th-century international exhibition movement, showcasing technological innovation and change that was made possible by the industrialisation.
The building consisted of a Great Hall of Industry of over 12,000 square metres and many temporary annexes in the Gardens. It presented Australian industry and technology to the world during the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880 and the 1888 Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition. The formal Carlton Gardens also were characteristic of exhibition buildings of this period.
Community Perspective: Try to book one of the guided tours to the interior (see Clyde’s review), otherwise you may leave disappointed. |
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Sydney Opera House |
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The Sydney Opera House is one of the most distinctive and famous 20th-century buildings.
This dedicated opera house and concert hall is situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour. The daring design is by the hand of the Danish architect Jorn Utzon, its engineer was Ove Arup.
Community Perspective: It’s almost a sculpture placed into the great harbour setting. One can usually walk through the building and take a peek into one of the concert halls for free. Whether a guided tour of the interior is worth it is disputed – “There is no real relationship between the outside and inside”. |
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Australian Convict Sites |
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The Australian Convict Sites comprise the remains of settlements to which British convicts were migrated by force.
The transportation and associated forced labour was a legal form of punishment in the 18th and 19th centuries. It also led to an influx of European colonists to the detriment of the Aboriginal peoples. The sites include 11 different types of structures, ranging from prisons to factories and mines.
Community Perspective: The sites lie mostly around Sydney and on Tasmania; Shandos has given an overview of them all. Reviews so far have included Port Arthur (Els), Cockatoo Island (Tom), Kingston and Arthur`s Vale (John), Hyde Park Barracks (Jay), Brickendon and Woolmers Estates (Clyde), and Old Governor's House (Nan). The interpretation at some of the sites is rather poor. |
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Ningaloo Coast |
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The Ningaloo Coast holds a fringing coral reef known for its seasonal feeding concentrations of the whale shark.
Due to seasonal nutrient upwelling, a group of 300-500 whale sharks gather here yearly. The marine area also is rich in coral, reef fish, mollusc, turtle and crustacean species. Adjacent to Ningaloo Reef, the limestone karst landscape of Cape Range has a remarkable density of underground caves and other karst features, providing a habitat for birds and reptiles.
Community Perspective: This is a hard-to-reach site, but it still is popular with the diving crowd. Zoë has described such a scuba diving trip. The best chance to see a whale shark is from mid-March to the end of July. |
Austria |
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Salzburg |
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The Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg with its world-famous Baroque architecture is one of the best-preserved examples of an European ecclesiastical city-state.
Here German and Italian cultures interchanged, with Italian architects responsible for many of its Baroque monuments. The city’s quarters were divided into those belonging to the Prince-Archbishops and those of the burghers. They include notable buildings from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Furthermore, Salzburg is historically associated with classical music and festivals.
Community Perspective: Very touristy but still lovely. The Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter with the catacombs and graveyard is often named as its highlight. See Ian’s review for drink and food tips. |
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Semmering Railway |
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The Semmering Railway was the first mountain railway that crossed a high-mountain area.
The 41km long railway was constructed in the mid-19th century and features 14 tunnels (among them the 1,431 m vertex tunnel), 16 viaducts (several two-story) and over 100 curved stone bridges as well as 11 small iron bridges. It opened up new areas to live in and to use for recreation, which can still be seen in its 'summer architecture' in the Alpine resorts.
Community Perspective: trains southward from Vienna still take the Semmering pass route, so you can ‘experience’ the engineering sitting on a train. It’s also worthwhile to make a stop at the resort town of Semmering (as did Els). Clyde recommends hiking the Bahnwanderweg. |
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Schönbrunn |
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The Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn is a Baroque Gesamtkunstwerk that symbolizes Habsburg power.
Schönbrunn was the former Habsburg summer residence. The late 17th-century construction was modified often through the centuries to serve the tastes of the successive monarchs. It got its present form under Empress Maria Theresia, who added the theatre and the garden to make her stay more enjoyable.
Community Perspective: It’s best to take your time to see the whole complex, with a focus on the gardens and the exterior of the palace. Avoid visiting in summer or December if you can, as these are the busiest times. |
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Hallstatt-Dachstein |
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The Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape is a beautiful Alpine landscape where salt production brought great prosperity.
Its name is forever linked to European prehistory for the discovery of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age remains, which became the type site for the Halstatt culture. In addition to the salt mining town of Hallstatt, the landscape also includes the Halstätter Lake, the Dachstein massif, the town of Obertraun and the surrounding areas.
Community Perspective: one of the Alps' most stunning vistas, there possibly isn’t a place anywhere quite as picture-perfect as Hallstatt. It’s a bit of a mystery why it was nominated only as a cultural landscape because its natural properties are at least as important. Read Hubert’s review for tips on the natural side. |
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Graz |
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The City of Graz - Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg comprises an ensemble of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles.
Being situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz and with the patronage of the Habsburgs, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions. Today the old town still holds many monumental buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to Contemporary. At its western edge lies the baroque Eggenberg Castle.
Community Perspective: a beautiful centre with lots of interesting sites but without the crowds of Vienna or Salzburg. Ian's review gives a good overview of how to spend 24 hours in the city. |
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Wachau Cultural Landscape |
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Wachau Cultural Landscape comprises the Danube valley between Melk and Krems which has seen a long historical evolution.
There has been human occupation in the Wachau from Palaeolithic times. It is well-known for its cultivation of apricots and grapes, which are used to produce specialty liquors and wines. It also has picturesque historic towns dating back to the Middle Ages and impressive buildings, such as the fine Baroque abbeys of Melk, Dürnstein and Göttweig.
Community Perspective: the area is best discovered by boat or by bike. Recommended are the Melk Abbey Church with its painted spiral staircases, the Gottweig Benedictine Abbey and villages and little towns such as Duernstein or Spitz. |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Vienna |
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The Historic Centre of Vienna holds significant architecture from three periods (the Middle Ages, the Baroque period, and the Gründerzeit) and is a capital of music.
Vienna was the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and medieval-era buildings remain in the inner city. The Habsburg Emperor Frederick III transformed it into an imperial residence with a strong Baroque character. Further expansion of the city led to the construction of fine examples of late 19th and early 20th century architecture along the Ring.
Community Perspective: Magnificent and Majestic. Assif highlights a number of museums to visit, Hubert the Art Nouveau masterpiece Postsparkasse and Matejicek the time-layers of the Michaelerplatz. |
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Fertö/Neusiedlersee |
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The Fertö/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape is the result of the symbiotic process of human interaction with the westernmost steppe lake in Eurasia.
For eight millennia the lake, its reed belt and its surroundings have been used for stock raising and viticulture, starting with people of the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture. In medieval times, a network of settlements developed with an inner and outer ring around the lake.
Community Perspective: It’s a prime birdwatching area and the lake is used for all kinds of recreational activities, but this is a cultural WHS only (see Els’ review of how that happened) so you have to make do with the charming little town of Rust and the Esterhazy Palace in Fertöd. Hubert recommends doing a bicycle tour and Clyde a ‘self-drive’ boat. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Prehistoric Pile Dwellings |
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The Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps are the remains of prehistoric agrarian lake shore communities.
Rising water levels since prehistory led to the abandonment of these stilt house settlements. Covered by lake and river sediments, organic materials such as wooden structures have been preserved. Archeological findings further include the oldest textiles discovered in Europe, dugout canoes and wooden wheels. About 30 different cultural groups were responsible for creating these pile dwellings.
Community Perspective: only at very few of the 111 locations can original remains be seen, at the others, you will be staring “intently at the water trying to spot the merest hint of some buried rotten wood”. Molina di Ledro and Fiave in Italy are your best bets. Solivagant contemplates what a visit to the Pile Dwellings entails, and Hubert has visited multiple locations. |
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Danube Limes |
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Western Segment) comprises the remains of the Roman border along the Danube River.
This 600km stretch of military installations was linked by a military road parallel to the river. The Pannonian fleet patrolled the river. A series of legionary fortresses, with thousands of soldiers each, formed its backbone. Civilian towns developed around them, and their Roman citizens introduced Roman culture (such as baths, shrines and an amphitheatre) to their surroundings.
Community Perspective: among its 75 locations, the most accessible ones are Vindobona in the center of Vienna and Porta Praetoria in Regensburg. Hubert provides a comprehensive overview of locations with visible remains in Germany, Austria and Slovakia. |
Azerbaijan |
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Walled City of Baku |
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The Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower comprises the remains of a historic town, that has been the capital of Azerbaijan since 1191.
The Old City has preserved much of its 12th-century defensive walls. Within the walls lies a maze of narrow alleys, with ancient residences, stores and mosques. It also harbours the Maiden Tower, the city’s most ancient monument. Its Shirvanshah’s Palace is the most prominent example of Azeri architecture from the Shirvanshah dynasty.
Community Perspective: the cosmopolitan city of Baku gets lots of praise, but this historic center won’t hold your attention for more than an hour or so. |
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Hyrcanian Forests |
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The Hyrcanian Forests comprise a 1,000km long massif covered in ancient natural broad-leaved forests.
They date back 25 - 50 million years when such forests covered most parts of the Northern Temperate region – after periods of glaciation these became isolated remnants. The forests cover inaccessible steep terrain. They show high floristic biodiversity (3,200 vascular plants) and are home to forest birds and the iconic Persian Leopard.
Community Perspective: Among the components in Iran, Wojciech visited Abr Forest, and Zoë also covered Abr plus National Golestan Forest. Clyde so far has provided the best coverage of Khanbulan in Azerbaijan (a component later withdrawn from the nomination/inscription). |
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Gobustan Rock Art |
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Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape has an outstanding collection of more than 6,000 rock engravings.
They can be found on three flat-topped hills within a volcanic landscape. The oldest engravings were made during a warmer and wetter period. Dating from Prehistory to the Middle Ages, they depict primitive men, animals, battle pieces, ritual dances, bullfights, boats with armed oarsmen, warriors with lances in their hands, camel caravans, and pictures of sun and stars.
Community Perspective: All international visitors seem to be steered towards the Boyukdash location. A visit here should also include the modern Gobustan Museum. Gobustan had a rocky path to inscription, adequately described by Solivagant. |
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Sheki |
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The Historic Centre of Sheki with the Khan’s Palace is an 18th-century trade town known for its silk farming.
Sheki was the capital of the short-lived Shaki Khanate, with the Khan’s palace as one of its most notable remaining landmarks. The urban plan was geared towards sericulture, with a hydraulic system distributing the water to the cultivated gardens with mulberry trees and residential houses with spacious attics to accommodate silkworm breeding.
Community Perspective: traditional architecture and small-town feeling in a beautiful setting in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, with the Sheki Palace as the most memorable monument with abundant and detailed decoration both in- and outside. |
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Khinalig |
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The Cultural Landscape of Khinalig People and “Köç Yolu” Transhumance Route reflects the living tradition of long-distance transhumance of the Khinalig.
The semi-nomadic Khinalig people, a distinct ethnic group within the Caucasus with their own language, seasonally move their animals over 200km between the summer pastures in the mountains and the winter pastures in the lowlands. They live in the highest inhabited mountain village in Azerbaijan. Along the route monuments such as shrines and bridges can be found that testify to its traditional use by these people.
Community Perspective: Tamas visited in 2022 and found that it "reflects rather 21st century poverty than some kind of idealistic historical atmosphere". |
Bahrain |
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Qal'at al-Bahrain |
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Qal’at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun is the archaeological site of a port that was once the capital of the Dilmun civilization and served more recently as a Portuguese fort.
It is a typical tell - an artificial mound created by many successive layers of human occupation. The hill shows almost continuous remains of fortifications and palaces from ca. 2300 BCE to the 16th century BCE. They span the Dilmun, Tylos, later Islamic societies, and the Portuguese period. This makes it a rare archeological and historical reference site in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf region.
Community Perspective: it is the most famous tourist attraction of Bahrain and popular among locals and tourists, and can easily be visited by rental car or on public transport. Reviewers found the Portuguese fort (too) heavily reconstructed and the excavated remains of the Bronze Age Dilmun civilisation are not very extensive. |
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Pearling |
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Pearling, testimony of an island economy, is a group of historic sites related to the harvest and trade of natural pearls.
The island city of Muharraq was the main pearl trading city in the Gulf and was prominent in the world until the introduction of cultured pearls by Japan in the 1930s. A pearl industry already existed here in Roman times. The inscribed area comprises Oyster beds in the territorial waters of Bahrain, two fortresses and the remaining buildings of the merchant quarter in Muharraq.
Community Perspective: although all components supposedly are connected via a Pearling Path, many are being renovated or are of little interest. The most rewarding components to visit are the Shaikh Isa Bin Ali House and the nearby Siyadi Complex in Old Muharraq. |
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Dilmun Burial Mounds |
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The Dilmun Burial Mounds represent the architecture and sepulchral traditions of Early Dilmun culture.
Newly gained prosperity lead the ancient inhabitants to start using less fertile land for the development of these cemeteries. There are thousands of burial mounds, spread across 21 locations. Each of the mounds - usually meant for one deceased person - is composed of a central stone chamber that is enclosed by a low ring wall and covered by earth and gravel. The graves can vary considerably in size and style and are not all from the same era. People from different social strata were buried this way, and the more elaborate mounds also included alcoves filled with mortuary gifts.
Community Perspective: the mounds and the fields are underwhelming, but the sheer numbers of them do leave a lasting impression. A’Ali seems to be the best to visit and also is reachable on public transport. The National Museum of Bahrain has good displays of these tumuli. |
Bangladesh |
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Bagerhat |
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The Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat comprises the remains of a 15th-century city renowned for its early Muslim architecture.
Bagerhat, the historical Khalifatabad, was founded by Khan Jahan, an Islamic preacher probably of Turkic origin. He adorned the city with mosques, roads, bridges, palaces and reservoirs constructed from baked brick. He established all of this within a short time span while introducing a distinct architectural style. The unique Shait-Gumbad mosque is a central feature.
Community Perspective: the site essentially consists of two locations a few km apart - the impressive main mosque and the mausoleum which attracts plenty of local worshippers. Those who have visited the Bangladeshi Hindu temples (from a later period) will notice the “similarity of building materials and, to some extent, style and decoration”. |
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Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur |
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The Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur comprise a Buddhist Monastery dating from the late 8th century.
The monastery was a renowned center of Buddhist religion until the 17th century. It was built from terracotta as a massive single structure. Its architectural style influenced temples in Myanmar, Java and Cambodia. The building is covered in carved decorations, both in stone and terracotta, with bands of terracotta plaques in rows all around the terraces.
Community Perspective: located deep into the Bangladeshi countryside, so "getting there is a pleasure in itself as you pass the myriad of Bengali rural activities". It’s a very large complex and it doesn't see many visitors. Local reviewers worry about the lack of protection and more interpretative signs would be useful. |
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The Sundarbans |
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The Sundarbans are part of the world’s largest delta and hold among the largest remaining areas of mangroves in the world.
Its ever-changing landscape is fed by three major rivers and shaped by tidal shifts and monsoon rains. The site also has exceptional biodiversity, with a population of about 400 Bengali tigers (the highest density in the world) and over 300 species of birds.
Community Perspective: the park can be reached by boat from Mongla, there are day tours or multi-day trips to choose from. But discount the idea of seeing a tiger! The Indian Sundarbans are inscribed as a separate WHS and no international cooperation seems to exist to merge the two. |
Barbados |
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Bridgetown |
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Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison represent a fortified port town designed by the British to safeguard their trade interests in the region.
Bridgetown was an entrepot for goods and enslaved persons, linked to the island's sugar industry and the rest of the Caribbean. The site comprises the old town, the port and the former garrison. The old town still has the medieval English-style street plan, and holds examples of creolized forms of architecture, including Caribbean Georgian. The former garrison protected the town and the port, and served as the headquarters of the British Navy in the region.
Community Perspective: Most reviewers find it underwhelming, but Sebasfhb and Clyde have more flattering things to say and consider the unique Screw Dock as one of the highlights. |
Belarus |
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Mir Castle |
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The Mir Castle Complex is a piece of military architecture that reflects the long contentious history of the region.
The 16th-century castle has five towers made of alternating brick and large boulders. Its harmonious design shows Gothic, Baroque and Renaissance cultural influences. The castle was built by the Ilinich family to withstand attacks from the Crimean Tatars. Later it fell into the hands of the Radziwill family, which converted it into a Renaissance-style residential palace.
Community Perspective: the exterior is the most impressive part, although the finalisation of the reconstruction of the castle in 2013 has improved its visitor experience. |
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Białowieża Forest |
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Białowieża Forest is an ancient woodland, the only remaining part of the immense forest which once spread across the European Plain.
Pine, beech, oak, alder and spruce are found in the (partly) old-growth forests, and the many dead trees make it important for the conservation of fungi. These little disturbed forests are home to viable populations of large mammals such as wolf and lynx, and the European Bison was reintroduced here in 1929 and now forms the species’ largest free-roaming population.
Community Perspective: the site straddles the Polish-Belarusian border and crossing it here was relatively easy before the current crisis in diplomatic relations. The Polish side is covered by Solivagant, who clarifies which elements are part of the core zone and which aren’t, by Nan who describes a visit to the museum area and the Bison Reserve, and by Els and Clyde who entered the Strict Reserve with a guide. Tips for the Belarusian side are provided by Jakob, who cycled there from Poland, and Tamas who ended up at a “dodgy Sovjet era museum, with grey and brown displays of the local flora and fauna, and a gloomy zoo”. |
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Nesvizh |
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The Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh consists of a residential castle and the Corpus Christi Church, which had their influence on architecture all over Central and Eastern Europe.
The Radziwill dynasty acted as politicians and patrons of art from the 16th to 19th centuries. They incorporated influences from Southern and Western Europe, leading to the Renaissance and Baroque design of this complex. An Italian architect was responsible for creating the domed church.
Community Perspective: the interior of the Corpus Christi church has good frescoes and an interesting family crypt, while the palace comes with the usual series of European-style palace rooms. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
Belgium |
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Belfries |
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The Belfries of Belgium and France symbolize the growing independence of cities from the feudal system in the Middle Ages.
The site comprises 56 bell towers that were built between the 11th and 20th centuries. The towers are mostly found in town centers, and connected to the local town hall or church. They were used as watch towers but also as meeting places for the city councils.
Community Perspective: “They’re all different” – so you have to visit a couple of them to get the idea. Fortunately, they are often located in towns that are also part of the Flemish Beguinages WHS, or are WHS in their own right – Nan has provided a list of possible combinations. |
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Flemish Béguinages |
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The Flemish Béguinages are secluded compounds made by a medieval religious movement.
The Beguines were women who entered into a life dedicated to God without retiring from the world. They founded the béguinages, communities enclosed by walls or ditches that opened their gates during the day. The béguinages held houses, churches, public buildings and gardens to serve their spiritual and material needs.
Community Perspective: these 13 béguinages all are fairly similar and there are many more in the Low Lands than those inscribed. Recommended are the large Groot Begijnhof of Leuven, the secluded beguinage of Kortrijk and the béguinage of Brugge. A visit can easily be combined with the Belfries WHS, as most Flemish towns with a belfry also have a béguinage. |
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The Four Lifts |
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The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs comprise well-preserved examples of 19th-century hydraulic engineering applied to canals.
To expand the Canal to bigger boats and thus better support the coal export from the industrial region of Hainaut, four hydraulic boat lifts of English design were installed. This method was necessary because of the differences in height of the Canal. Most of this rise is concentrated in a few kilometres - hence the artificial help. These four boat lifts are the only ones globally that still exist in their original working condition.
Community Perspective: It’s a nice walk along the canal, but Tsunami recommends doing a boat tour which will take you through one of the old Lifts. |
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Grand Place, Brussels |
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Grand Place, Brussels comprises a central square and a harmonious ensemble of surrounding buildings that represent the culture of this mercantile city from the late 17th century.
The rectangular marketplace has been in use since the late Middle Ages. It is now surrounded by buildings dating from the late 17th century. Most of them used to be guild halls, whose facades are decorated with statues, symbols and the house's name. There is no church; the Brabant Gothic City Hall is the most famous landmark.
Community Perspective: It’s always packed with tourists and the surroundings are quite tacky. Reviewers however appreciate its architecture, with the stone design that somehow looks like lace, and its atmosphere in the late afternoon and evenings. Jay planned his visit to coincide with the yearly display of a floral carpet. |
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Brugge |
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The Historic Centre of Brugge represents a medieval town built mostly in brick Gothic, which also was the birthplace of the Flemish Primitives painting school.
From the 13th-15th centuries, Brugge was a thriving international trading center due to the production of cloth and the presence of a Hansean warehouse. Numerous Gothic buildings and churches were built. The patronage of the arts supported the works of the Flemish Primitives such as Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling.
Community Perspective: The medieval centre is well-preserved and the Belfort offers some of the best views over the city. A boat trip through the canals is also worth it. The ambiance of the town is magnified in the early morning and late evening hours when all of the day-trippers have left for the day and you can wander the streets by yourself. |
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Major Town Houses |
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The Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels) are pioneering works of art and architecture in the Art Nouveau style.
Belgian architect Horta was one of the most prominent men in the Art Nouveau movement, a radical new decorative style that developed in the late 19th century. Characteristics are the use of industrial materials like steel and iron in the visible parts of houses, new decorations inspired by nature, and decorative façades of houses. The site comprises four buildings: Hôtel Tassel, Hôtel Solvay, Hôtel van Eetvelde, and the Maison & Atelier Horta.
Community Perspective: the incredible interiors of these four are mostly “out of bounds for mere mortals”. The most accessible is the Maison & Atelier Horta. The others sometimes open up as well on special occasions or to exclusive group tours. Els describes an exclusive visit to Hôtel Solvay, went to Hôtel Tassel with fellow WHS-ers, and Caspar managed to get inside Maison Eetvelde. |
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Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes |
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The Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) comprise a vast underground series of galleries dug into two chalk plateaux.
They testify to the technological capabilities and culture of Neolithic populations. Shafts up to 16m deep were dug to get to the flint, which was used to make tools such as axes. No horizontal network joined the shafts; instead up to 5,000 shafts existed parallel to each other in some spots. The mine network stayed in use for centuries
Community Perspective: this is a WH Community Cult Classic, mostly due to the gradual opening up of the site to tourists, which can be learned from reading the reviews from the oldest to the most recent. Since 2015 there has been a modern visitor center and one can enter one of the shafts by pre-booked guided tour. |
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Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai |
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The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai is seen as a precursor of the vast Gothic cathedrals.
The construction of the Cathedral lasted from 1146 until 1325. The building shows both a Romanesque core and Gothic elements, such as the choir, which were added later on. Its size is a result of the technological progress that was made during this era, while the sober decorations are said to be in the Carolingian tradition.
Community Perspective: The Cathedral seems to have been under scaffolding permanently between 2005 and 2017, according to the reviews. As of 2023, the main body of the church is fully visible again but restorations are going on inside. |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Plantin-Moretus Museum |
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The Plantin-Moretus Museum is linked with the spreading of ideas of European humanism via its printing business Officina Plantiniana.
The museum is housed in the former residence and printing business of famous printers Christoffel Plantijn and Jan Moretus. They had a successful printing workshop and publishing house in the late 16th century, printing humanist and scientific publications. The workshop, its furnishings and the immaterial heritage associated with the business have been preserved in the original location.
Community Perspective: Everyone seems to like this one, and you can easily spend two hours inside drooling over the typographical matrices, the globes, the Gutenberg Bible and the Rubens paintings. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Stoclet House |
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The Stoclet House is a private mansion designed by architect Josef Hoffmann and the Wiener Werkstätte between 1905 and 1911.
It was built for banker and art lover Adolphe Stoclet. He gave them an unlimited budget and an artistic freehand. The integration of architects, artists, and artisans of the Wiener Werkstätte makes it an example of Gesamtkunstwerk, one of the defining characteristics of Jugendstil. Although the marble-clad facade is radically simplified, the house contains commissioned works by Gustav Klimt in the dining room, four copper figures at the top by sculptor Franz Metzner, and other craftwork inside and outside the building. Expensive materials were used all over, like Norwegian marble, gilded material and leather.
Community Perspective: the only thing that can be seen is the austere exterior (you actually look at the back of the house) and it is possible to take photos from different angles from the sidewalk. However, as with the nearby works of Victor Horta, the interior is what makes this house so incredible; hopefully, in the near future, the owners will decide to open parts of this WHS to the public. |
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Mining Sites of Wallonia |
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The Major Mining Sites of Wallonia represent industrial mining in continental Europe at various stages of the Industrial Revolution.
Developed in the 19th century, the Walloon mining basin became an exemplary centre of the Industrial Revolution outside England. The remains of the Grand-Hornu, Bois-du-Luc, Bois du Cazier and Blegny-Mine sites include surface and underground mining structures, industrial architecture and worker housing.
Community Perspective: The Grand Hornu is an aesthetically pleasing work of architecture, while at Blegny you can go on an underground tour. Bois du Cazier is an easy site to reach from Charleroi and has a number of exhibition spaces, including one dedicated to the Bois-du-Cazier disaster of 1956. Finally, Bois-du-Luc has a good mix of industrial and social elements. |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
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Colonies of Benevolence |
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The Colonies of Benevolence comprise a relict cultural landscape of isolated peat and heath wastelands that were colonized in the 19th century in a model for pauper relief.
As part of an Enlightenment experiment (lasting from 1818 to 1918), agricultural colonies were founded in rural areas to transform the colonists into ideal citizens and make the land productive. There were free colonies, founded by the Society of Benevolence to help poor citizens, and unfree colonies, where people were sent by the State and had to live under a more strict regime.
Community Perspective: “If you’re looking for perfect photo opportunities, this is not the site for you.” Expect to see farmland, rural school buildings and small protestant churches. For a quick visit, Frederiksoord-Wilhelminaoord may be the best bet with its recent (2019) visitor center. Brendan visited all three components and his review even comes with hiking and drinking recommendations! And Clyde almost ended up imprisoned… |
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Funerary and memory sites of the First World War |
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The Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front) testify to the unprecedented scale of a global war and mark the start of a new tradition of remembering the war dead.
After this war, for the first time, the individual victim was remembered. This resulted in military cemeteries and war memorials of diverse typologies where attention was paid to aesthetics. These sites still are visited by millions.
Community Perspective: The sites comprise 139 locations in Belgium and northern France. Notable is that the"commemoration of all victims is equal irrespective of nation, race, creed or military rank, the graves and engravings of names are uniform". Especially recommended to visit is the area around Verdun, which "is basically one whole cultural/memorial landscape shaped by World War I". |
Belize |
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Belize Barrier Reef |
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The Belize Barrier-Reef Reserve System is a marine and coastal landscape containing a series of coral reefs.
It extends for about 300 km, making it the second-largest coral reef system in the world after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. A wide array of reef types contained in a relatively small area can be found here. The submarine seascape is diverse, and there are unique geological features such as the Blue Hole and Rocky Point where the barrier reef touches the shore. It is also rich in fauna, ranging from jaguars to great hammerhead sharks.
Community Perspective: It’s a scuba diver heaven, with the Blue Hole as the holy grail (though only experienced divers are allowed to do the most spectacular 40m dive, it is less spectacular at less depth). Half Moon Caye comes recommended even more as it is rich in marine fauna. If you don’t dive or snorkel, your options are to take a sightseeing flight across the reef and the Blue Hole, to visit Bacalar Chico NP which is a land component (covered on a bike by Jarek), or stay on Tobacco Caye. There are also options from Placencia. |
Benin |
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Royal Palaces of Abomey |
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The Royal Palaces of Abomey testify to the power of those who ruled the Kingdom of Dahomey, one of the most powerful in West Africa.
The site consists of a number of former palaces (one for each successive king) within the same enclosure in the center of Abomey and one palace a few km’s away. These palaces were the political centers of their time and also stored the treasures of the kingdom. They were made with traditional earthen materials and decorated with polychrome bas-reliefs.
Community Perspective: inside the complex, you will find the best polychrome bas-reliefs. The tombs and museum are also interesting to visit. Solivagant’s review tells more about the history of the Fon of Dahomey. |
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W-Arly-Pendjari Complex |
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The W-Arly-Pendjari Complex comprises a savanna landscape recognized for its biodiversity of birds, fish and plants.
These three contiguous parks are located within the Volta River basin at a transition zone between savannah and woodlands, with both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The area is a refuge for species that have mostly disappeared from the rest of West Africa, such as elephants, wild dogs, lion, leopard, cheetah and manatee.
Community Perspective: you won’t find wildlife in the innumerable quantities of the East African parks, but at least in visible herds. The facilities suffer from underinvestment and the border area with and in Burkina Faso is considered unsafe. Tamas made an adventurous approach to the part in Niger (Park ‘W’) as did Michael, while Solivagant and Chris focused on Pendjari in Benin. |
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Koutammakou |
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Koutammakou, the land of the Batammariba, represents a traditional way of settlement known for the architecture of mud “takienta” tower houses.
Most of these buildings have two stories, and either flat or conical thatched roofs. They combine domestic functions with space for animals and granaries. Koutammakou also is a living cultural landscape where the agricultural society lives in harmony with the surrounding nature. This is expressed in sacred forests, rocks and intangible elements.
Community Perspective: a highlight of a trip to Togo, where a local guide with appropriate knowledge, contacts and language is absolutely essential. Solivagant visited villages in both Togo and Benin, the latter proving "a more fruitful area for exploration and interaction with the Battamariba". |
Bolivia |
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Potosi |
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The City of Potosí comprises an urban and industrial landscape shaped by one of the major silver mines of modern times.
Dating from the 16th century and still in use, the site shows the whole production chain (including dams, smelters and ore-grinding mills) and its social context in the colonial city center. Its architecture and arts, using a baroque style incorporating Indian influences, have been influential across the Central Andes. It delivered so much silver to Spain that it resulted in major economic change.
Community Perspective: La Casa de la Moneda (the former Mint) is now the main attraction in the city. Our reviewers have mixed opinions on taking an underground tour of Cerro Rico mine, arguments pro are given by Michael Anak Kenyalang and some of those against by Timonator. Potosí can best be visited as a day trip from Sucre, as the combination of dust, dirt and altitude make it a not very pleasant place to stay. |
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Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos |
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The Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos are a group of six churches that show the adaptation of Christian religious architecture to local conditions and traditions.
They represent the living heritage of the reducciones: theocratic settlements inspired by the “ideal cities” of the humanists. The churches have unique architecture and are mostly made out of wood. They also hold popular art objects from the Chiquitos population.
Community Perspective: Chiquitania is unique, with a slow pace of life, but also tough (“it takes a special kind of people to thrive here”) and often hot. Most reviewers visited only one or two of the churches due to infrequent public transport, but Patrik managed to cover all of them in four days. It’s best to start from San José if you want to do the full circuit. Timonator provides additional tips for that route. |
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Sucre |
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The Historic City of Sucre is a well-preserved colonial urban landscape that shows the blending of European and local architectural styles.
Sucre became a cultural center, the seat of an archbishopric and the seat of the Supreme Court that reigned over large parts of South America. For much of its colonial history, Sucre's temperate climate was preferred by the wealthy Spanish involved in the silver trade coming from Potosí. Its typical Spanish-colonial checkerboard street pattern is still intact, as are the religious and public buildings from the 16th-19th centuries.
Community Perspective: An attractive, relaxed city and with a climate comparable to a British colonial hill-town, Sucre is considered a good place to spend a few nights. It can be hard though to find anything open (especially the churches). The Casa de Libertad is a must-do, and good city views are to be had from the roofs of the San Felipe Neri church and La Recoleta. Furthermore, Timonator recommends a Free Walking Tour and the indigenous textile museum, Nan the Gutierrez Museum. |
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Tiwanaku |
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“Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture” comprises the ruins of the capital of an important and distinct pre-Hispanic empire in the Andes.
The ancient city was mostly built of adobe, especially the residential buildings that have now faded away. For ceremonial and administrative architecture, lithic material was used. Notable remaining monuments include the Akapana (the major temple, a stepped pyramid), a semi-underground temple (with monolithic stelae and heads (clavas) built in the walls), and the Kalasasaya (an open temple built on a platform; it includes stelae and the Gate of the Sun frieze).
Community Perspective: Tiwanaku is usually visited as a day trip from La Paz. In addition to the architectural ruins, there are also two on-site museums that are worth seeing. Most reviewers find the site overall a bit underwhelming and it does not take much time to visit. |
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El Fuerte de Samaipata |
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El Fuerte de Samaipata comprises a gigantic sculptured rock, made by a prehispanic Andean culture for ceremonial use.
The natural sandstone hill measures 200x600m, and is completely sculpted with felines, snakes, birds and geometrical motifs with a magical and religious character for the pre-Inca Chané people. Below it lies a former provincial capital of the Inca of a later date. It includes a central plaza, public buildings, houses and agricultural terraces.
Community Perspective: The site lies some 10km outside of the town of Samaipata, and can be reached via taxi or (hitch)hiking. Reviewers praise its setting, in the Amboro National Park, with great mountain vistas and abundant birdlife. The well-crafted trail around the site is self-guided and there are snacks and drinks available on site. |
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Noel Kempff Mercado National Park |
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The Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, located in the Amazon Basin, is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world.
Ranging in altitude from 200 to 1000m, the park has Cerrado savannah, seasonally flooded forests, wetlands and evergreen rainforests. An estimated 4,000 species of flora as well as over 600 bird species and viable populations of many globally endangered or threatened vertebrate species live in the park. Among these are the giant otter, giant anteater, hyacinth macaw, giant armadillo, pink river dolphin, maned wolf, marsh and pampas deer.
Community Perspective: this site has not been reviewed yet. It has been virtually inaccessible for decades due to neglect and the production of illegal drugs. An update (2023) on the current possibilities can be found here in our Forum. |
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Qhapaq Ñan |
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Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System, is the communication and trade network developed by the Inca Empire.
The infrastructure needed exceptional technological and engineering skills in a difficult geographical setting in rural and remote parts of the Andes. The network supported the Inca Empire’s integration and was a symbol of its strength.
Community Perspective: As a serial transnational site comprising over 720km of road and 273 archaeological sites, it is hard to determine whether you have 'seen' it. Even more so as it is unclear whether the so-called Associated sites are inscribed as well. The latter include sites that are also WHS in their own right (Cusco, Tiwanaku). The main approach chosen is checking out a few locations near Lima or Cuzco and looking for traces of infrastructure (described well in Clyde’s review). Additionally, Allan has visited locations in Chile, and Els Ingapirca in Ecuador. |
Bosnia Herzegovina |
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Mostar |
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The Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar symbolizes the coexistence of culturally, ethnically and religiously diverse communities.
This Ottoman frontier town developed from the 16th century onward, with the Old Bridge as its major landmark. During the Austro-Hungarian period of the 19th century, a number of administrative and Christian religious buildings were added. These were mainly located on the right bank of the river, across from the old Ottoman (Muslim) town. The Bridge and much of the old town were destroyed during the war in the 1990s and rebuilt in 2004.
Community Perspective: Most reviewers are impressed by the quality of the restorations, although their ‘newness’ shows. Mostar is a touristy town again, and visiting early in the day is recommended. Solivagant visited in 1988 and shares a photo of the Bridge before reconstruction. Els cynically ponders about the site’s ‘peaceful coexistence’ OUV. |
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Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge |
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The Mehmed Paša Sokolovic Bridge in Višegrad is one of the best remaining examples of Ottoman architecture and civil engineering.
The bridge was built at the end of the 16th century by the Ottoman court architect Sinan at a strategic border location. Spanning the Drina River, it is almost 180m long and has 11 arches. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Paša Sokolovic, who was born in this area, ordered the construction.
Community Perspective: then and now a bit of an outpost, located in Republika Srpska. Views from above (as photographed by Clyde) are especially striking. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Stećci |
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The 'Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards' are 28 medieval Christian cemeteries with richly decorated tombstones that have strong cultural and historical meaning.
The reliefs and inscriptions on the mostly limestone monolithic tombstones represent a specific tradition of the area. They include Christian religious symbols, dancing and hunting scenes, geometric shapes and Cyrillic inscriptions. The inscribed tombstones have been selected from the surviving 70,000 or so still standing in the region.
Community Perspective: the Radimlja necropolis near Stolac in Bosnia is considered the ‘main’ location with the most important and best-preserved tombs. Since 2019 it reportedly even has a visitor center and charges a small entrance fee. Other locations are more low-key: Juha visited Stećci in Serbia, and Solivagant one each in Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. |
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Vjetrenica Cave |
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The Vjetrenica Cave in Ravno is one of the most biodiverse in the world, with more than 200 animal species (37 endemic), including 92 troglobites. The cave is the largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 7.6 km of passages. It is part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range. Community Perspective: Zoë went looking for aquatic salamanders in the dark in the off-season. Tarquinio_Superbo has added information on how to get there (a car is necessary) and the hours of the guided tours. |
Botswana |
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Tsodilo |
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Tsodilo is a prehistoric archeological site in the Kalahari desert known for its outstanding rock art.
It comprises a group of rocky hills that hold over 4,500 rock paintings. The rock art is considered to date back from the Stone Age til the 19th century. The area has provided shelter for humans for millennia, and it still is a place of worship for the local San communities.
Community Perspective: Randi describes her visit arriving by car from the Caprivi Strip, Els ‘did’ it on a day trip by helicopter from Maun, and Stanislaw shares how he managed to exhaust the local guides. |
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Okavango Delta |
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The Okavango Delta is a vast area of swamps and seasonally flooded grasslands that attract large numbers of wildlife.
This inland delta has no outlet to the sea, being formed where the Okavango River reaches a tectonic trough in the dry Kalahari desert. The annual flood peaks between June and August, when the delta swells to three times its permanent size and attracts animals from afar. The area is home to some 130 mammal species, such as white and black rhinoceros, elephant, cheetah, lion, leopard and lechwe antelope. The population sizes are especially noteworthy, including the world’s largest population of elephants. It is also an Important Bird Area.
Community Perspective: generally considered an expensive site when you want to have the full experience and visit for multiple days: “it is going to involve a safari company, probably a flight in and out on a small plane and a stay at a “Luxury lodge” and/or the rental of a 4x4”, but Solivagant managed to do it somewhat budget-friendly. Els enjoyed the helicopter flight and the walking safaris, and Svein describes visiting from the Okavango Panhandle. |
Brazil |
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Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis |
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The Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis are the archeological remains of towns created by the Jesuit Order.
The towns existed between 1609 and 1818, and aimed to socially, culturally and religiously elevate the local Guarani communities. They also provided protection and economic stability. These so-called reducciones included agricultural lands such as mate plantations as well.
Community Perspective: San Ignacio Mini in Argentina is its best-known component (it even comes with a sound-and-light show), while São Miguel das Missões has a remarkable façade. Nan and Timonator speak highly of Loreto in Argentina. |
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Ouro Preto |
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The Historic Town of Ouro Preto is a unique representation of Baroque architecture in a homogenous cityscape.
The city's wealth has its origins in the late 17th century, when gold was discovered here. The exploration of gold was a monopoly of the Portuguese crown. Small settlements of miners in search of El Dorado were joined to create the city and the settlers were divided into parishes and ethnic groups. Each group constructed its own church (religious orders were banned), bringing in baroque artisans that created sculptures and paintings that show a fusion of European and American elements.
Community Perspective: the example of a colonial-historic town in Brazil, in a hilly location with steep streets and some breathtaking views. The main attractions are its churches: the Basilica of Nossa Senhora do Pilar, the church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário, and the church of Sao Francisco de Assis (with Aleijadinho carvings) are among the highlights. |
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Olinda |
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The Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda has maintained its colonial urban fabric from its heydays when it was a centre of the sugarcane industry.
The town was built on hills overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. It is dominated by rich religious and public buildings, many painted in vivid colours, and includes lots of greenery. Among these are 20 baroque churches, chapels and convents.
Community Perspective: a fairly small, typical Portuguese colonial town. The highlight is the Franciscan convent with its azulejos. |
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Salvador de Bahia |
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The Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia represents the most important colonial city in the Brazilian northeast.
Bahia was the first colonial capital of Brazil and the city is one of the oldest in the New World (founded in 1549 by Portuguese settlers). It was the main seaport and also held the first slave market on the continent, with slaves arriving to work on the sugar plantations. It is extremely rich in commercial, defensive, administrative and religious monuments dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries.
Community Perspective: “the most African of Brazil's cities”, “not perfectly conservated, but bold and vibrant”. Highlights include the Convent of St. Francis, the Cathedral and the drumming performances. |
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Congonhas |
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The Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas is an ensemble of Catholic religious art, executed in rococo and baroque styles.
The group consists of Bom Jesus Church, the parvis with 12 statues of the prophets, and 6 chapels containing the 7 stations of the cross. The graceful sculptural work was done by the artist Aleijadinho. The sanctuary was commissioned by Feliciano Mendes who, after having been miraculously cured of an illness, used his own money and a succesful fundraising campaign for its construction.
Community Perspective: the statues of The Prophets really set this site apart. Carlo seems to be the only reviewer so far having seen the church interior in its full glory. Congonhas is best visited as a side trip from Belo Horizonte or Ouro Preto. |
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Brasilia |
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Brasilia is one of the major examples of the 20th century´s modern movement in architecture and urban planning.
The city officially became Brazil´s capital in April 1960. Four years before, President Juscelino Kubitschek commisioned Lucio Costa (urban planner), Oscar Niemeyer (architect) and Burle Marx (landscape architect) to build a new city from scratch. The design is known as the Plano Piloto, in which Brasilia is shaped like an airplane with residential zones and an area with government buildings.
Community Perspective: a “strange” city to some, an “awesome” one to others. As a fan of modernist architecture, Ian is an advocate of the latter opinion. Carlo has provided a 2-day itinerary. |
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Serra da Capivara |
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Serra da Capivara National Park holds many rock shelters in which the oldest rock art of the Americas has been found.
The art and associated archeological sites reveal aspects of the religious beliefs and practices of one of the oldest populations to inhabit South America. The earliest traces of rock painting here may date from 25,000 BP, while most of the painted works are from 10,000 to 4,000 BCE. They were made by Nordeste and Agreste cultures.
Community Perspective: all reviewers so far loved it, and you can easily spend 2-3 days here. The Caatinga landscape of the park, typical of this semi-arid region, is an additional bonus. Be aware that you need a local guide to enter: some contacts can be found in the reviews of Wojciech and Els, or you could ask at your lodgings the night before your visit. |
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São Luis |
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The Historic Centre of São Luis is an outstanding example of colonial Portuguese architecture in Latin America.
After a short period of occupation by the French, the Portuguese developed this city according to an urban plan dating from 1615. The city was further expanded in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, using an architecture that fitted the local climatic conditions. The centre includes public buildings, sumptuous manor houses, marble multi-storey houses and small houses decorated with azulejos.
Community Perspective: São Luis is the state capital of Maranhão, and is located quite far from other places of interest in the far north of Brazil (Lençóis Maranhenses National Park is the exception). Explore the city center’s streets with its many monuments on foot and keep an eye out for Bumba Meu Boi groups performing in the evenings. |
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Diamantina |
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The Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina comprises a colonial city landscape created by the commercial and political explorers of Brazil’s interior.
Diamantina blossomed in the 18th and early 19th centuries because of diamond mining in the region, which was administered by the Portuguese Crown. Its centre has been well-preserved, with mostly Baroque architecture executed in wood and adobe.
Community Perspective: a relatively isolated, pleasant enough colonial town that doesn’t see many foreign visitors. Highlights include the Diamond Museum, the Market Square and the Casa da Glória with its picturesque passageway. |
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Discovery Coast |
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The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves are eight nature reserves that protect Brazil’s Northeastern remnants of the Atlantic rainforest, probably the most endangered forest in the world.
They contain about 20% of the world's flora, including 627 species of endangered plants. There are no longer any corridors between the areas, which has led to an "archipelago of forests" and exceptionally high endemism. 620 bird species have been recorded, including 49 endemic.
Community Perspective: these reserves are not far from the city of Porto Seguro, but not all are open to visitors. Wojciech visited Pau Brasil NP and Els tried that too. |
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Atlantic Forest South-East |
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The Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves comprise 25 protected areas of rare remnants of Atlantic Forest.
The areas range from mountain summits to beaches and include marine and coastal ecosystems. Brazilian Atlantic Forest is the richest rainforest in terms of biodiversity. It has high endemism and a large number of tree species. Rare and threatened animals found here include primates such as the woolly spider monkey, southern muriqui, and four species of tamarin, while ocelot and jaguar occur as well.
Community Perspective: Jureia - Itatins Ecological Station seems to be the favourite location of our reviewers as it is within reach from Sao Paulo. Iain described some additional coastal locations, and João covered Intervales State Park. |
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Central Amazon Conservation Complex |
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The Central Amazon Conservation Complex comprises four nature reserves, representing the most important ecosystems of the Amazon.
These include várzea and igapó forests, which are seasonally flooded by silty river water, and blackwater rivers, which slowly flow through forested swamps or wetlands. Furthermore, Anavilhanas is the second-largest river archipelago in the world with some 400 islands. The area is also known for its fish such as the giant Arapaima, many plant species, and endemic birds.
Community Perspective: the easiest to reach (but possibly also the least rewarding) of the four components is Anavilhanas, which can be done on a two-day trip from Manaus (as done by Frédéric) or as a day trip from Novo Airao (as Patrik did). Els covered Mamiraua, João Jaú NP, and Amana Reserve so far is unreviewed. |
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Pantanal |
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The Pantanal Conservation Area is a freshwater wetland ecosystem that seasonally floods.
In the rainy season, the rivers overspill and animals congregate at the remaining patches of dry land. The largest mammals migrate from the plain to the higher regions of the Amolar Mountain chain. Wildlife here includes a healthy jaguar population, plus marsh deer, giant anteater, capybara, and giant otter. Also, 650 species of birds have been recorded here.
Community Perspective: Be aware that the designated area covers only a small part of the wider region called Pantanal. It consists of Pantanal Matogrossense National Park, Dorochê Private Reserve, Acurizal Private Reserve, and Penha Private Reserve. We are looking forward to a more recent (>2004) and precise review, although the region’s flagship species such as tapir, giant otter, capybara and even jaguar can easily be seen in the tourist areas outside the core zone. |
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Iguacu |
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Iguaçu National Park covers the Brazilian side of one of the largest waterfalls in the world.
The waterfalls on both sides of the border together span over 2700 m., with numerous cascades and rapids. The park also contains major remnants of the interior Atlantic Forest with a high degree of diversity and endemism. Endangered mammals found here include Jaguar, Ocelot, Puma, Tapir, and Bush dog.
Community Perspective: the general opinion is that the Falls have to be seen from both the Brazilian and the Argentinian sides. A free bus will ferry you along the viewpoints; be aware that the whole area is very commercialized. GabLabCebu explored it by helicopter and boat as well. |
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Paraty and Ilha Grande |
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Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity is a forested coastal area that was the scene of early encounters between Europeans and natives.
The area contains cultural assets that testify to the occupation of the area by indigenous inhabitants and, from the 16th century onwards, by European settlers and enslaved Africans. Most of the landscape is covered by Atlantic rainforest of great biological diversity and with a high number of endemics. The area has 450 species of birds and 150 mammal species, of which the Southern Muriqui is the flagship species.
Community Perspective: the picturesque colonial town of Paraty is the main attraction here. Merging it into a cultural landscape ánd a mixed site with some more Atlantic Forest seems perhaps to have been ‘unwise’ – more about that in Solivagant’s review. |
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Goias |
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The Historic Centre of the Town of Goías covers an isolated town that has preserved much of its colonial heritage.
The settlement of Goías is closely linked to the discovery of gold. The modest houses, chapels and churches of this mining town are testimony to the height of the gold rush era. Goías was founded in the 18th century when the so-called Bandeirantes started exploring the interior of Brazil from Sao Paulo.
Community Perspective: Not comparable to the superb colonial cities in Brazil like Ouro Preto or Olinda, but the well-preserved town centre with its cobblestone streets provides an enjoyable couple of hours. |
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Brazilian Atlantic Islands |
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Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves comprise two groups of islands with rich marine biological diversity, 340km off Brazil's coast.
The peaks of Fernando de Noronha, of volcanic origin, are also the only known occurrence of insular Atlantic Forest - a subtype of Atlantic Rainforest. The Atol das Rocas is the only atoll in the South Atlantic: an elliptical reef including two small islands surrounded by a marine reserve. The marine areas, which are considerably larger than the terrestrial core zone of both island groups, hold large volumes of tuna, sharks, dolphins, turtles and tropical seabirds.
Community Perspective: the added costs of flights and accommodation, plus the park fees and environmental protection fees, make this an expensive destination to visit, certainly, if you leave it to the last minute. Michael had to limit himself to the terrestrial areas but managed to see three of the island’s endemic animals. Els checked out some hikes and did a boat tour, with spinner dolphins and the red-footed boobies as the highlights. And we even have a review from John who was shipwrecked for 20 days on Atol das Rocas… |
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Cerrado Protected Areas |
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The Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks represent the Cerrado ecoregion, one of Earth's oldest tropical ecosystems.
Chapada dos Veadeiros lies at a higher altitude, while Emas is characterized by treeless savannahs on acid and nutrient-deprived soil. The region is known for its specialized flora and fauna, the latter including the giant anteater, the maned wolf, and the giant armadillo. The parks lie 400km apart in the Brazilian Highland Central Plateau.
Community Perspective: “Cerrado is the Brazilian savannah, although much greener than other savannah areas of the world.” All reviewers so far have chosen Chapada dos Veadeiros; it has been visited by João, Thomas (warns about the access road), Stanislaw (with public transport info), Wojciech (warns about the opening hours), and Shandos (recommends Jardim de Maytrea). Emas NP is still awaiting a first review. |
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Sítio Roberto Burle Marx |
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The Sítio Roberto Burle Marx is a landscaped estate that is an important example of Modernist Tropical garden design.
The most important works of the artist Robert Burle Marx are stored here. He was aligned with the Brazilian Modern Movement and is mostly known for his design of modern tropical gardens. He lived at this site from 1949 on and did his botany and garden landscaping experiments here, focusing on the use of native tropical plants and trees.
Community Perspective: easy to reach by metro/bus/Uber combi as it lies in the (far!) outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. The obligatory guided tour can give you the creeps (read Zoë’s review), as the “emotional tribute to the artist” is not for all. |
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São Francisco Square |
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São Francisco Square in the town of São Cristovão is an open space surrounded by a monumental architectural ensemble.
It combines the urban planning ideas of Portugal and Spain, as the square originates from a time when Portugal and Spain were under the same crown. The concept of a Plaza Mayor was taken from Spanish colonial cities. The most prominent monuments around the square are São Francisco Church and Convent (begun in 1693), Church and Santa Casa de Misericordia (18th century), and the Provincial Palace.
Community Perspective: Due to its Spanish roots it’s unique in Brazil, but that’s about it and there is little tourist infrastructure. Best reached from the coastal city of Aracaju. |
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Rio de Janeiro |
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Rio de Janeiro, Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea, covers an urban landscape shaped by its dramatic natural surroundings.
Rio’s natural landscape started to be altered in the 17th and 18th centuries to allow sugar and coffee growing. Its parks and gardens later became protected, and as such attributed to the outdoor living culture of the city. Guanabara Bay, Sugar Loaf and the statue of Christ the Redeemer have become global icons and an inspiration for artists.
Community Perspective: the magnificent views are its main drawcard. Be aware that the WHS boundary is actually pretty limited and excludes the majority of Rio’s built environment. |
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Valongo Wharf |
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Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site comprises the globally most significant remains of an arrival point of enslaved African persons in the Americas.
The wharf located at Rio de Janeiro’s Jornal do Comércio Square was built from 1811 onwards, and used until the construction of the Empress’ Wharf in 1843. About a quarter of all African American enslaved people to the Americas have arrived here. While its physical remains are modest (fragments of a pavement, a former road), its spiritual associations as a site of conscience for African Americans are strong.
Community Perspective: “The wharf used to jut out into the harbour, but it is now quite a way from the water and there isn't a whole lot to see.” And unless you are “emotionally attached to this place, what you will find is just a very underwhelming and poorly presented 10 minutes easy tick.” |
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Pampulha |
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The Pampulha Modern Ensemble comprises an innovative Garden City built around an artificial lake.
This neighbourhood of Belo Horizonte was designed from 1940 onward by architect Oscar Niemeyer and landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx. It included a casino, a restaurant/dance hall, a yacht club, a golf club and a church. The buildings are among Niemeyer’s earliest works and show his talent to adapt 20th-century modernism to Brazilian surroundings.
Community Perspective: this affluent suburb is mostly a residential zone with calm streets and calm traffic. The church of Saint Francis is considered the highlight. A full loop around the lake is 18km and can be done by taxi, by bike, or on foot. |
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Lençóis Maranhenses National Park |
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Lençóis Maranhenses National Park has a 70km long coastline known for its high amount of dunes. During the rainy season, colourful lagoons arise amidst the dune fields in temporary ponds above a layer of impermeable rock. The park also has a variety of mammal, bird and plant species.
Community Perspective: Best reached from the hub of Barrerinhas, where frequent (half) day tours will lead you to the dunes and the lakes. Rafabram has described the experience of such a tour, while Els explains how to get to the area from Sao Luis.
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Bulgaria |
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Boyana Church |
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Boyana Church is a remarkable medieval monument with especially fine wall paintings.
The architecture of the original Boyana Church dates from the late 10th and early 11th centuries, while the current building also sees additions from the mid-13th century and mid-19th century. The paintings date from 1259. In all, there are 240 depictions on the walls. Its painter is still anonymous but stands for the team that decorated the church and that was trained in the studios of the Turnove Art School.
Community Perspective: the church is easily accessible as it lies on the outskirts of Sofia, though it takes a bit of a walk when using public transport. They only let in small groups at a time with a minder/guide, but a visit doesn’t take more than a few minutes. |
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Madara Rider |
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The Madara Rider is a large rock relief that is a highlight of pagan Bulgarian art.
The relief depicts a scene revolving around a majestic horseman 23m above ground level in an almost vertical 100-metre-high cliff. The scene is surrounded by inscriptions that are a chronicle of events. The 8th-century monument is usually attributed to the Khans of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Community Perspective: The relief is chiseled high up the cliff wall – with the naked eye you can see the Rider but not the inscriptions. The core zone is very limited and you will be done with it in 15 minutes, but the surrounding area is worth exploring (see Tsunami’s review). |
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Thracian tomb of Kazanlak |
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The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak is a masterpiece of Thracian creative art.
The monument is a vaulted brickwork "beehive" (tholos) tomb, that used to be part of a large Thracian necropolis. It comprises a narrow corridor and a round burial chamber, both decorated with well-preserved murals representing a Thracian couple at a ritual funeral feast.
Community Perspective: Unfortunately we are not allowed to visit the interior of the original masterpiece and have to make do with a replica. Be aware that it’s very small (about 3x3m). There are more authentic tombs in the rural areas around Kazanlak (on the T List as Seuthopolis) which are worth visiting – an extension to include those would make this WHS stronger. |
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Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo |
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The Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo comprise a group of monolithic religious buildings that are noted for their beautiful and well-preserved medieval frescoes.
The caves in the region were inhabited by monks who hewed cells, churches and chapels out of solid rock. Their 13th- and 14th-century frescoes, preserved in 5 of the churches, are considered wonderful examples of Bulgarian medieval art. Many century-old inscriptions have also been preserved in the monastical premises.
Community Perspective: Only one of the caves (Holy Virgin's Rock Church, part of Archangel Michael's cloister) is open to tourists. And it is tiny – Els has described what you may expect from a visit. |
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Rila Monastery |
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The Rila Monastery is a symbol of the 19th-century Bulgarian Renaissance.
The monastery in the remote Rila Mountains has its origins in the 10th century and had a strong influence on the Eastern Orthodox world in the following centuries. A fire in 1833 destroyed almost all buildings, which were made out of wood. The buildings were swiftly restored by Bulgarian craftsmen and got their current appearance.
Community Perspective: The setting of the main monastery is awe-inspiring and the frescoes are colourful. The four related sites so far have been mostly unreviewed, although Nan managed to hike to Saint Ivan’s cave. He also has provided public transport tips. |
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Nessebar |
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The Ancient City of Nessebar located at a peninsula in the Black Sea holds over 3,000 years of history,
Nessebar has Thracian origins and later became an important Greek colony and Byzantine settlement. The Greek colonists left an acropolis, a temple of Apollo and an agora. The town has been a spiritual centre of Christianity for 1,000 years. This is reflected in its medieval religious architecture with rich plastic and polychrome decoration on its facades.
Community Perspective: Nessebar’s attraction nowadays lies mostly with its Byzantine churches - there is virtually nothing left of the other periods of its existence. The town is usually flooded by tourists during the day as it lies close to beach resorts. |
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Srebarna Nature Reserve |
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Srebarna Nature Reserve is a lake and wetland habitat on the bird migration route between Europe and Africa.
It comprises Lake Srebarna and its surroundings, which are located on the west bank of the Danube River. It is home to some 180 bird species, both breeding and migrating. Among the most interesting waterfowl are the Dalmatian Pelican, Pygmy Cormorant, Great White Egret, Glossy Ibis and Spoonbill.
Community Perspective: It is very similar in scenery and bird list to the Danube Delta, less than 200km away. Near the lake lies a small visitor center / museum, and from the surrounding hills you can observe the birdlife. Tsunami managed to visit on public transport, while Nan and Els entered during the 2018 WH Community Meeting, where they were educated by birder Peter and shocked by the upkeep. Clyde has provided some birding tips. |
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Pirin National Park |
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Pirin National Park is renowned for its remote mountain scenery and glacial geomorphology.
The park comprises the undeveloped part of the Pirin mountain range, which is covered with alpine meadows and coniferous forests. Its glacial features include cirques, deep valleys and over 70 glacial lakes. The park is also noted for its variety in flora, including the Edelweiss, 300 species of mosses and algae.
Community Perspective: This is close to a major ski area (that’s essentially the buffer zone), and even when hiking in Spring you will encounter snow on or near the trails (see the reviews of Nan and Els). Solivagant has summarized its qualities nicely: "It contains attractive, if unremarkable, mountain scenery which will provide a pleasant escape from civilisation and interesting hiking opportunities.", although the many glacial lakes must be given special mention (Hubert visited several of them). |
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Thracian tomb of Sveshtari |
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The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari comprises a hypogeum from the 3rd century BCE.
The tomb's architectural decor is considered to be unique, with polychrome half-human, half-plant caryatids and painted murals. It represents local art from the Getes Thracian peoples, which was inspired by Hellenism.
Community Perspective: There are three tombs to explore here and all are authentic, so it provides a better visitor experience than the Thracian Tomb at Kazanlak. Read Els’s review for what to expect of a visit. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
Burkina Faso |
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W-Arly-Pendjari Complex |
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The W-Arly-Pendjari Complex comprises a savanna landscape recognized for its biodiversity of birds, fish and plants.
These three contiguous parks are located within the Volta River basin at a transition zone between savannah and woodlands, with both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The area is a refuge for species that have mostly disappeared from the rest of West Africa, such as elephants, wild dogs, lion, leopard, cheetah and manatee.
Community Perspective: you won’t find wildlife in the innumerable quantities of the East African parks, but at least in visible herds. The facilities suffer from underinvestment and the border area with and in Burkina Faso is considered unsafe. Tamas made an adventurous approach to the part in Niger (Park ‘W’) as did Michael, while Solivagant and Chris focused on Pendjari in Benin. |
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Ancient ferrous metallurgy sites |
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The Ancient Iron Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso represent an early phase of iron production in Africa.
The five locations Douroula, Tiwêga, Yamané, Kindibo and Békuy are spread out over Burkina Faso’s territory. The latter four were massive production sites and comprise iron ore smelting furnaces, slag heaps and other traces of mining, while Douroula is the oldest dating back to the 8th century BCE. The development of this technology has led to blacksmith traditions that are still alive today.
Community Perspective: Wojciech visited Tiwega in 2019, and describes the effort that was necessary to get to the site. |
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Ruins of Loropéni |
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The Ruins of Loropéni are the stone remains of a 1,000 years old fortified settlement that came to play an important role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
This was part of a network of settlements that linked the gold mining sites with the Atlantic coast. Gold was mined here from the 14th to the 17th century, and probably started as early as the 11th century. The site, mainly consisting of ruined walls, has been out of use since the 19th century and is overgrown with trees.
Community Perspective: Massimo describes a visit in 1996 when the use of the walls was left unexplained and there was no warden or ticketed entry. Jarek approached by public transport in 2014, found them well-marked and had to pay a fee. |
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The Royal Court of Tiébélé |
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The Royal Court of Tiébélé represents a form of vernacular architecture and traditions from the 16th century. It comprises a large compound of painted houses, which are traditionally decorated by the women. The buildings are made of earth, wood and straw.
Community Perspective: This small compound is easily accessible by public transport from nearby Po (Jarek) or by 4h taxi from Ouagadougou (Ammon). There's an entrance fee and an obligatory guide, though the site doesn't seem to be maintained well. |
Cabo Verde |
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Cidade Velha |
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Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande, was a Portuguese colonial settlement that played an important role in the maritime trade of enslaved persons and goods between Europa, Africa and America.
The enslaved were also used to further develop the local colony, which resulted in the birth of Creole culture. Surviving monuments in Cidade Velha from that period include the oldest colonial church in the world, constructed in 1495, and Pillory Square with its ornate 16th-century marble pillar.
Community Perspective: situated on Cabo Verde’s main island São Tiago and only 15kms outside of the current capital, the town is easy to reach. Reviewers found no great deal to see, the best-preserved monument being the Fort Real of Sao Filipe, and compared the atmosphere to “a sleepy African, or perhaps more specifically, Brazilian village”. |
Cambodia |
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Angkor |
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Angkor is the archeological site covering the capital of the Khmer Empire and its artistic masterpieces.
The Khmer Empire encompassed much of Southeast Asia, and had a lot of political and cultural influence on the whole region until its downfall in the 14th century. Khmer art developed here in Angkor evolved from that of the Indian sub-continent and became highly influential in the region as a distinctive style.
Community Perspective: Spectacular. Breathtaking. Overwhelming. A childhood dream come true. Gorgeous architecture and preservation. “I had bought a 3-day pass, but I easily could have stayed longer cause there's so much to see”. |
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Preah Vihear Temple |
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The Preah Vihear Temple is a Hindu temple complex that is considered a masterpiece of Khmer architecture.
It is spectacularly situated atop a 525-meter cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains. The temple complex runs 800m along a north-south axis, linked by a system of pavements and staircases. Its carved stone decorations have been well-preserved due to the temple’s remote location.
Community Perspective: the reviews reflect the site’s disputed history between Thailand and Cambodia, reporting on easy access from Thailand (via the original access road) in 2007, a visit among military patrols and teams carrying out mine clearance operations from Cambodia in 2010, needing a permit in 2012, and “just arranging a driver and suffering through a bit of a rickety road from time to time” from 2018 onward. All enjoyed the breathtaking view from the top and the intricate stone carvings. |
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Sambor Prei Kuk |
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The Temple Zone of Sambor Prei Kuk is an archaeological site of the Pre-Angkorean period.
The site correspondents with Ishanapura, the capital city of the Chenla Empire whose buildings and watercourses influenced later Khmer architecture. 186 fire-brick Hindu temples remain, showing a mix of regional architectural influences and carrying sculptures and important temple inscriptions in the Khmer language. A particular feature is its octagonal-shaped temples, the oldest of their kind in South-East Asia.
Community Perspective: clearly complementary to Angkor, as it provides a good look at pre-Angkorian styles of art and architecture. It does have the same jungle setting with trees growing in and on top of buildings, but due to the smaller crowds (if any) Sambor Prei Kuk is a more intimate experience. Read Frederik’s review for more details on the art styles. |
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Koh Ker |
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Koh Ker: Archaeological Site of Ancient Lingapura or Chok Gargyar comprises the remains of an early and short-lived capital of the Khmer Empire.
Koh Ker influenced later Khmer architecture with its stone constructions and spatial layout. It also produced the distinct Koh Ker Style in sculpture, which is characterized by the monumental size and dynamics of the sculptures. They had a lasting influence on decorative styles in South East Asia.
Community Perspective: It's a day trip from Siem Reap, and can be combined with Preah Vihear on the same itinerary (although this shortchanges Koh Ker a bit if you leave it til the end). The archeological site, best known for its layered pyramid, is rather spread out and you need a car. Frederik spent a full day here and provided details on its architecture. |
Cameroon |
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Dja Faunal Reserve |
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The Dja Faunal Reserve covers one of the largest and best-protected rainforests in Africa noted for its biodiversity.
The reserve is almost completely surrounded by the Dja River, a contributary to the Congo River. Its dense primary forests are the habitat of over 100 mammal species and more than 320 bird species. Especially notable are its primates, such as the western lowland gorilla, chimpanzee, mandrill, and drill. African grey parrot and Grey-necked Picathartes are among the birds that are found here.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far, no wonder since it has no road access and only about 100 people visit overall annually. |
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Sangha Trinational |
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Sangha Trinational is a large and intact natural landscape, mainly consisting of humid forests plus wetlands and natural clearings.
These three contiguous national parks are centered along the Sangha River, a tributary to the Congo River. They harbour tree and mammal species that are much threatened elsewhere due to exploitation and poaching. Large mammals such as Forest Elephants, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Sitatunga and Bongo are still present in healthy numbers.
Community Perspective: Els visited Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic. The other two parks, Lobéké National Park in Cameroon and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in Congo, have stayed unreviewed so far. |
Canada |
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Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi |
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Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi, with its thousands of years old rock art, is a living sacred landscape for the Blackfoot people.
This prairie area holds thousands of examples of indigenous rock art, carved into the sandstone. They date from ca. 3,000 BP until and after the Contact Period. For the Blackfoot society of the past and the present, there is also a spiritual connection to its impressive landforms such as hoodoos and canyons.
Community Perspective: located in a pretty hoodoo landscape, the trails are worth exploring and the guided rock art tours are well-executed at the main location of Áísínai’pi. The other two components, Haffner Coulee and Poverty Rock, are unreviewed so far. |
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L'Anse aux Meadows |
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L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site comprises the remains of the only known site of Viking settlement and the earliest European settlement in North America outside of Greenland.
It was a year-round base camp for the exploration and exploitation of resources desirable in Greenland. The settlement – with space for 70 to 90 people - was established in the early 11th century and abandoned about a decade later. The site contains the remains of eight timber-framed turf buildings, including an iron-smelting hut, in a similar style to those in Norse Greenland and Iceland.
Community Perspective: the site is located at the very tip of Northwest Newfoundland and you may spot icebergs floating by. Despite its remote location it is well-geared to receive tourists and offer them something to see and learn beyond the unassuming earthen mounds that hold the original remains. |
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Nahanni National Park |
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Nahanni National Park covers a spectacular wild river landscape further adorned with features of ongoing geological processes.
The centerpiece of the park is the South Nahanni River. Four great canyons line this whitewater river and it also holds one of North America’s most impressive waterfalls, Virginia Falls. The area sees tectonic activity, which has resulted in spectacular granitic peaks and hot springs.
Community Perspective: this is a remote and costly area to visit – you generally fly in and then continue on the river by canoe or raft. Sid and Gary did so, and Zoë has described a flightseeing day trip. |
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Dinosaur Provincial Park |
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Dinosaur Provincial Park is renowned for its beautiful badlands and high number and quality of dinosaur fossils.
The conditions of this riparian landscape with sand and mud deposits were excellent for the preservation of dinosaurs' bones as fossils. Remains of over 40 dinosaur species have been found and more than 150 complete dinosaur skeletons, making it one of the richest dinosaur fossil locales in the world. The specimens represent every known group of Cretaceous dinosaurs.
Community Perspective: It’s a beautiful place because of the badlands, but be aware that only a small part of it is fully open to visitors and the reserved zone / the part where the dinosaur bones are, need a guided visit. Svein describes “walking between dinosaur fossil bones and teeth”, while Jay enjoyed the alternative activity of creating plaster casts of fossils at the visitor center. |
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Glacier parks |
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Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek comprises a mountain landscape shaped by geologic and glacial processes.
These four parks in the Yukon and Alaska offer combined marine, coastal, wild river and high mountain scenery with minimal extent of human modification. They hold over 200 glaciers, including some of the world’s largest and longest. Wildlife is abundant too, with a healthy population of grizzly bears.
Community Perspective: Glacier Bay is regularly visited by large cruise ships and good views are had from there. Tsunami describes an unforgettable journey on smaller boats and small airplanes, while J_neveryes explored Kluane by doing rewarding day hikes from Haines Junction. |
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SGang Gwaay |
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SG̱ang Gwaay holds the remains of traditional cedar longhouses and carved poles of the Haida.
This former village on the eastern side of Anthony Island was inhabited until the late 19th century. It still has a place in the traditions of the Haida culture. It has the largest collection of Haida totem poles in their original locations, many celebrated as great works of art.
Community Perspective: this is a remote place at the far southern end of the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve. Jay recently delivered a full report on the experience of visiting (“the poles are still standing … but the fine details on the poles continue to fade"), including the practicalities of getting there. |
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Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump |
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Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump bears witness to a communal hunting technique practiced by native people of the North American plains for nearly 6000 years.
At this site, the Indigenous people killed American Bison by driving them off the 10-metre high sandstone cliff. The carcasses were processed at a nearby camp; deep layers of animal bones can still be found buried here, as are the stone markers that were used to direct the bison towards the cliff. This custom continued into the late 19th century and still forms part of the 'traditional knowledge base' of the Plains nations.
Community Perspective: great place to visit and with a good Interpretive Centre explaining the traditions of the Blackfoot Nation (though it could do with a few more authentic items). Trails take you around the outdoor site. |
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Wood Buffalo National Park |
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Wood Buffalo National Park comprises the largest example of a Great Plains-Boreal grassland ecosystem and it holds the world's largest herd of Wood Bison.
The huge park includes grasslands, boreal forests, a large inland delta, salt plains and gypsum karst. Next to the estimated ca. 5,000 Wood Bison that live here, it is also an important nesting site of the endangered whooping crane.
Community Perspective: it takes an effort to get there by car, some 14 hours from Edmonton and 17 hours from Jasper National Park – fortunately the road is all-paved since 2018. Fort Smith is the hub of the park, it has a visitor center and you could even fly there. Randi and Zoë provide tips for ‘things to do’ inside the park, including hiking and a tour by float plane. J_neveryes approached it from Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories. |
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Québec |
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The Historic District of Old Québec is the most complete fortified colonial town left in North America.
Québec (founded in 1608) is one of the oldest colonial settlements in Canada. It served as the capital of New France and that of the British colony in 1763. The Historic District covers the Upper Town (with its administrative and religious buildings) and Lower Town (the district of commerce and the navy).
Community Perspective: “Europe in North America” and almost totally French-speaking. Overall a charming place to visit, with good views. Els has listed most of the individual sights within the old city. |
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Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks |
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The Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks form a striking mountain landscape, that includes a full range of glaciation features and harbours the renowned Burgess Shale fossil site.
The seven contiguous parks are aligned along the Continental Divide, separating the drainage basins of the Arctic, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. They hold glaciers, canyons, waterfalls, karst systems and thermal springs. The Burgess Shale preserves the fossils of soft-bodied marine organisms, and it is one of the earliest areas of those so far found.
Community Perspective: You need multiple days or even weeks here as the combined parks cover a large area. The majestic mountains and cold glaciers in the national parks of Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho have been well-covered in the reviews, and especially Banff and Jasper can feel crowded. Jay has described a visit to the lesser-known Mount Robson Provincial Park. |
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Waterton Glacier International Peace Park |
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Waterton Glacier International Peace Park is known for its superlative mountain scenery of glacial origin.
The contiguous Waterton Lakes NP (Canada) and Glacier NP (USA) have formed the world's first International Peace Park since 1932, although they are administered separately. Its distinctive setting spanning the Continental Divide and high elevation variance has resulted in many climates and microclimates. It also lies where the mountains meet the prairie, so flora and fauna are diverse.
Community Perspective: both Canada and the USA have parks with better scenery than Waterton Glacier, but still there are some wonderful scenic drives and hikes to be found here. Emilia did a camping trip, Kyle stayed at Many Glacier, Els hiked to Bertha Lake and Klein did the Crypt Lake Trail. |
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Gros Morne National Park |
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Gros Morne National Park is renowned for its role in geological evolution and its scenic beauty.
The park has textbook examples of the process of plate tectonics. It is one of the rare places on Earth where the deep ocean crust and the rocks of the Earth's mantle have become exposed. Gros Morne also holds many rock formations, glaciers, fjords and waterfalls.
Community Perspective: Prepare to spend at least a few days here, “The park has everything, mountains, waterfalls, fjords, beaches, rugged coastline with sea stacks, heritage communities and wildlife.” Highlights include Western Brook Pond (the boat tour to the fjord), the Tablelands (where the rocks of the exposed mantle can be seen) and the Green Gardens hike (through a tuckamore forest). |
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Miguasha National Park |
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Miguasha National Park protects the world's greatest palaeontological record of fossils from the Devonian Period, known as the 'Age of Fishes'.
The fish, invertebrate and plant fossils were found at a coastal rock formation. Five of the six main fossil fish groups from this period (dating from 370 million years) can be found here. A great quantity of some of the best-preserved fossil specimens of lobe-finned fish, ancestors to the tetrapods (believed to be the first four-legged air-breathing terrestrial vertebrates), were found here.
Community Perspective: the museum with its collection of well-preserved fossils comes recommended, while there isn’t much to see ‘outside’ anymore. |
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Old Town Lunenburg |
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Old Town Lunenburg, founded in 1753, is the best remaining example of planned British colonial settlement in North America.
Lunenburg was developed as a model town, with a rigid grid and wooden houses. Its vernacular architecture has been well-preserved. The town grew into an important seaport, shipbuilding centre and base for the offshore Atlantic fishery.
Community Perspective: It’s a very small town and you can easily walk through it within an hour or two. Many of the homes have little signs telling the name and job of their historical owners. Don’t miss the former Academy on the outskirts of town. The shipyards and fish plants (including the fisheries museum) are also worth seeing. |
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Rideau Canal |
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The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America.
The 19th-century canal runs for 202 km from Ottawa, Canada's capital, to Kingston on Lake Ontario. The canal's initial purpose was military (to defend the British colony of Canada against the USA), later it opened up the area for settlement and commerce. It is mostly a slackwater canal due to the use of sections of the Rideau and Cataraqui rivers, as well as several lakes. About 19 kilometres of the route is man-made.
Community Perspective: easily accessible components are the Ottawa Locks (as described by Ian) and Kingston’s Fort Henry (Rob, Frederic). Jay, Frederik and Els both southward along the Canal, stopping at different locks and towns. |
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Joggins Fossil Cliffs |
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The Joggins Fossil Cliffs hold the most complete fossil record from the "Coal Age" of Earth's history, approximately 310 million years ago.
At the 14.7km stretch of cliffs, the fossilized remains of a coastal forest are exposed, including upright trees and terrestrial fauna such as the earliest known reptile. The fossils have remained in situ, in their complete ecosystem. Joggins also figures in Darwin's "On the Origin of Species".
Community Perspective: its attractive location at the Bay of Fundy (with the world’s highest tidal range) is a bonus. You can visit the fossil beach on your own or with a guide; most fossils on display there are of plants and trees. |
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Grand Pré |
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The Landscape of Grand Pré is a polder created for farmland by the Acadian community that holds high symbolic value for them.
The reclamation of the land in this tidal flooded zone was carried out in stages in the 17th and 18th centuries. The polderisation used dykes as well as a community-based management system still in use today. Grand Pré became the place of memory for the Acadian diaspora, as these descendants of the 17th-century French colonists were deported from here in 1755 by British colonial officers. A number of symbolic memorial buildings and monuments to commemorate this have been added to the landscape in the 20th century.
Community Perspective: the site has a large Visitor Center (closed November-April) that tells the Acadian history well. Frédéric describes several viewpoints from which to admire their polder landscape. |
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Red Bay Basque Whaling Station |
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Red Bay Basque Whaling Station comprises the archaeological remains of the largest pre-industrial whaling site in north-eastern Canada.
The station was founded in the 1530s by Basque sailors, who made an annual transatlantic voyage to the site for summer whale hunting. They processed the whales in situ and took the oil home to Europe. The remains are mostly underwater or covered up. They include traces of buildings (including ovens for melting the whale blubber), whalebone deposits and shipwrecks.
Community Perspective: even when whaling is not your thing, you’ll enjoy the beautiful surroundings of this site. Take the boat out to Saddle Island (closed during the bird nesting season). Red Bay lies far from anywhere, but it is a relatively easy add-on to a trip to Newfoundland by ferry (see Randi’s review for the ‘difficult’ approach by gravel road). |
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Mistaken Point |
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Mistaken Point is a 17-kilometer-long coastal strip renowned for its fossil deposits on exposed rock surfaces.
The more than 10,000 fossil impressions date from the middle Ediacaran, 580 to 560 million years ago. They show the transition of life on earth from microbe-dominated to the ancestors of animals as we know them. These large and complex organisms lived on the deep-sea floor.
Community Perspective: Located in the far southeastern corner of Newfoundland, this is considered the most interesting of the three fossil sites in East Canada. It has a small visitor center, but the main focus is the guided hike along the coastal marshland to the rock platforms with the fossils that have been kept mostly in situ and can be clearly seen. |
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Pimachiowin Aki |
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Pimachiowin Aki is a large forest landscape in the heart of the North American boreal shield that holds sacred meaning for the Anishinaabe First Nations.
Pimachiowin Aki (“Land that gives life”) encompasses three provincial parks: Woodland Caribou and Atikaki Provincial Parks along with Eagle-Snowshoe Conservation Reserve and the ancestral lands of the Anishinaabe First Nations. The Anishinaabe continue to live in this forested area in four small settlements and use its waterways for trapping and fishing. They also hold ceremonies at specific sites. Wildlife in the parks includes Woodland Caribou, Moose, Wolf, and Wolverine.
Community Perspective: Zoë reached the outer edges of the parks and searched for the cultural aspects in Bloodvein. Can gave an overview of the possibilities to access, and kayaked his way in. |
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Tr’ondëk-Klondike |
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Tr’ondëk-Klondike testifies to the dramatic effects that the search for gold and precious minerals had on the indigenous people and the landscape.
The ancestral land of the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in was overrun by newcomers in 1874 and eventually came under colonial authority in 1908. The eight selected sites include archeological remains and settlements of indigenous inhabitants, traders and colonial settlers.
Community Perspective: best visited on a tour from Dawson to understand its history. |
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Anticosti |
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Anticosti is an island where the virtual disappearance of life in the oceans 447-437 million years ago can be traced via fossils and layers of sediment.
The findings reflect the first recorded mass extinction event, which affected about 85% of marine organisms. The island's thick limestone layer holds the best-preserved fossil record of marine life at the end of the Ordovician and Silurian Periods. It especially allows for the study of shells and soft-bodied organisms that lived on the sea floor.
Community Perspective: although the site holds the same name as the island, included only are its coastline and the channels of its two principal rivers. Michael has described three ways to visit this remote island. |
Central African Republic |
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Manovo-Gounda St. Floris |
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The Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park covers an extensive savanna landscape that forms a transitional zone to the rainforests.
Here animal species from the East and West African savannas cross paths with those of the forests of the South. They include elephant, hippo, leopard, cheetah, wild dog, and buffalo. The park includes the entire basins of three rivers with grassy floodplains and wetlands. 320 bird species have been recorded.
Community Perspective: Gavin reports about the poaching situation in 1997 (the black rhino and lion mentioned in the original nomination have already disappeared from the park). |
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Sangha Trinational |
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Sangha Trinational is a large and intact natural landscape, mainly consisting of humid forests plus wetlands and natural clearings.
These three contiguous national parks are centered along the Sangha River, a tributary to the Congo River. They harbour tree and mammal species that are much threatened elsewhere due to exploitation and poaching. Large mammals such as Forest Elephants, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Sitatunga and Bongo are still present in healthy numbers.
Community Perspective: Els visited Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic. The other two parks, Lobéké National Park in Cameroon and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in Congo, have stayed unreviewed so far. |
Chad |
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Lakes of Ounianga |
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The Lakes of Ounianga are 18 connected, permanent lakes within the arid Sahara desert.
They are being fed by a system of fossil groundwater. The lakes are divided into two groups, 40km apart. They are the remaining part of a much larger lake that existed in this basin 5,000 - 15,000 years ago. The colour variety of the lakes, the floating reed carpets and the surrounding palm trees and sandstone landforms result in a place of high aesthetic beauty.
Community Perspective: The lakes are remote, they lie another day's drive north of the Ennedi Massif, across the pure desert of the Mourdi Depression and not far from the border with Libya. They are situated within an intriguing cultural landscape dedicated to the salt trade and the produce from date palms. |
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Ennedi Massif |
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The "Ennedi Massif: Natural and Cultural Landscape" is an eroded mountain massif in the Sahara desert, containing numerous rock paintings and archaeological sites.
The sandstone plateau was sculpted by water and wind erosion, leading to scenically impressive features such as formidable rock arches and pinnacles. Though lying deep in the desert, the area sees regular rain. This results in a varied flora and fauna, and notably in the surviving Nile crocodiles in the permanent pocket of water called Guelta Archei. It became a refuge also for humans, who left rock art there. Nomadic pastoralists are still visiting.
Community Perspective: a difficult but rewarding site to visit, "spectacular in so many different aspects". It takes 3.5 days of solid driving on mostly unpaved roads to get there from the capital. You have it all to yourself, as it is unlikely to encounter any other tourists than the ones you arrived with. The most recent review describes what you may expect from a 4-day stay in the area. |
Chile |
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Rapa Nui |
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Rapa Nui National Park covers a fascinating archeological landscape developed by an isolated society and characterized by the huge moai.
Between the 10th and 16th centuries, the local population, descendants of settlers from Eastern Polynesia, created great stone works such moai (colossal statues representing ancestors) and ahu (ceremonial platforms). Additional archeological sites on the island include the quarries such as Rano Raraku, rock art sites, and Orongo, a ceremonial village.
Community Perspective: Easter Island is a dream destination for many, though expensive and “logistically awkward”. Joseph found that “there is a haunting sadness to the site of a toppled, broken moai that affected me more than the standing statues”. Solivagant gives a good overview of the main sights that can be done in a day, while Dennis shares his 3-day itinerary and Nan zooms in on the practical details. Timonator is the first to report back on the drastic changes in visiting conditions that have taken place since Covid (guided tours required). |
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Churches of Chiloé |
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The Churches of Chiloé are outstanding examples of the mestizo culture that resulted from Jesuit missionary activities.
Groups of missionaries would travel around the islands of the Chiloé archipelago. In each zone, they would build a church, looked after by local laymen for the rest of the year. This tradition was started by the Jesuits in 1608 and later continued by the Franciscans. European and indigenous cultural traditions were combined to create this unique form of wooden architecture.
Community Perspective: these churches are a great excuse to visit the beautiful surroundings of Chiloé and taste its excellent seafood. Nan visited 7 of them on public transport, Allan tackled 11 by rental car. Timonator (14/16) found out that they only have regular opening hours in January and February – the rest of the year you have to look for someone with a key. |
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Valparaiso |
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The Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaiso testifies to Valparaiso's leading position as a merchant port in the late 19th century.
Valparaiso played an important role on the Pacific Coast during the early phase of globalisation, before the opening of the Panama Canal. The geographic location on steep hills and the different nationalities of the inhabitants have led to a distinct and innovative urban landscape.
Community Perspective: some of our reviewers were more bothered than others by the fact that Valparaiso's best days clearly are behind it. But the historic elevators to travel between the lower and upper parts are a joy, and the maze of stairs and alleys in the upper town are the highlights of a visit. |
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Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works |
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The Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works represent the technical heritage and the social transformation brought about by the saltpeter industry.
Exploiting the largest deposit of saltpeter in the world, these two industrial sites were in use from 1872 until the mid-20th century to produce nitrate fertilisers for the rest of the Americas and Europe. Thousands of workers lived in company towns in this remote environment and developed a distinctive Pampinos culture.
Community Perspective: Humberstone has the best-preserved town remains, while Santa Laura is the more impressive for its industrial area but is in a bad and potentially dangerous condition. The sites lie only 2 km apart and can easily be visited by local bus from Iquique. |
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Sewell Mining Town |
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Sewell Mining Town is an example of an early 20th-century company town set up by a foreign company for copper mining.
The site is located in a harsh environment on the slopes of the Andes. Founded in 1905 by the Braden Copper Company, the commercial company built all infrastructure necessary to exploit what was to become the world’s largest underground copper mine. In its heydays, 15,000 people lived here. The remains consist of industrial installations and residential and social buildings.
Community Perspective: early reviewers have put quite an effort into finding out how exactly this site that is managed by a private company can be entered. The most recent review by Timonator (2023) provides the most up-to-date information. Some reviewers describe their visits as “eerie”, with “corridors of doors that are never opened or closed and hide an emptiness behind them”. Be aware that you're not allowed in if you are over 70. |
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Qhapaq Ñan |
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Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System, is the communication and trade network developed by the Inca Empire.
The infrastructure needed exceptional technological and engineering skills in a difficult geographical setting in rural and remote parts of the Andes. The network supported the Inca Empire’s integration and was a symbol of its strength.
Community Perspective: As a serial transnational site comprising over 720km of road and 273 archaeological sites, it is hard to determine whether you have 'seen' it. Even more so as it is unclear whether the so-called Associated sites are inscribed as well. The latter include sites that are also WHS in their own right (Cusco, Tiwanaku). The main approach chosen is checking out a few locations near Lima or Cuzco and looking for traces of infrastructure (described well in Clyde’s review). Additionally, Allan has visited locations in Chile, and Els Ingapirca in Ecuador. |
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Chinchorro Culture |
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The Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region represent the long-practiced mortuary techniques and associated beliefs of this Pre-Columbian civilization.
The Chinchorro were marine hunter-gatherers who lived in these coastal areas of the arid Atacama Desert from 7,400 BP to 2,840 BP. They are known for their advanced mummification practices, and the oldest known artificially mummified human bodies have been found here. The area illustrating the Chinchorro habitat also consists of settlements, cemeteries, and shell middens.
Community Perspective: This site has 3 components, and Walter visited them all. Colon 10 in Arica is the location where you can get the closest to the mummies. Timonator recommends staying in the hotel "Le petit clos" opposite for a close but controversial encounter. |
China |
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Liangzhu Archaeological Site |
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The Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City show the accomplishments of a prehistoric urban civilization in the Yangtze River Basin.
The city was the centre of power and belief of the Liangzhu culture, an early regional state. The culture possessed advanced agricultural methods, including irrigation, paddy rice cultivation and aquaculture, and urban planning expressed in earthen monuments.
Community Perspective: Easily accessible as it lies on the outskirts of Hangzhou (see Nan’s review for transport tips). Most people start at the Liangzhu Museum which contains the best findings (though it's not part of the core zone). Shandos has described what you may expect from the “Jurassic Park”-like Liangzhu Ancient City Relic Site. |
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Old Town of Lijiang |
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The Old Town of Lijiang represents a fusion of indigenous Naxi architecture and culture with external influences.
Lijiang has been an important regional trade center since the 12th century. The town plan is characterized by canals and bridges, while in its architecture the two-storey buildings and wooden carvings stand out. Lijiang also has an ingenious ancient network of waterways, that is supplied by the mountain springs and via Heilong Pool is connected with canals to the houses in town.
Community Perspective: “One of the nicest small cities in China”, with interesting architecture and the living culture of the Naxi people. Don’t be put off by the huge bar and clubbing area in the center. |
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Quanzhou |
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'Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song–Yuan China' represents an important port city from a highly prosperous stage of Asia's maritime trade.
Quanzhou is located at the junction of river and sea, with easy connections to both the world’s oceans and the hinterland. It holds buildings and other structures used for administration, trade, and production of ceramics and iron. The religious buildings of various denominations show its global reach.
Community Perspective: There are 16 components that are scattered around the city and its environs, which need some form of motorized transport to travel between them. Recommended are Tianhou temple, dedicated to Mazu the goddess of the sea, most of the other old town sites such as the neighbouring Taoist temple, Confucian shrine and mosque, and the statues of Lao Tze and Mani further away. |
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Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan |
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Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiang Irrigation System comprise the intellectual and spiritual centre of Taoism and an ancient water management system that has survived up to the present day.
In 142 CE, the philosopher Zhang Ling founded the doctrine of Chinese Taoism at Mount Qingcheng. It now holds eleven Taoist temples, constructed in the traditional architecture of western Sichuan. The origins of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System date back to 256 BCE, when a scheme making subtle use of the local topography was set up to counter the devastating flooding caused by the Min River. The original system has been preserved, but modern materials and technology have been utilized to enable it to perform until today.
Community Perspective: Dujiangyan Irrigation System nowadays is set up like a theme park, “a nice place to walk around; [but] the genius design of the irrigation system was hard to appreciate”. Mount Qingcheng is another cable car experience. |
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Longmen Grottoes |
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The Longmen Grottoes are caves that hold over 100,000 stone sculptures that are manifestations of Chinese Buddhist art.
The carvings were created after Emperor Xianwen moved the Northern Wei capital to Luoyang in 493, and the tradition continued with the Tang Dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries. The site also holds more than 60 stupas and 2,800 inscriptions carved on steles.
Community Perspective: The site’s strength lies in the multitude of Buddhist carvings that are present and the riverside setting. Solivagant recalls his visit in 1978, while Frederik explains the differences between the Northern Wei and Tang art. |
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Imperial Tombs |
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The Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are examples of funerary architecture built on the principles of feng shui.
These impressive mausolea were built over the course of five centuries, not only as places to rest the dead but also to accommodate royal ceremonies and to impress. The works combine the architectural arts of the Han and Manchu civilizations.
Community Perspective: After two extensions, this site geographically has strayed far from the well-known Ming Tombs near Beijing (which are usually part of a combination tour with the Great Wall, and where you’ll be “given a dull tour of a few reconstructed buildings”). Zos visited remote Ming Xian Ling in Zhongxiang. |
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Xidi and Hongcun |
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'Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui - Xidi and Hongcun' comprises two exceptionally well-preserved traditional Chinese villages.
Their townscapes are developed in harmony with the natural environment, using the geomantic principles of Feng Shui. The Huizhou style is the predominant architecture in the villages: white walls, dark tiles, horse-head gables, stone drums or mirrors, and open interior courtyards are common features. It was the style favoured by the local merchant class.
Community Perspective: You should visit both towns. Although they are now firmly dedicated to handling tourists, especially for foreigners they provide a view into small-town China. Khuft has described their distinctive features well. |
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Mount Taishan |
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Mount Taishan is an impressive rock mass that has been worshipped for over 3,000 years.
This mountain, covered in pine forests and rocky cliffs, is dotted with man-made structures such as bridges, gateways, pavilions and a flight of 6,660 steps. It was where the Emperor paid homage to Heaven and Earth in ritualized ceremonies. It is also notable for its 1,800 historic stone tablets and inscriptions.
Community Perspective: It takes hours to climb to the top, where the most important monuments are, but there are cable cars as well. Zos did it like a real pilgrim and hiked all the way up during the night. |
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Great Wall |
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The Great Wall is a masterpiece of construction of Ancient China with high symbolic value.
The stone and earthen fortifications in northern China were built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. As it is "virtually impossible" to guarantee the perfect preservation of the whole length of the wall(s), the conservation is focused on the Badaling section, the western starting point at Jiayuguan Pass and the eastern end at Shanhaiguan.
Community Perspective: To escape the tourist crowds, reviewers recommend hiking stretches of the “wild” Wall or seeking out remote, unrestored portions (although these are not part of the core zone, you will feel that you have properly visited). Solivagant saw the ‘official’ start and end points at Shanhaiguan and Jiayuguan. Tony has shared the latest on the situation at Badaling. |
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Imperial Palace |
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The Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang with their grand palatial architecture represent State power in late feudal China
The Imperial Palace of the Ming Dynasty, commonly known as the Forbidden City, lies in Beijing and has been the residence of the Ming emperors since 1421. It represents the ritual and court culture of that period. The Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty was the secondary capital; the palace dates from the 17th century and its plan and architecture show the Manchu culture of this dynasty, including sacrificial places to practice Shamanism.
Community Perspective: The Forbidden City in Beijing stands out for its enormous scale, and takes hours to explore if you stray off the main path. The palace in Shenyang shows the intricate design of Manchu architecture. |
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Mogao Caves |
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The Mogao Caves comprise a Buddhist rock art sanctuary that flourished along the Silk Road.
The 492 rock-cut cells and sanctuaries are known for the artistic quality of their statues and wall paintings. Because of its strategic position along the Silk Road, the caves attracted many pilgrims and a variety of cultural influences from the 4th until the 14th century.
Community Perspective: The art may be fabulous, but the visitor experience is far from that and you’ll only be allowed to see 4-8 caves as part of a group accompanied by a (often rushing and unhelpful) guide. |
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Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor |
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The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is known for its life-size terracotta statues of warriors.
The hyperrealistic sculptures are seen as major works in the history of Chinese sculpture and are valuable for the insight they provide into the social and military history of the period. Qin Shi Huang in 246 BCE arranged for this burial site for himself. The Terracotta Army was to be buried with him to help him rule another empire in the afterlife. The three main pits have uncovered over 8,000 figures of warriors and horses and a large number of exquisite funeral objects.
Community Perspective: “The longer you spend around the warriors the more impressed you become.” |
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Peking Man Site |
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The Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian is an important finding place of early Asian hominids such as one of the first specimens of Homo erectus, dubbed Peking Man.
The natural limestone caves and adequate water supplies in this area made it suitable for the survival of early humans. The findings show the process of human evolution, with remains of Homo erectus pekinensis, archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens sapiens having been discovered. Stone tools and evidence of fire-making by Peking Man have also been found.
Community Perspective: The only site within the Beijing Hotspot that takes you off the beaten path, although it is reachable on public transport. It comprises a number of (original) caves in the woods plus an interesting museum. |
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Huangshan |
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Mount Huangshan has played a leading role in the cultural, literary and artistic history of China because of its scenic beauty.
Its attraction lies in the peculiar shapes of the granite peaks, in the weather-shaped Huangshan Pine trees, and in views of the mountain tops that are often above cloud level. It has become a favourite subject of Chinese landscape painters. The mountains also provide the habitat for numerous endemic plant species, such as mosses and ferns.
Community Perspective: “Uniquely Chinese”, but be prepared also for a very crowded experience. Nan shares a harrowing story of his much-troubled visit. |
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Jiuzhaigou Valley |
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Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area comprises a mountainous area with a series of lakes and waterfalls containing clear, mineral-rich water.
The natural beauty of the site lies in the over 100 coloured lakes and limestone terraces. They are the result of karst erosion and deposits. The Area also preserves important forest ecosystems that are the habitat of vulnerable mammal species such as giant panda and takin.
Community Perspective: It’s a large and well-kept site, best discovered on foot and over multiple days (you can stay just outside the entrance). Be aware that it can get very cold here in winter and that it is very popular with Chinese tourists (but not so much with foreign visitors). |
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Huanglong |
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Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area is renowned for its beautiful karst features such as travertine pools and limestone shoals.
The mountain scenery is dotted with lakes and unique travertine terraces. Calcite deposition has led to the pools being rich in algae and minerals, which results in orange, yellow, blue and green coloured waters.
Community Perspective: It lies close to Jiuzhaigou WHS, to which it is often compared. It’s much smaller though and there is one main circular trail to walk, where you ascend from 3,000 to 4,000m (oxygen canisters are available!). |
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Wulingyuan |
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Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area contains over 3,000 tall quartzite sandstone pillars which create a spectacular landscape.
The forested landscape is often covered in mists and clouds, which adds to its beauty. Between the peaks lie ravines and gorges with streams, pools and waterfalls, and some 40 caves, as well as two large natural bridges.
Community Perspective: Better known as Zhangjiajie in the Chinese tourist industry, this is a large and popular park. Avoid visiting on weekends or during Chinese holidays because of the crowds. Frederik and GabLabCebu each wrote extensive reviews on its highlights which need a visit of multiple days. Els did a day trip via the South Entrance. |
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Mountain Resort, Chengde |
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The Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde, comprise a designed landscape that served as the summer resort of the Qing emperors.
At the end of the 17th century, the Qing emperors created a summer residence, exploiting mountains, woods and other existing natural features to which they added contrived landscapes to make settings for innumerable pavilions, palaces and temples. Some temples outside the palace walls were built in the architectural styles of the ethnic minorities, affirming China as a unitary multi-ethnic state.
Community Perspective: The site consists of extensive gardens and outlying temples, and needs at least a full day. Don’t come here in winter! It’s a controversial site as well, as detailed by Solivagant. |
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Temple, Mansion and Cemetery of Confucius |
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The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu represent the influence of Confucianism on China and other oriental countries.
The layout and style of the Temple serve as a model for all Confucius temples in Asia. The Cemetery contains Confucius’ tomb and more than 100,000 graves of his descendants, while the Kong Family Mansion was the place where the male direct descendants of Confucius lived and worked. The buildings were strictly designed according to the ideas of Confucianism and built by the finest artists and craftsmen due to the support given by Chinese Emperors.
Community Perspective: A good place if you study Chinese culture or Confucius' philosophy. Mary even stayed overnight in the Kong Family Mansion in 1990. |
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Wudang Mountains |
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The Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains is renowned for its many Taoist monasteries and secular buildings which have had a profound influence on Chinese art and architecture.
This Taoist pilgrimage center includes palaces, monasteries, nunneries and temples in a picturesque setting. Most surviving buildings date from the 14th to 16th centuries when Taoism grew in importance due to the support of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty.
Community Perspective: Although the two early reviewers hint at corruption and other issues at the site, Juha found it one of the highlights of his China trip. The costs of a visit add up, with cable car rides and separate entrance fees per temple. |
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Potala Palace |
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The Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa, represents the apogee of Tibetan architecture and the combination of religious and secular authority.
The Ensemble includes the Potala Palace and the Norbulingka Summer Palace, which were the administrative, religious and symbolic centers of Tibet's theocratic government for many centuries, and the Jokhang Temple, the most sacred in Tibetan Buddhism. The Potala and Jokhang date back to the 7th century CE.
Community Perspective: The Potala is one of the world’s great iconic sites and nearby Jokhang Temple is also worthwhile for its religious activity. The site is also inextricably linked to the oppression of Tibetan culture by the Chinese, and most of the earlier reviews reflect that. |
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Lushan National Park |
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Lushan National Park is an outstanding example of Chinese landscape culture, where temples and educational buildings have been added to the scenic landscape.
The area has attracted the cultural elite for over 1,700 years. Buddhist and Taoist temples and the Confucian White Deer Cave Academy were built. From the late 19th century it became a summer resort for both Chinese and foreign visitors, which is reflected in the diverse architecture of the villas.
Community Perspective: This is an eclectic site. Els noticed the Communist Party links (and Mao’s bathroom), Stanislaw saw the park from above and a lot of inscriptions, and Dwight explored the more remote parts including 11th century Guanyin Bridge, Lushan waterfall, and White Deer Cave Academy. |
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Mount Emei, including Leshan Giant Buddha |
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Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area, comprises the place where Buddhism was first established in China.
The slopes and summit of Mount Emei hold numerous traditional temples, including the successor to the 1st-century Buddhist temple that was the first to be built in China. The nearby 8th-century Giant Buddha of Leshan measures 71 m high overall, which makes it the largest sculpture of the Buddha in the world. Covering Emei Shan is a sub-tropical forest with many endemic and endangered plants such as orchids, rhododendrons, camellias, ginkgos, cycads and tree ferns.
Community Perspective: Els spent 3 days in the area, admired the head of the Great Buddha and hiked down the mountains. Frederik compared Emei Shan to the similar WHS of Wutaishan and liked the natural setting of the former more. |
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Ping Yao |
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The Ancient City of Ping Yao is an integral and well-preserved Han Chinese city.
It dates from the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911), and its urban plan and city walls have not significantly changed since. Its buildings show the evolution of architectural styles. Numerous impressive buildings associated with banking can be seen, as Ping Yao was a major financial centre in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Community Perspective: It looks like a movie set (though with houses without toilets). The city wall is one of the most perfect in Asia. Visit the courtyard buildings and temples that are now in use as museums, as well as the former financial institutions. |
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Classical Gardens of Suzhou |
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The Classical Gardens of Suzhou are the most refined representations of the art of classical Chinese garden design.
They are complex landscapes imitating natural scenery with pavilions, rocks, hills and rivers. The designs were specially adapted to the small space available in private gardens in an urban environment. The selected gardens show their evolution over time from the 11th to the 19th centuries.
Community Perspective: The Humble Administrator's Garden is considered the most beautiful, while the Lion Forest Garden certainly is the weirdest, with its ‘mountain landscape’ of Taihu rockery. |
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Summer Palace |
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The Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing, is a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design that is noted for its harmony and large scale.
This "New” Summer Palace landscape is dominated by Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake. In addition to halls and pavillions that provided political and administrative functions, it contains large areas for recreational use to enjoy views and spiritual contemplation. The garden has had a major influence on subsequent oriental garden art and culture.
Community Perspective: Not to be confused with the “Old” Summer Palace which is in ruins, this large site provides magnificent views and the boat trips are good as well. “If strolling around the lovely pavilions doesn't convince you that you're in the heart of Chinese culture, nothing will.” |
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Temple of Heaven |
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Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing represents the legacy of the feudal Ming and Qing dynasties.
Here their Emperors would act as middlemen between humankind on Earth and Heaven, and pray for good harvests. The temple complex is a precious example of China's ancient architecture and its symbolic layout and design influenced subsequent sacrificial sites in the Far East.
Community Perspective: An oasis of peace almost in the heart of Beijing, an exquisite wooden structure whose grounds include dozens of unique stone carved images along stairways. The park is also good for watching people “playing music or singing, chatting, playing cards” and “water calligraphy, mass participation Tai chi, practice sword fighting and line-dancing to Europop”. |
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Mount Wuyi |
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Mount Wuyi is a scenic landscape of forests and deep gorges, which became the cradle of Neo-Confucianism.
The area contains several archaeological sites, including a Han City established in the 1st century BCE, and a number of temples and study centres associated with the birth of Neo-Confucianism in the 11th century CE. Its natural values include the beauty of the gorges of the Nine-Bend River, the monoliths of local red sandstone, its subtropical forests, and its reptile, amphibian and insect species diversity.
Community Perspective: Hiking and rafting are the main things to do here. Els explored the Han City component and recommends the Da Hong Pao Tea Trail. |
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Dazu Rock Carvings |
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The Rock Carvings in Dazu show the harmonious coexistence of Tantric Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism in medieval China.
These five clusters with diverse cave temple art shed light on everyday life of the 9th to 13th centuries. They also show the craftsmanship of their artists because of their grand scale and aesthetic quality.
Community Perspective: There are a lot of carvings and most of the figures are painted brightly. Baoding is the main site of the five inscribed components; Chris has visited three others as well and compares the experiences. |
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Migratory Bird Sanctuaries China |
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The Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea - Bohai Gulf of China cover a mudflat system serving as bird foraging and resting areas.
The sanctuaries are part of the largest intertidal mudflat system in the world. Its habitats are crucial for the survival of migratory birds such as the Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Nordmann’s Greenshank.
Community Perspective: Zoë visited the "National Nature Reserve for Rare Birds" near Yancheng, a visitor center for the area, and advises to come in November (but she did see red-crowned cranes and Siberian cranes in September). Zos has gone into more detail about where the core zone starts around this reserve, while Els gave the latest update on getting there. |
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Yungang Grottoes |
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The Yungang Grottoes are excellent examples of early Chinese Buddhist cave art.
The 53 caves with 51,000 carved statues were excavated in the south face of a sandstone cliff. They were created during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), whose emperors introduced the 'foreign' Buddhism and turned it into their state religion.
Community Perspective: The grottoes are easily visited from the city of Datong, and present a virtual art laboratory where “ancient artists acted like scientists who made experiments to assimilate South and Central Asian arts into local arts”. Frederik laments its location among dusty industrial coal mine complexes, but that was in 2009 (it was already that way in 1978 when Solivagant visited) – we need a more recent review of what it looks like now! |
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Three parallel rivers of Yunnan |
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The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas represent a landscape of river gorges and high mountains.
The areas contain the watershed areas of the Yangtze (Jinsha), Mekong (Lacang) and Salween (Nujiang) rivers and glaciated peaks of over 6,000m altitude. It also has significant geological value, with it being on the "collision point" of tectonic plates and holding landforms such as alpine karst and alpine Danxia.
Community Perspective: Although this is mostly high mountain scenery no one will get to, a few component parts are accessible from the city of Zhongdian/Shangrila, including the Tiger Leaping Gorge, Podatso National Park (see Jarek's review), Balagezong Scenic Spot and Napa Hai (labelled as an “influencing area”). |
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Koguryo Kingdom |
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The Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom represent an exceptional testimony to the vanished Koguryo civilization.
These archaeological sites comprise their first three capitals and 40 tombs. The imperial tombs have a stepped pyramid form, while the tombs of the nobles are decorated with wall paintings that depict scenes from daily life. Stele and inscriptions at the sites show the impact of Chinese culture on the Koguryo.
Community Perspective: Zoë liked Wandu Mountain City best and has written an overview of what you can see on a 3-hour visit. |
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Macao |
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The Historic Centre of Macao represents the early and long encounter between Chinese and European civilizations.
Macao was the first European enclave in Asia, starting with the arrival of Portuguese tradesmen in 1557. Over the years they developed Macao into one of the major trade ports in Asia - as a stopover on the route to Japan or as part of the Silk Route by sea. Both Western and Chinese roots are reflected in its architecture.
Community Perspective: It’s a well-preserved melting pot of architectural styles and full of vivid colours. Highlights include the Portuguese buildings at Guia Hill and the very old A-Ma Temple. |
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Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries |
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Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains contain more than 30% of the world's Giant Pandas and are among the most important sites for their captive breeding.
These reserves and parks also are refuges for other endangered species such as the red panda, the snow leopard, and the clouded leopard. It is among the botanically richest sites of the world outside of tropical rainforests and is home to between 5,000 and 6,000 species of flora.
Community Perspective: Although you’re unlikely to encounter a Giant Panda in the wild, your best bet is to visit one of the 16 included parks. Els went to Mount Qingcheng, Boj to Bifeng Gorge, Frederik spent 2 days in the Siguniang Mountains and Michael visited the Wolong Breeding Center. |
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Yin Xu |
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Yin Xu comprises an archaeological site that represents the golden age of early Chinese culture, crafts and sciences.
Yin was the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE - 1050 BCE). It is renowned for the discovery of 'oracle bones', inscriptions on animal bones and tortoise shells which are considered the beginnings of Chinese characters and writing. The tombs also have revealed rich bronze ritual vessels, ceramics and chariots in addition to remains of victims of sacrifice.
Community Perspective: “This is an amazing site for those studying the Chinese language”. Els has written a comprehensive review of the various site components that can be visited. |
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South China Karst |
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South China Karst comprises one of the two great karst regions of the world.
This huge karst area represents the variety of karst landforms in the humid (sub)tropics. Shilin is regarded as the world’s best example of pinnacle karst (stone forests), while Libo Karst is renowned for its cone karst and Guilin Karst for its tower karst landscape.
Community Perspective: The 12 components are spread across 4 provinces. Reviews so far have focused on Shilin, the Stone Forest (Solivagant, Els, Frederik) and Guilin Karst with its spectacular scenery along the Li River (Kyle, Nan). |
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Kaiping Diaolou |
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The Kaiping Diaolou and Villages comprise fortified multi-story towers, built by returning Chinese immigrants from America, Canada, Hong Kong and Malaysia.
They display a fusion of Chinese and Western decorative forms. The towers were constructed in the 1920s and 1930s when there were more than 3,000 of these structures. The diaolou served as housing and as protection against forays by bandits (and later the Japanese). Three separate forms can be distinguished: communal towers, residential towers and watchtowers.
Community Perspective: Zili is the most visited and most touristy of the villages. Els made it to Jingjiangli as well, and Nan has covered Majianlong and provided the most up-to-date practical info. The fourth component, Sanmenli, so far has been unreviewed. |
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Fujian Tulou |
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The Fujian Tulou are unique communal residential buildings constructed by the Hakka people from Fujian Province.
The Tulou are several stories high and are enclosed by a thick earth wall. They were built around a central, open courtyard with only one entrance and few windows. This building style was chosen because it made the houses well-defensible. Each tulou was occupied by one family clan.
Community Perspective: The Hongkeng Cluster (as reviewed by YS, Geoff, Els) is the most accessible among the 10 components, as it lies within 3 hours from Xiamen, and provides the opportunity to visit another one, Tianloukeng (Els) if you stay overnight. Others include Hekeng (DL) and the remote Chuxi (Boj). |
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Mount Sanqingshan |
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Mount Sanqingshan National Park holds an outstanding scenery of granite peaks and pillars.
The area also has numerous waterfalls, valleys, lakes and springs. The massif is covered with temperate forest, home to rare and endangered plant species. Meteorological effects like bright halos on clouds and white rainbows enhance its visual impact.
Community Perspective: Zos had a memorable visit to this park, where visualizing rock formations into snakes or penguins seems to be the main thing. Els was less impressed. |
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Mount Wutai |
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Mount Wutai is one of the Four Sacred Mountains in Chinese Buddhism.
The mountain with its over 50 Buddhist monasteries, pagodas and statues was inspired by Tibetan Buddhist ideas from Nepal and Mongolia and has become a place of pilgrimage. It is home to some of the oldest existing wooden buildings in China that have survived since the era of the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
Community Perspective: “Wu” means five, and this mountain range has five peaks so it takes a while to visit (most people only visit one) and the entrance fees add up. Dwight has reviewed the Great East Hall of the Foguang Temple, one of China’s oldest wooden buildings. |
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Dengfeng |
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The Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in "The Centre of Heaven and Earth" reflect the tradition of mountain worship.
Mount Songshan was considered the best place for a terrestrial capital according to astronomical observations. A large number of sacred and secular buildings were constructed here, commissioned by Emperors who meant to reinforce their power. They include Buddhist shrines and an astronomical Observatory.
Community Perspective: The globally best-known component is the Shaolin monastery, “the birthplace of Kung Fu”. Juha managed to visit 5 of the other 7 locations, while Zos added a perspective on the Gaocheng Observatory. |
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China Danxia |
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China Danxia comprises landscapes dominated by eroded red sandstone landforms.
The nine components hold examples varying from most to least eroded, where natural pillars, cliffs, and ravines have been shaped by weathering, erosion and tectonic uplift. The Danxia landform is named after Mount Danxia, one of the most famous examples of this landform.
Community Perspective: Nan and Frederik have covered the Danxiashan component, which is accessible via Guangzhou and where the main attraction seems to be the large red phallus stone. Els visited the compact Guifeng section of the Longhushan National Park. |
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West Lake |
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The West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou is an implementation of the classical Chinese landscape aesthetic ideal by improving the natural landscape
The natural lake has been made more beautiful with bridges, pagodas, causeways, pavillions, ornamental trees, etc to demonstrate the harmony between man and nature. The 'improved' landscape had a profound impact on the design of gardens and landscapes in and outside of China.
Community Perspective: Frederik has written a good introduction to this site, while Nan added more ideas and tips for using public transport to get to the lake. |
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Site of Xanadu |
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The Site of Xanadu encompasses the remains of Kublai Khan's legendary summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
The grassland capital at the edge of the Mongolian plateau includes the former city with temples and palaces, water control works, tombs, and traditional ovoo (stone cairn) shrines of the Mongolian nomads. Its plan shows a mix between Mongolian and Han Chinese traditions. It is also the place from where Tibetan Buddhism expanded over north-east Asia.
Community Perspective: It’s far from everywhere and you’ll need to take a taxi for the last 20km. However, the archeological site is fenced, requires an entrance fee and has multilingual signs. Michael found few remains from the Yuan Dynasty but imagined how the Mongols on horses entered the city after each victory in war. |
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Chengjiang Fossil Site |
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Chengjiang Fossil Site holds marine fossils from the early Cambrian period, 530 million years ago, when life on Earth rapidly diversified.
A rich number of species has been found within the remains of a complex marine ecosystem. Most of the fossils are that of soft-bodied organisms.
Community Perspective: It’s fairly easily accessible from Kunming, though you have to get a taxi for the last 20km to “Maotianshan”. The surroundings are appreciated more by our reviewers than the site itself, which boasts a basic museum, with a showcase area of the cliffside where the first fossils were discovered but overall without much interpretation. |
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Xinjiang Tianshan |
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Xinjiang Tianshan is a mountain range that holds glaciers, snowcapped peaks, alpine meadows, lakes and canyons.
These mountains are in stark contrast with the surrounding six deserts, of which part of the Taklamakan Desert is within the site’s borders. The biodiversity within its altitudinal natural zones is high, especially regarding vascular plants and wild fruit species.
Community Perspective: The most accessible components can be reached as a day trip from Urumqi, as Zos and Zoë did (both visited touristy Tianchi Lake in the Bogda mountain area). No special permit is needed for that. |
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Hani Rice Terraces |
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The Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces consists of irrigated rice paddies, forested mountain tops and farming villages where farming and water management are combined.
This landscape spread across three valleys has been developed over the past 1300 years by the Hani people, one of China's official ethnic minority groups. It is the most concentrated area of steep rice terraces in China. The terraces are irrigated via a complex system of channels that transport water from the surrounding mountain tops.
Community Perspective: “The subject of many coffee table books”. Els made it there on a rainy day in 2019 (it takes a full day to reach from the nearest big city, Kunming), while Zoë introduces us to the world of Chinese hobby photographers. |
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Grand Canal |
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The Grand Canal is the world's longest and oldest artificial waterway system.
The canal runs along a north-south axis originating in Beijing, passing through eight provinces, and ending at the seaport of Ningbo. Successive dynasties used it for the unified administration of its territory. It was used to transport raw materials, grain, an imperial monopoly, and rice to feed the people and troops.
Community Perspective: There doesn’t seem to be a ‘best’ place to see the Grand Canal. Tongzhou (reviewed by Ian) lies conveniently close to Beijing, while Suzhou (Michael, GabLabCebu) and Hangzhou (Els) also have very easy-to-access parts. Solivagant traveled from Suzhou to Hangzhou by boat in 1989, while Frederik zoomed in on the water towns and Juha focused on the inscribed granaries. |
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Silk Roads Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor |
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Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor comprises a heritage route of some 5,000 km linking Chang'an in central China with the heartland of Central Asia.
The network facilitated extensive cultural and economic exchange, resulting in the development of towns, forts, water management systems, caravanserai, and Buddhist and other religious buildings. It functioned between the 2nd century BCE and the 16th century CE.
Community Perspective: as a serial site with 35 locations spread wide across 3 countries, the main ‘problem’ is which one to choose. The easiest are in Xi’an, as well as the double-inscribed sites Longmen Grottoes and Mogao Caves. Alternative locations covered by reviewers are Yumen Pass, Burana, Talgar and Suyab - Ak Beshim, and Yar City. |
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Tusi Sites |
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The Tusi Sites are three examples of the Tusi system in which the inheritance of official positions was granted to tribal leaders in ethnic minority regions.
The practice was used in China’s feudal period between the 13th and 20th centuries. Laosicheng Site, Hailongtun Site and Tang Ya Tusi Site are the archaeological remains of former tribal domains located in mountainous regions in southwest China. They are also testimony to the traditional cultures and cultural practices of the Tujia, Gelao and Miao Ethnic Peoples.
Community Perspective: Frederik made an almost accidental visit to "Tujia Old Fortress” in Laosicheng in 2011, while Stanislaw visited that same site in 2019 and explained the logistics for individual travellers. Zos managed to visit all three components. |
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Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art |
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The Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape comprises thousands of pictographs, painted on steep cliff faces along the river in a karst landscape.
The paintings were made between the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE by the Luoyue people. The site is a cultural landscape and also includes hamlets and villages where people still perform rituals connected to the rock art. They cover four distinct phases of painting and include depictions of bronze drums, ferry boats and human figures.
Community Perspective: You get to Ningming by train from Vietnam or by bus from Nanning, which is the closest Chinese city. The pictographs, spread across three locations, can be seen from boats that navigate the river and wooden platforms on the opposite bank. Read all three reviews posted so far about why the visitor experience is unsatisfactory. |
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Fanjingshan |
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Fanjingshan is an isolated mountain landscape with a high degree of endemism.
The property’s geologic and climatic characteristics have shaped its flora which behaves as if it were on an island. The rugged terrain of primary forest contains many endangered floral and fauna species, such as the Guizhou snub-nosed monkey. Fanjingshan’s wet conditions also result in an extraordinary richness of bryophytes (mosses).
Community Perspective: Zoë definitely recommends a visit and has written a comprehensive review about what to expect (spoiler alert: you’re unlikely to encounter an endangered Guizhou monkey). |
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Hubei Shennongjia |
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Hubei Shennongjia is a forested mountain massif mostly known for its floral diversity.
The conservation area protects the largest primary forests in Central China. It is a place of significant scientific interest particularly for botanists, with many endemic plant and tree species. Endangered mammal species found here include the Golden Snub-nosed Monkey.
Community Perspective: Zoë managed to visit Shennongjia, including the peak of Shennongding, as part of a small group tour – the only realistic way to visit at the moment. |
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Kulangsu |
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Kulangsu: A Historic International Settlement covers an island where Chinese, Southeast Asian and European architectural and cultural values came together.
Foreign missionaries, diplomats and workers lived on Kulangsu while working in the larger city of Xiamen across the strait. They were instrumental in introducing modern Western culture and technology to China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The fusion of cultures also resulted in a new architectural style: Amoy Deco.
Community Perspective: Els has written a comprehensive overview of a 3-hour visit to the island, where the exteriors of the historic buildings stand out. |
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Qinghai Hoh Xil |
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Qinghai Hoh Xil represents the landscapes and biodiversity of the high-altitude Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
Temperatures average sub-zero year-round, which has kept it free from modern human influence. Glacial meltwater supplies the many rivers, lakes and marshlands. The site is also important as a calving area and place of seasonal migration of large numbers of Tibetan antelope.
Community Perspective: The G109 highway as well as the Xining - Lhasa train cut right through the core zone, but you won’t see much that way. Zos managed to make a very adventurous entry but still missed out on the Tibetan antelopes. |
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Ancient Tea Plantations of Pu'er |
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The Cultural Landscape of Old Tea Forests of the Jingmai Mountain in Pu’er covers an ancient tea production area sustained by the traditional knowledge of the Blang and Dai peoples.
Nine traditional Blang and Dai villages are located near old tea groves. The tea growers use a system of domesticating wild tea trees. The wooden dwellings in the villages hold space for tea processing and storage. The landscape is considered to be the place of origin of Pu’er tea.
Community Perspective: the tea plantations can be visited on a day trip from Jinghong, as detailed by Anthony. According to Boj, the most traditional villages are Nuogang and Wengji. |
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Badain Jaran Desert |
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Badain Jaran Desert is located in the Alashan Plateau in the hyper-arid and temperate desert region of northwestern China and contains a concentrated distribution of mega-dunes with a relative height of more than 200 metres, and the inter-dunal lake basins. It is an ideal place for the study of the ongoing evolutionary processes of desert geomorphology in the temperate extreme arid desert region. Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Beijing Central Axis |
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Beijing Central Axis: A Building Ensemble Exhibiting the Ideal Order of the Chinese Capital showcases urban planning along Confucian ideas. The design is based on a symmetrical north-south axis with a ‘centre’. The Axis is 7.8 kilometres long and stretches from the Bell and Drum Towers to the Yongdingmen Gate, with 15 major landmarks along the way such as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen Square.
Community Perspective: Reviewers wonder why this needed to be a separate inscription, as parts have been inscribed as other WHS also. Kyle has highlighted the additional parts. |
Colombia |
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Cartagena |
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The Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena, comprise a port city and the remains of military constructions built by the Spanish.
Cartagena de Indias holds a strategic position at the commercial maritime routes in the Caribbean. From the 16th century on, the Spanish designed a defense plan to protect the city against the plundering of English, Dutch and French pirates. It led to one of the most extensive and complete systems of military fortifications in South America. Within the walled city, three neighbourhoods developed with fine civil, religious and residential monuments.
Community Perspective: the overall feel is much more Caribbean than South American, and one can easily spend 2 days here walking the city walls and exploring the historic center. But “it is so fully geared to tourism that sooner or later you will get fed up with it”. |
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Los Katios National Park |
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Los Katíos National Park is renowned for its high biodiversity and high regional endemism.
Because of its location on the Darien isthmus, it filtered the interchange of flora and fauna between North and South America. The park comprises the mountains of the Serranía del Darién and the floodplain of the Atrato River, with lowland swamp forests such as the Ciénagas de Tumaradó. Notable fauna species found in Los Katios include the giant anteater, tapir, jaguar, spectacled caiman and American manatee. More than 450 species of birds have been recorded.
Community Perspective: The park is officially closed to the public (source: IUCN Outlook 2020), but you can view it from the Atrato River by taking a boat from Turbo to Riosucio which crosses the core zone. |
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Santa Cruz de Mompox |
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The Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompox represents a riverport from the Spanish colonial era.
The town connected the seaport of Cartagena with the interior via the Magdalena River. It further enabled Spanish colonization and the growing trade. In the nineteenth century, Mompox lost much of its economic importance: due to the lack of modern influences, the original Spanish elements such as churches, private houses and the street plan have been preserved in their authentic state.
Community Perspective: nowadays reachable by a 6.5h bus ride from Cartagena, but Mompox has been difficult to access before the 21st century – as described well in Solivagant’s review. The historic centre doesn’t take long to explore, but all reviewers so far enjoyed it for its lethargic atmosphere and historical significance. |
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Tierradentro |
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The National Archaeological Park of Tierradentro is renowned for its pre-Columbian hypogea.
The park features elaborate hypogea dating from the 6th to 9th centuries CE, carved into the volcanic tuff. The typical hypogeum has an entry oriented towards the west, a spiral staircase and a main chamber with several lesser chambers around, each one containing a corpse. The walls are painted with geometric, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic patterns in red, black and white.
Community Perspective: Tierradentra lies in a remote part of the country and requires considerable effort to reach by public transport. On-site, four of the five locations can be easily accessed via a walking trail starting from the park entrance/museum, and guards posted at each of the tombs will open them up for visitors. Solivagant has described the merits of each of these four locations, while Jarek and Lucio also visited Aguacate, which takes another 1.5-2 hours of hiking. |
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San Agustín |
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San Agustín Archaeological Park is a pre-Columbian archaeological site containing the largest collection of megalithic sculptures on the continent.
The sculptures, carved from volcanic rock, vary from abstract forms to realistic images of gods and animals. Most monuments adorn funerary sites, except for the Fuente de Lavapatas, a religious monument carved in the stone bed of a stream. They were constructed during the Agustinian Culture, which flowered from the 1st century CE.
Community Perspective: the site consists of 3 separate locations, and you can easily spend 2 days here as there are some non-inscribed but worthwhile sites in the area as well. Iain visited in 1996, during a period when military roadblocks were common so “getting there was half the fun”. |
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Malpelo |
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Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary is a strictly protected marine landscape holding impressive populations of marine species, including large top predators.
This sanctuary in the Pacific Ocean consists of the small, barren Malpelo Island and the wider marine environment. It is a no-fishing zone which has allowed the underwater environment to stay in excellent condition. The rugged underwater topography includes steep walls, caves and tunnels.
Community Perspective: the only way to experience this site is via a live-aboard diving cruise. Zoë describes how it compares with the Galapagos and Cocos Island. |
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Coffee Cultural Landscape |
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The Coffee Culture Landscape of Colombia is a system of collectively cultivated coffee plantations in a mountainous landscape.
The area comprises 6 regions with a total of 18 villages and 24,000 small coffee farms. Together they account for around 35% of Colombian coffee production. The plantations and associated villages were founded in the 19th century and are still in use.
Community Perspective: the first reviewers tried to make sense of which areas exactly are part of the core zone, until Solivagant shed light on the matter. Els describes the particular way of coffee production that got the site inscribed, and Solivagant (in his 2nd review) highlights the coffee towns. |
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Qhapaq Ñan |
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Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System, is the communication and trade network developed by the Inca Empire.
The infrastructure needed exceptional technological and engineering skills in a difficult geographical setting in rural and remote parts of the Andes. The network supported the Inca Empire’s integration and was a symbol of its strength.
Community Perspective: As a serial transnational site comprising over 720km of road and 273 archaeological sites, it is hard to determine whether you have 'seen' it. Even more so as it is unclear whether the so-called Associated sites are inscribed as well. The latter include sites that are also WHS in their own right (Cusco, Tiwanaku). The main approach chosen is checking out a few locations near Lima or Cuzco and looking for traces of infrastructure (described well in Clyde’s review). Additionally, Allan has visited locations in Chile, and Els Ingapirca in Ecuador. |
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Chiribiquete National Park |
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Chiribiquete National Park - "The Maloca of the Jaguar" is a very large and inaccessible national park in the Amazon rainforest, known for its tepuis and painted rock shelters.
The tepui or tabletop setting has led to a high level of endemism, with numbers expected to rise when more research will be done in the future. The park is home to a healthy population of jaguar and other vulnerable mammal species. It also protects flooded forests called “Purus Varze”. Sixty rock shelters with ca. 75,000 paintings are present at the foot of the tepuis. The depicted scenes are linked to a purported cult of the jaguar and their ceremonial use extends into the present day by isolated indigenous communities.
Community Perspective: tourism into the park is not allowed because of the “potential threat to the rights .. of the voluntarily isolated and uncontacted indigenous peoples” (IUCN Outlook 2020). The only way to catch a glimpse is “through flyovers by small planes on pre-arranged flight paths that are designed to be far away from known human settlements”. Zoë reports about a visit to an area near San José del Guaviare with similar (but uninscribed) rock art. |
Congo (Democratic Republic) |
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Virunga National Park |
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Virunga National Park covers a spectacular montane landscape with seven active volcanoes and a high diversity of plants and animals.
Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira are the most active African volcanoes with substantial associated lava plains and a lava lake. The park, which holds a wide range of habitats, is home to mammal species such as the hippopotamus, the mountain gorilla, the lowland gorilla, and the eastern chimpanzee. Virunga - then called Albert National Park - was established in 1925 as Africa's first national park, in order to protect the mountain gorillas.
Community Perspective: the park is well-geared to receive tourists when the DRC’s security situation allows it. Michael en Els both visited from the Rwanda border and met the habituated gorillas. |
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Garamba National Park |
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Garamba National Park comprises an area of savannah, marshland and forests that is the habitat of the world’s four largest land mammals.
The vegetation is especially suited for great herbivores such as elephants (both forest elephants and bush elephants), giraffes, hippopotamus and rhinoceros. The park aimed to protect the last known wild population of northern white rhinoceros. By 2016 it had lost all of its northern white rhinos (the species has become extinct in the wild), 95% of its elephants, most of its Kordofan giraffe and an estimated 80-90% of other large mammals
Community Perspective: Barbara reports on fieldwork she did at Garamba in the 1990s. |
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Kahuzi-Biega National Park |
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Kahuzi-Biéga National Park protects a primary tropical forest that is one of the last refuges of the critically endangered Eastern Lowland Gorilla.
The Eastern Lowland Gorilla is the largest subspecies of the Gorilla and the largest living primate. The park reaches high altitudes at Mounts Kahuzi (3,308 m) and Biega (2,790 m). where sub-alpine vegetation has developed. Its bird list holds 349 species, including 42 endemic.
Community Perspective: There have been no recent reviews of this site, though it is regularly visited as it is easily accessible from the Rwanda border. |
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Salonga National Park |
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Salonga National Park is Africa's largest tropical rainforest reserve.
It is a very isolated park, located in the central basin of the Congo River and crossed by many rivers. The park can only be reached via water transport, and in parts is considered to be completely virgin. Its marshlands and forests are home to many endangered fauna species, notably the bonobo.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Okapi Wildlife Reserve |
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The Okapi Wildlife Reserve protects a rainforest that is home to about 5,000 of the estimated 30,000 okapi (forest giraffes) surviving in the wild.
The reserve lies in the Congo Basin and covers part of the Ituri rainforest. It has numerous species that are absent from surrounding areas. This includes endemic and threatened species of primates and birds, such as large numbers of chimpanzees and forest elephants.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
Congo (Republic) |
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Sangha Trinational |
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Sangha Trinational is a large and intact natural landscape, mainly consisting of humid forests plus wetlands and natural clearings.
These three contiguous national parks are centered along the Sangha River, a tributary to the Congo River. They harbour tree and mammal species that are much threatened elsewhere due to exploitation and poaching. Large mammals such as Forest Elephants, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Sitatunga and Bongo are still present in healthy numbers.
Community Perspective: Els visited Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic. The other two parks, Lobéké National Park in Cameroon and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in Congo, have stayed unreviewed so far. |
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Odzala-Kokoua |
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The Forest Massif of Odzala Kokoua comprises savanna ecosystems that have seen post-glacial forest recolonization.
It includes very rare types of forest. The fully overlapping Odzala Kokoua National Park is dotted with clearings, salt pans and savannas. The park protects a near-complete assemblage of Central African mammal species, except for Lion. It is essential to Forest Elephant migrations in the region, and is a critical stronghold for Western Lowland Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Central Africa.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
Costa Rica |
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Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves |
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Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/La Amistad National Park comprises a large mountain range covered with dense forests and marks of glacial activity.
Both the high mountains, the glacial features such as cirques and lakes and the natural forests are unique to Central America. It is also a land bridge connecting animal and plant species from North and South America. This is a vast contiguous and transboundary site comprising 8 parks: Barbilla, Chirripó, Hitoy Cerere, La Amistad (Costa Rica), La Amistad (Panama), Las Tablas, Rio Macho and Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte.
Community Perspective: It is quite hard to gain deep access to any of these parks; they are best for hiking and birding. In Costa Rica, Anthony visited La Amistad, Esteban and Patrik Chirripo National Park, and Els Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte. Jarek covered the Las Nubes section of La Amistad on the Panama side. |
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Cocos Island |
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Cocos Island National Park covers a remote oceanic island primarily known for its marine ecosystem, that is globally significant for sharks.
Situated at a meeting point of major currents, marine species come here for feeding, reproduction and ‘cleaning’ (having parasites removed by specialised fish). The sharks range from the near-threatened Silky and Lemon Shark to the Hammerhead Shark; aggregations of large pelagic fish can also be seen and the area is visited by Blue Whale and Bottlenose Dolphin. The island is covered by a tropical rainforest and a cloud forest, and has three endemic bird species.
Community Perspective: it takes 36 hours of cruising on a live-aboard dive boat to reach. Zoë reports on the excellent diving, without another dive group in sight. |
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Guanacaste |
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The 'Area de Conservación Guanacaste' covers diverse landscape and forest types, including a rare vast stretch of Pacific Tropical Dry Forest.
This ecosystem ranges from 12 miles into the Pacific Ocean, with its upwelling and coral reefs, to the coastal dry tropical forest and the lowland Caribbean rainforest it interacts with. It is a habitat for threatened or rare fauna species like the False Vampire Bat, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Jaguar, and Mangrove Hummingbird.
Community Perspective: located in northern Costa Rica not far from Liberia airport, this is a contiguous area of seven protected zones. Rincon de la Vieja National Park (Kyle, Patrik) is the most visited of those, while Horizontes Forestry Experiment Station (Els) is easily accessible too. |
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Stone Spheres of the Diquís |
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The Precolumbian chiefdom settlements with stone spheres of the Diquís are four archaeological sites containing mysterious ball-shaped stone objects.
The settlements date from the Chiriqui Period (800-1500 CE), during which a hierarchical society developed in southern Costa Rica. The area contains artificial mounds, paved areas and burial sites. The man-made stone spheres are rare in their perfection and large size (up to 2.57m diameter). The sites were rediscovered, and often damaged in the process, in the 1930s as the United Fruit Company was clearing the jungle for banana plantations
Community Perspective: Finca 6 is the main location of the four (it also has a small museum), located at an active banana plantation, and the only one really visited and reviewed so far. |
Croatia |
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Cathedral of St. James in Sibenik |
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The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik shows a blend of Gothic and Renaissance church architecture.
The cathedral was built in three phases between 1431 and 1535. Its style started out as Venetian Gothic, but was turned to Renaissance by the two later architects. These were also responsible for the characteristic sculptures. Only slabs of stone from the island of Brac were used, even for the dome where stone wedges held the tiles in place.
Community Perspective: It has its own special charm: the location close to the shore, the bright white of the facade, and the 74 small sculptured heads that represent eminent Sibenik citizens that adorn the exterior. |
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Venetian Works of Defence |
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The Venetian Works of Defence Between 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar represent a defensive network in the Adriatic dating from the historic Republic of Venice.
The bastioned system (‘alla moderna’) was introduced after the increased use of firearms. It protected the Venetian commercial network. The site consists of six components located in Italy, Croatia and Montenegro and spans more than 1000 km.
Community Perspective: all 6 included forts have received a review, they are Palmanova (Els, Ian), Peschiera del Garda (Clyde, Ralf), Sibenik (Alexander, Ilya), Kotor (Jay, Ilya), Bergamo (Ilya, Ralf), and Zadar (Ilya). |
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Dubrovnik |
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The Old City of Dubrovnik is a late-medieval walled city known for its Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque monuments.
It developed under the name of “Ragusa” in the 14th century as a maritime city-state. In its heydays, during the 15th and 16th centuries, it was a rival of Venice. A devastating earthquake in 1667 destroyed most of its public buildings and ended the city’s prosperity. Dubrovnik’s old city walls are fully intact.
Community Perspective: one of the most beautiful Mediterranean cities, best seen from the walk on its city walls. Few individual buildings stand out, although the Franciscan monastery is recommended for a visit. |
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Split |
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The Historic Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian is both an archeological and an urbanistic monument that has been in use since Roman times.
At the end of the third century CE, the Roman Emperor Diocletian built his palace here. After the fall of the Roman Empire, his palace was divided into small houses for the local population. Diocletian's mausoleum was turned into a cathedral. Romanesque churches from the 12th and 13th centuries, medieval fortifications, Gothic palaces of the 15th century, and other palaces in Renaissance and Baroque style make up the rest of the protected area.
Community Perspective: the city has a very original layout and it can be difficult to find your way. Highlights include the Golden Gate, Narodni Trg (People's Square), the heart of the Venetian city, and the Podrumi, the cellars of the Palace. |
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Plitvice Lakes |
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Plitvice Lakes National Park comprises 16 lakes that are known for their scenic beauty and distinctive colours, ranging from azure to green, grey or blue.
The Plitvice Lakes lie in a basin of karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone, which has given rise to their most distinctive feature. The lakes are separated by natural dams of tufa, which is deposited by the action of moss, algae and bacteria. The colours change constantly depending on the number of minerals or organisms in the water and the angle of sunlight.
Community Perspective: expect to spend a full day here; a network of hiking trails connects the lakes. Spring and Autumn are good seasons to visit, as it will be less hot and less crowded. |
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Euphrasian Basilica in Porec |
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The Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč is one of the best examples of early Byzantine architecture.
The basilica was built in 553 under the bishop Euphrasius on the site of the older basilica that had become dilapidated. All basic components such as the church, memorial chapel, atrium, baptistery, and episcopal palace have been preserved, but have undergone changes over time. The wall mosaics were executed by Byzantian masters and the floor mosaics by local experts.
Community Perspective: The attention of the visitor is mainly drawn to its mosaic-decorated apse - Ravenna-esque but not as good. |
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Trogir |
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The Historic City of Trogir shows a medieval townscape on classical foundations that has survived almost intact into the 21st century.
Trogir was founded by Greek colonists in the 3rd century BCE on a little island. It flourished under the Romans and expanded its power significantly under Venetian rule (13th to 15th centuries). It has well-preserved its medieval urban fabric.
Community Perspective: “It's a charming complex of lanes and streets and a great place to wander.”, but it does not add much to the previous inscriptions of Dubrovnik and Split. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Stari Grad Plain |
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The Stari Grad Plain is an agricultural landscape of vineyards and olive trees that has been in continuous use since Greek Antiquity.
The farming land on the island of Hvar is divided into regular-sized parcels, with authentic dry stone walls marking the boundaries. Also, little beehive-shaped sheds (for storage of tooling) and cisterns were constructed. These methods were introduced to Hvar by Greeks from the island of Pharos, who colonized the area in the 4th century BCE. The Greeks also founded a town, Paros (now Stari Grad).
Community Perspective: Stari Grad can easily be reached from Split by ferry (also for a day trip). The farmland is best explored by bicycle. |
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Stećci |
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The 'Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards' are 28 medieval Christian cemeteries with richly decorated tombstones that have strong cultural and historical meaning.
The reliefs and inscriptions on the mostly limestone monolithic tombstones represent a specific tradition of the area. They include Christian religious symbols, dancing and hunting scenes, geometric shapes and Cyrillic inscriptions. The inscribed tombstones have been selected from the surviving 70,000 or so still standing in the region.
Community Perspective: the Radimlja necropolis near Stolac in Bosnia is considered the ‘main’ location with the most important and best-preserved tombs. Since 2019 it reportedly even has a visitor center and charges a small entrance fee. Other locations are more low-key: Juha visited Stećci in Serbia, and Solivagant one each in Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. |
Cuba |
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First Coffee Plantations |
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The Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the Southeast of Cuba forms a unique testimony of agricultural exploitation for coffee production.
The remains of 171 historic coffee plantations are located in the mountain valleys of the Sierra Maestra. They were established in the 19th and early 20th century, by French colonial plantation owners who had fled Haiti after independence.
Community Perspective: from Santiago de Cuba, the most accessible seems to be La Isabelica which has been visited by all reviewers so far. |
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Old Havana |
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Old Havana and its Fortification System represent a colonial city that was an important stop on the crossing between the New World and the Old World.
As its importance required military protection, a set of 18 fortifications along the coast and the harbour were built. The Castillo de la Real Fuerza is the the oldest extant colonial fortress in the Americas. Other important remaining castles include Castillo del Morro, La Cabaña fortress and San Salvador de la Punta Fortress. The site also includes the old city center (Habana Vieja) with its harmonious architecture and its 19th-century extensions.
Community Perspective: the fortifications arguably are the most spectacular part of this site, while Habana Vieja has come to resemble a tourist trap (however, some still enjoy its vibrant atmosphere). |
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Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios |
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Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios are testimony to the sugar trade, which resulted in Trinidad's prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Trinidad was founded already in 1514, but the remaining buildings date from the sugar boom and include impressive public buildings and single-storey domestic houses with verandas and multi-coloured walls. In the San Luis, Santa Rosa and Meyer valleys, areas of sugar production remain such as sugar mills, villages of craftsmen, plantation houses and slave quarters.
Community Perspective: Trinidad’s small, well-preserved city center attracts hordes of tourists. The Valley of the Sugar Mills nowadays seems devoid of sugarcane. |
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Viñales Valley |
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Viñales Valley is a living cultural landscape where traditional agriculture is practiced.
The karst landscape holds fertile soil and a favourable climate, and farming started here in the 17th century. It got a boost in the 1860s because of the rise in tobacco cultivation, which still is the main crop. Tobacco production still is done via traditional, non-mechanical methods.
Community Perspective: it’s a rural area in a visually interesting setting. There are tobacco farms open to tourists where you can watch the process of growing this product. |
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San Pedro de la Roca Castle |
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San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba, is considered the best preserved and most complete example of Spanish-American military architecture.
The castle and associated batteries protected the canal that leads up to the harbour of Santiago. It was designed by the Italian Giovanni Battista Antonelli in the Renaissance style. Built on a promontory with steep cliffs, a series of stairways connect the various levels. The fortress has been damaged and rebuilt several times after earthquakes and piracy attacks.
Community Perspective: locally known as El Morro, it is a pleasant excursion from Santiago. It can be reached on public transport via a local bus/boat combi, as described by Iain. |
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Desembarco del Granma National Park |
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Desembarco del Granma National Park has been recognized for its marine terraces and pristine sea cliffs.
The park, located in a tectonically active zone, includes both a terrestrial and a marine area. On land, there are several karst features and rich endemic flora, while coral reefs can be found in the sea. The submarine limestone terraces of Cabo Cruz and Maisí are like gigantic stepping stones.
Community Perspective: this is a remote site, it takes 4 hours of driving from Santiago de Cuba. The village of Las Coloradas holds a visitor center and accommodation options. As the place where Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and their fellow revolutionaries disembarked from the Granma, it has cultural relevance too. |
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Alejandro de Humboldt National Park |
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Alejandro de Humboldt National Park covers a remnant forested mountain ecosystem that is unparalleled in the Insular Caribbean.
This coastal landscape is crossed by many rivers. The park has a high biodiversity, with high numbers of endemic flora, and vertebrates and invertebrates. Its diverse marine species include the West Indian Manatee.
Community Perspective: The park can be visited from the town of Baracoa, where guided tours are available. Inside the park, you can hike or go on a boat trip. You’ll find a gorgeous environment with tropical flora everywhere around you. |
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Cienfuegos |
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The Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos is the best extant example of 19th-century urban planning principles in Latin America.
The homogenous architecture and streetplan of this seaport was influenced by the Spanish Enlightenment and French colonists. New ideas of modernity, hygiene and order were implemented here, and the the streets are of a neo-classic straight and symmetric design, with the use of porches and arcades.
Community Perspective: “the most elegant and prosperous Cuban city”. Visit the Parque José Marti, the central square surrounded by monumental buildings, and the Teatro Tomas Terry. |
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Camagüey |
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The Historic Centre of Camagüey has an unusually irregular urban layout.
This inland town was one of the first founded by the Spanish in Cuba. The nucleus is the Plaza Mayor, from where numerous churches and convents can be found in equidistant positions to the four winds. Earthen components and clay vessels for water storage were used in its domestic architecture.
Community Perspective: A “decent city with its pluses and minuses”, including lots of churches and squares. |
Cyprus |
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Paphos |
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Paphos is an archeological site of a place of worship from Antiquity, with fine mosaics.
It was known for its cult of the fertility goddess of Venus and has been in use since the Neolithic. The town blossomed as one of the oldest Mycenaean settlements. The mosaics of Nea Paphos, displaying scenes from Greek mythology, date from the later Hellenistic and Byzantine periods.
Community Perspective: located near a very touristy beach resort, the mosaics are generally considered the highlight of a visit to this sprawling site that covers a significant timespan in a way that isn’t always harmonious. Squiffy’s review (updated in 2023) gives a detailed overlook of all components and the practicalities involved. Tsunami has provided info on getting around by bus. |
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Painted Churches in the Troödos Region |
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The Painted Churches in the Troödos Region comprise ten rural Byzantine churches and monasteries that are renowned for their paintings.
Their rich interiors present an overview of Byzantine and post-Byzantine painting. The architecture of the churches is indigenous: on the inside there's the classical form of a Byzantine church, on the outside it often looks like a stable or a farm. The extra layer on the outside was constructed to be able to cope with the heavy snowfall that can occur in the Troödos Mountains.
Community Perspective: “You won't be able to visit them all if you're in a hurry and you won't enjoy your visit if you're in a rush.” Two days and a rental car are necessary at least. The review by Kbecq provides access information for all 10 churches while departing from Nicosia, and Riccardo's does so when basing yourself in Kakopetria. Tsunami’s story reminds us of what travel could be like during Covid. |
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Choirokoitia |
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Choirokoitia is one of the most important prehistoric archeological sites in the eastern Mediterranean.
This only partially excavated site preserves the remains of a proto-urban settlement. It was founded around 7000 BCE, in the Neolithic, as the result of colonization from the Near East. The settlement consisted of circular houses, with the dead buried under the floors of the houses of their living relatives.
Community Perspective: “a jumble of stones”, but the replica circular huts/houses built next to the archaeological remains and the booklet on sale at the entrance help to better understand the concept. |
Czechia |
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Holy Trinity Column |
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The Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc is a demonstration of Central European religious faith and Baroque artistic expression.
The 35m high column is the most splendid example of a Baroque column construction craze all over Central Europe, which started out with Plague columns decorating many town centres in the 17th century and later turned to Trinity columns. Its construction started in 1717. It is the work of the master stonemason Václav Render, who designed it and mostly paid for it himself, with further sculptural decoration added by Andreas Zahner.
Community Perspective: Impressive for its sheer size and a good excuse to visit the town of Olomouc. The sculptures are especially fine. Matejicek has placed its history into perspective. |
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Kladruby nad Labem |
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The Landscape for Breeding and Training of Ceremonial Carriage Horses at Kladruby nad Labem was designed exclusively for the breeding and training of Kladruber horses, which were used in ceremonies by the Habsburg imperial court.
It is one of the most significant horse-breeding institutions in Europe and continues to function to this day. The extensive terrain has been modified following Classicist and Romantic principles and consists of three stud farms with pastures, avenues and irrigation canals.
Community Perspective: Try to get on a Stables tour (you may need to reserve online beforehand on a busy day); Clyde has described it and the three included farms well. Ian provided information on getting there on public transport. |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Prague |
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The Historic Centre of Prague has seen continuous urban development from the Middle Ages to the present, resulting in an architectural ensemble of outstanding quality.
Prague’s riverine setting, townscape and individual buildings make it one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Many architectural styles can be seen, notably Gothic, High Baroque and Modernist. Prague played a prominent role in medieval Central Europe, attracting people from all over Europe who turned it into the intellectual and cultural centre of its region.
Community Perspective: “Prague is Europe in a nutshell and on a budget,” wrote Nan - but despite the tourist crowds, even repeat visits are worthwhile as there is so much to explore. Some ideas can be gathered from the reviews of Matejicek, Ian and Els. |
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Cesky Krumlov |
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The Historic Centre of Český Krumlov is best known for its remaining medieval urban layout and fine architecture of the old town and Krumlov Castle.
Construction of the town and castle began in the late 13th century at a ford in the Vltava River, which was important in trade routes in Bohemia. The town became the seat of the Duchy of Krumlov and underwent Renaissance and Baroque transformations. It has a picturesque setting in the bend of the river with a dominating position of the castle.
Community Perspective: “A highlight of central Europe”. The Baroque theatre at the Castle, as well as its grounds, a walk along the river and St. Vitus church are recommended things to do. A very popular site with Asian tourists! |
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Telc |
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The Historic Centre of Telč is a medieval planned town that has preserved its original layout and the castle-settlement relationship.
Telč was created in the 14th century to expand into areas that were up to then covered by virgin forest. The triangular marketplace, with its variety of facades, and the castle are great works of Renaissance architecture.
Community Perspective: It has one of the prettiest town squares in Europe with an overall architectural coherence, although some find it a sterilized façade. |
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Pilgrimage Church of St. John of Nepomuk |
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The Pilgrimage Church of St. John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora is a masterpiece of the Gothic and Baroque architectural traditions.
The church was the first major shrine to St. John (Jan) of Nepomuk, a local martyr who had died in 1393. Already from its beginnings (1727) the church was meant as a place of pilgrimage. It is a highly original work with constant references to the number 5 (the 5 virtues of the saint). The cloister, which encircles the chapel and is based on a ten-point-star ground plan, was completed later.
Community Perspective: It’s “quite impressive for its uniformity”, although the unusual ground plan would be best viewed from the air. The church interior has little decoration except for some stained glass windows. |
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Kutna Hora |
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Kutna Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of Saint Barbara and the Cathedral of our Lady at Sedlec symbolize the wealth this city derived from silver mining since the 13th century.
Kutná Hora has several interesting late medieval buildings built in Gothic style, such as the Italian Court and Saint Barbara Church. The Cathedral of Our Lady in the nearby town of Sedlec was rebuilt by Jan Blazej Santini in the Gothicizing Baroque style (early 18th century).
Community Perspective: Kutna Hora is a charming town, with the unique design of Saint Barbara Church as its highlight. It can be visited as a day trip from Prague. |
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Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape |
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Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape is an artificial landscape that evolved during the Enlightenment and the Romantic period under the guidance of the House of Liechtenstein.
This ducal family acquired and merged three estates, and transformed them using Baroque, Classical and Neo-Gothic architectural styles. Central to the property are two country houses, Lednice and Valtice. The surrounding area is covered with pines and ponds and holds numerous bigger or smaller pavilions, often serving as hunting lodges. A framework of avenues and paths providing vistas and rides also was developed.
Community Perspective: most enjoy the landscape that was created, with Frederik praising the Lednice gardens and Hubert happily exploring the area by bicycle. The Czech national wine institute at Valtice comes recommended too. Here you can also enjoy the classical European palace interior tour (Ian was exceptionally happy to find a locked door to the ticket hall). Els hated the place, but Matejicek points out its meaning for the Czechs: “In times before 1989, this place was one of the few, where one could feel an aristocratic flair of former Habsburg Empire.” |
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Gardens and Castle at Kromeríz |
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The Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž comprise a Baroque aristocratic ensemble of residence and pleasure garden.
The Pleasure Garden is a rare and complete example of a Baroque garden of Italian origin, of which the design has been influential across Central Europe. It stands out for its sculptures and use of water. The monumental Castle used to be the principal residence of the (arch)bishops of Olomouc. It houses a splendid art collection and richly decorated interiors. The adjacent Castle Garden, restyled in the Romantic landscape style, has exotic trees and architectural elements.
Community Perspective: It's best to walk through both gardens, with the Pleasure or Flower Garden and its loggia as the true highlight. You can skip the Castle interior at this “tiny poor version of Schönbrunn”, but Matejicek advises not to do so. |
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Holasovice |
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Holašovice Historic Village is a traditional central European village that has preserved its typical vernacular architecture from the 18th and 19th centuries.
The village consists of 23 similar farmsteads, arranged around a rectangular village green with a chapel and a fish pond. The farms are decorated with stucco and painted in different colours in a style known as South Bohemian “Folk Baroque”.
Community Perspective: An hour is more than enough to take it all in. The farmhouses look pretty (even prettier in the snow) and are well-maintained. There is a visitor center and Farmhouse number 6 holds a small museum. |
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Litomysl Castle |
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Litomyšl Castle is a monumental Renaissance castle dating from the late 16th century.
This aristocratic country residence was built as an Italian-style arcade castle. Despite later reconstructions of interiors especially at the end of the 18th century, including the addition of a fine neoclassical theatre, the appearance of the castle remained almost intact including the unique sgraffito exterior decoration.
Community Perspective: The rectangular blocks of sgraffiti are the most outstanding part of the exterior. For the interior, try to get on a tour that takes you to the theater. |
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Tugendhat Villa |
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The Tugendhat Villa in Brno is a masterpiece of the 20th-century Modern Movement in architecture.
It was created by the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in 1930 for Fritz Tugendhat, owner of a Brno textile factory. Exquisite materials and modern technologies such as central heating and air conditioning were used in the construction of this house, with a base structure of reinforced concrete slabs supported by steel beams. The adjacent garden and original furniture were also designed by Mies van der Rohe.
Community Perspective: “If you have an interest in modernist architecture this is a must see”. It’s very popular to visit, so you must reserve months ahead of time especially if you want to join a tour given in English. Their customer service overall could be improved (e.g.: basic tours are only available in Czech, the need to purchase a costly separate photo ticket, and what happened to Clyde). |
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Trebic |
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The Jewish Quarter and St. Procopius’ Basilica in Třebíč bear witness to the coexistence of and interchange of values between the Jewish and Christian cultures from the Middle Ages until the Second World War.
The 13th-century St. Procopius Basilica has both Romanesque and early Gothic features. The existence of the Abbey at this site stimulated the development of a marketplace, which attracted among others, Jewish merchants. Třebíč 's Jewish Quarter is the most representative of its kind in Central Europe. It is considered the most complete, including workshop-houses, synagogues, Jewish schools, a cemetery, a hospital and a factory.
Community Perspective: The peaceful Jewish cemetery and the uniform Jewish quarter (with the Rear Synagogue recommended for a visit) are the soul of this site. Matejicek makes a case for the Basilica as well. Třebíč furthermore stands out for its excellent signage and interpretation of the sights. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge |
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Erzgebirge / Krušnohoří Mining Region comprises a mining landscape that has been used from the Middle Ages onwards.
These Saxon-Bohemian Ore Mountains were mined over centuries for the metals silver, tin, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper and lead; but anthracite and uranium were also extracted into the 20th century. They have produced technological and scientific innovations, such as the introduction of early modern monetary systems and the founding of the first mining high school. Its miners spread their knowledge across the world by means of emigration.
Community Perspective: This site is hard to grasp as there are so many elements. You need to see a few of them, which is much easier when you have a car. Overall the ones in Czechia seem to be the most authentic: Jachymov and the traces of tin mining in Abretamy-Horní Blatná-Boží Dar are recommended among others. Mohboh made it to the uranium ore plant Red Tower of Death. |
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Žatec – Landscape of Hops |
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Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops covers an agricultural and industrial landscape processing the key ingredient for beer.
These rural hop fields have been in use for 700 years. The town has facilities for the drying, packaging and trading of the product. Žatec developed into a global center for the hops trade in the 19th century.
Community Perspective: the older reviews deal with the unremarkable town of Žatec, which was the original focus of the tentative site. The surrounding Saaz Hops cultural landscape has been added at a later stage and is well-described by Matejicek. |
Côte d'Ivoire |
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Mount Nimba |
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Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve comprises montane forests with a high number of endemic plant and animal species.
These species include multiple types of duikers, big cats, civets, and several types of viviparous toads. It also has a population of chimpanzees using stones as tools. The Nature Reserve consists of high-altitude grassland, plains savannah and primary forest including rain forest. Its diversity is supported by the occurrence of a variety of microclimates.
Community Perspective: Iain visited the Guinean part in 1995 and witnessed a landscape with “a number of tumbling sparkling rivers and waterfalls, several natural bridges and possibly the biggest bamboo I've ever seen”. |
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Taï National Park |
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Taï National Park contains one of the last areas of primary tropical forest in West Africa.
The vegetation is mainly characterized by tall trees with massive trunks. A large number of epiphytes and lianas can be found. The humid forest is home to a breadth of flora and fauna: it holds about 150 endemic flora species, 250 bird species and endangered mammal species such as the pygmy hippotamus, bongo, chimpanzee, pangolin (three species) and forest elephant.
Community Perspective: this site so far has been unreviewed. |
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Comoé National Park |
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Comoé National Park centered around the Comoé River has a high diversity of plant and bird life.
The park is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa and covers a transitional zone between the forest and the savanna, with habitats such as fluvial forests and riparian grasslands. It is home to a wide diversity of wildlife, including 500 bird species, three species of crocodiles, plus chimpanzee, African wild dog and elephant.
Community Perspective: “a site only for the very committed wild-life fan (or the WHS completist)”. Iain visited in 1995 and found neither the landscape nor the vegetation particularly attractive. Anthony had a disappointing visit in 2017: he found a shut-down ranger station and swarms of tse tse flies, and the chimps hadn’t been seen in a decade. |
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Grand-Bassam |
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The historic town of Grand-Bassam is an example of rational town planning from the colonial period.
Built in the 19th century, this seaport was the French colonial capital of Cote d'Ivoire. Europeans and Africans lived divided into separate residential quarters. It had commercial and administrative zones, in which historic buildings in a sober and functional colonial style have been preserved. The indigenous N’zima village and its vernacular architecture already existed before colonization and were later incorporated into the urban plan.
Community Perspective: Lauren visited in 2019, and found it easily accessible though without tourist infrastructure. |
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Sudanese style mosques |
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The Sudanese style mosques in northern Côte d’Ivoire is a group of eight mosques erected since the 17th century.
They were constructed when Islam spread southwards from North Africa and the Middle East along these trade towns. Their distinct adaption of Sudanese architecture lies in the use of mud brick masonry, with façades reinforced with buttresses and strands, pyramidal towers and cone-shaped minarets. The mosques are still in use.
Community Perspective: Thomas reports on his visit to the mosque of Kong. The other 7 mosques remain unreviewed. |
Denmark |
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Kronborg Castle |
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Kronborg Castle is a Renaissance castle built at a strategic position between the North Sea and the Baltic.
Located at a narrow stretch of water called the Sound, it allowed Denmark to control the passage into the Baltic Sea and extract a toll from the passing ships. Kronborg was a combination of a fortress and a richly decorated palace-castle. The current castle dates from 1574, but had to be almost fully reconstructed due to a fire in 1629.
Community Perspective: To most reviewers, it is “fairly typical of European palaces”. Solivagant zooms in on the castle’s Shakespearean links and Astraftis highlights its Renaissance features. |
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Roskilde Cathedral |
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Roskilde Cathedral is a brick Gothic cathedral that serves as the mausoleum of the Danish Royal Family.
Originally dating from 1170, it was the earliest large church in Northern Europe made out of brick. In the centuries afterward extensions such as chapels were added in the current styles of their time and in 1536 its use (and therefore its interior setting) changed from Catholic to Protestant. The Danish royals are buried here in monumental tombs.
Community Perspective: “Another cathedral”, but a quite unique one with special features such as the somewhat austere Protestant interior, the Chapel of the Magi from 1463, the elegant tombs and it being a brick building. Also in Roskilde lies the recommended Viking Museum. Astraftis did an extensive review including practical information and history. |
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Jelling |
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Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church comprise outstanding examples of the pagan Nordic culture and its transition into Christianity.
The archeological site consists of two pagan royal burial mounds and two stones with runic inscriptions in between them. The large runic stone commemorates the unity of Denmark and the conversion to Christianity by Harald Bluetooth around the year 965. He also built the first wooden church on site, which has since been replaced by the current stone one.
Community Perspective: “one of those places whose significance is perhaps greater and more interesting than the site itself might indicate”. You can be done here in less than half an hour, but Clyde recommends re-visiting at night as the engravings are better visible then. The free on-site museum gets favourable opinions as well. |
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Ilulissat Icefjord |
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The Ilulissat Icefjord is the outlet of the pre-eminent glacier in the northern hemisphere, globally only surpassed by Antarctica in terms of size and calving.
The site consists of Sermeq Kujalleq, the most productive glacier draining the inland icecap on Greenland, and the iceberg-filled tidal fjord named Kangia. The glacier has been a long-time object of scientific study and has significantly added to the understanding of ice-cap glaciology, climate change and related geomorphic processes.
Community Perspective: this stunningly beautiful area can be explored on foot, by boat or by helicopter, and it takes several days to take in its many features. Be aware that this destination doesn’t come cheap. And that the spectacularly calving Eqi glacier mentioned in some of the reviews is outside of the core zone. |
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Wadden Sea |
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The Wadden Sea is a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands, rich in biological diversity
The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal creeks and the transitional zones between the sea, the freshwater environment and the surrounding (is)lands. Its coastal wetlands are considered one of the most important areas for migratory birds in the world, with an average of 10-12 million passing through it each year.
Community Perspective: the site comprises 7 components and different national parks (the bigger islands mostly aren’t included). Reviews are available for places in the Netherlands (John, Clyde, Chris, Els), Germany (John, Ian, Michael, Nan) and Denmark (John). The ‘proper’ way of exploring the Wadden is via a mud hike like the ones Kbecq, Assif and Nan reported on. |
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Stevns Klint |
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Stevns Klint illustrates the impact of an asteroid that created the global mass extinction of species some 67 million years ago, known as the Chicxulub event.
These cliffs show high-quality exposure of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary section: the border is visible as a reddish layer in the strata. Scientists here developed a new theory that the mass extinction that ended the Age of Dinosaurs wasn’t caused by extensive volcanism in India, but was due to the impact of a giant asteroid. The cliffs of Stevns Klint are also rich in fossils from before and after the K/T boundary layer.
Community Perspective: Only die-hard WHS collectors come here for anything else than the coastal panoramas and ice cream: it is to look at that one narrow sediment layer. The Kalklandet app is needed to help ‘see’ it. Ian and Clyde managed to find some fossils too. Claire reports that the small onsite museum now has been closed (2019) and it seems that “whoever is in charge of managing this site has lost interest in it”. |
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Moravian Church Settlements |
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The Moravian Church Settlements are townscapes that resulted from planned idealized Protestant colonies.
From the German village of Herrnhut, the first Moravian missions were directed to northern Europe and Christiansfeld in Denmark is the best-preserved example of such settlements. New Moravian congregations were subsequently established in continental Europe, Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Gracehill), and North America (Bethlehem).
Community Perspective: In Christiansfeld there is a heritage trail with 27 locations that you can follow around town, but it still covers two streets only. Caspar stayed overnight and Jay compares Christiansfeld with a visit to Moravian Bethlehem and Solivagant has covered Gracehill and Matejicek Herrnhut. |
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Par force hunting landscape |
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The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand is an intentionally designed landscape used for hunting by the Danish kings in the 17th and 18th centuries.
‘Par force’ stands for ‘by force (of dogs)’, the noblest form of hunting where a specific animal was run down and exhausted by mounted hunters and dogs before the kill was made. This technique was developed in France and adopted widely across Europe by the royalty and nobility to display their power. The landscape consists of man-made forests and ride systems in a rigid orthogonal grid pattern.
Community Perspective: the easiest to visit component is Jægersborg Dyrehave just outside of Copenhagen, but read Ian’s review on why you shouldn’t. Clyde visited Gribskov Forest (“can only be really appreciated using drone photography”) and Store Dyrehave (like a treasure hunt), as did Els. |
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Kujataa |
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Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap represents farming and marine hunting cultures adapted to life in the Arctic.
The cultural landscape has features such as archaeological sites, agricultural lands and sheep farms. They include elements belonging to the Norse Greenlandic culture, the first emigrants from Europe to settle here and introduce farming, and to the Thule Inuit culture.
Community Perspective: both reviewers so far described a visit to the “beefed up” former Norse settlements Bratthalid and Gardar, located not far from the international airport of Narsarsuaq. |
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Aasivissuit - Nipisat |
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Aasivissuit-Nipisat, Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea, is a cultural landscape shaped by the seasonal migration of the Inuit.
This Arctic landscape holds key locations along routes that were used from coast to inland in summer and then back again in late autumn. They are archaeological sites and settlements that are still in use. This landscape was settled about 4,200 years ago, with (Palaeo-)Inuit sustaining themselves by marine and terrestrial hunting.
Community Perspective: to put your feet in the area, it only needs participation in a trip to the glacier from Kangerlussuaq – “you drive past/through them but you don't really see anything spectacular” as Zoë sums it up. Michael explored the area on his bike and managed to find a WHS information plaque. The 7 named key locations (settlements, summer camps) so far have been unreviewed. |
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Viking Age Ring Fortresses |
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The Viking-Age Ring Fortresses are the remains of five monumental defense works that represent the stage of centralization of power in the kingdom of Denmark under King Harald.
The fortresses of Aggersborg, Fyrkat, Nonnebakken, Trelleborg and Borgring were constructed at strategic positions near important sea and land routes. The large infrastructure projects were executed within a short period in a precise and similar manner. The forts were only used for a few decades.
Community Perspective: Astraftis has provided the ultimate review for this site, covering all locations in detail. Other reviewers are less enthusiastic about these ring fortresses, of which Trelleborg is the easiest one to access. |
Dominica |
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Morne Trois Pitons |
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Morne Trois Pitons National Park covers a volcanic landscape that has one of the rare largely intact forest areas remaining in the Insular Caribbean.
The park is centered around the 1,342m high volcano Morne Trois Pitons ("mountain of three peaks"). Geomorphologic features as a result of a series of volcanic eruptions include the Valley of Desolation, a region of boiling mud ponds and small geysers; the Boiling Lake, Titou Gorge, and Emerald Pool. The forests are home to many endemic vascular plant species and endemic bird species.
Community Perspective: visitors recommend a tour of the breathtaking Titou Gorge, which requires a combination of hiking and swimming. |
Dominican Republic |
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Santo Domingo |
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The Colonial City of Santo Domingo was an early colonial settlement in the New World, that strongly influenced the development of other cities in the Americas.
Santo Domingo was founded in 1498, and its monumental buildings include the Western Hemisphere's first cathedral, its first monastery, its first hospital, its first university, and its first court of law. The city is laid out in a grid pattern adapted to the geographical circumstances.
Community Perspective: The Colonial Zone is not very big, and can easily be explored on foot. The star attraction is the well-preserved Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor, and the Parque Colón, a beautiful tree-covered plaza, also comes recommended. |
Ecuador |
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Galapagos Islands |
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The Galápagos Islands comprise an archipelago and marine reserve known for their vast number of endemic species and the studies by Charles Darwin that led to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
The islands are relatively young and of volcanic origin. Together with their isolated position, this has led to a highly unique flora and fauna which inspired Charles Darwin following his visit in 1835. The marine life is especially rich due to the reserve’s location at the confluence of three ocean currents.
Community Perspective: “A great thing about the Galapagos is that the animals WILL turn up on cue. And on top of that of course they are incredibly tame.”, Solivagant sums up the experience well. The choice to make here is visiting on a multi-day boat tour (Travel Addicts) or organizing it all by yourself from a base (Tonisan, Jay, Els, and, thorough as always, Clyde and Fréderic). |
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Quito |
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The City of Quito has a well-preserved historic centre coloured by the art and architecture of the Baroque School of Quito.
The historic centre has conserved its original configuration, built to fit the topographical challenges of the slopes of the Pichincha Volcano. Its religious buildings show the architecture, sculpture and painting of the so-called ‘Quito School’, a product of cultural syncretism between indigenous and European features that became influential across the Spanish colonies.
Community Perspective: The ‘best’ Andean capital, in a wonderful setting nestled among green mountains. The complex of the San Francisco church-square-convent and the Iglesia de la Compania de Jesus are the most impressive among its monuments. |
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Sangay National Park |
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Sangay National Park contains two active volcanoes (Tungurahua and Sangay) and ecosystems ranging from tropical rainforests to glaciers.
Volcanic ash has created fertile soil, which has led to over 3,000 species of flowering plants in the park. It also contains one of the largest areas of páramo (alpine tundra) occurring in Ecuador, with plant species adapted to the cold climatic circumstances. Over 400 bird species inhabit the Park, and it comprises two Endemic Bird Areas. It is also home to the endangered spectacled bear and mountain tapir (both only found in the Northern Andes).
Community Perspective: the best way to see it is by driving down the controversial Guamote-Macas road. Be aware that it can be cold, wet and cloudy out there. |
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Santa Ana de los Rios de Cuenca |
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The Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca is an example of an inland colonial town, founded by the Spanish in 1577.
The town was established to support the agricultural development of the area. It is located in the Andean highlands at about 2500m above sea level, in a strategic position between Quito and Lima. Cuenca was laid out according to a strict grid. Notable monuments include the New Cathedral, Old Cathedral, Carmelite Monastery, and Church of Santo Domingo. In the outskirts lies the archaeological site of Pumapungo, built in the 15th century by the native Inca-Canari community.
Community Perspective: The New Cathedral is the city’s main landmark, and it is worth going out to the ruins of Pumapungo. The center is easily walkable. |
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Qhapaq Ñan |
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Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System, is the communication and trade network developed by the Inca Empire.
The infrastructure needed exceptional technological and engineering skills in a difficult geographical setting in rural and remote parts of the Andes. The network supported the Inca Empire’s integration and was a symbol of its strength.
Community Perspective: As a serial transnational site comprising over 720km of road and 273 archaeological sites, it is hard to determine whether you have 'seen' it. Even more so as it is unclear whether the so-called Associated sites are inscribed as well. The latter include sites that are also WHS in their own right (Cusco, Tiwanaku). The main approach chosen is checking out a few locations near Lima or Cuzco and looking for traces of infrastructure (described well in Clyde’s review). Additionally, Allan has visited locations in Chile, and Els Ingapirca in Ecuador. |
Egypt |
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Pyramids (Memphis) |
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Memphis and its Necropolis - the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur hold the first complex monumental stone buildings in Egypt and show the development of tombs to pyramidal shape.
These archeological sites date from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period, when Memphis was the administrative capital and was associated with the belief in the god Ptah. Its masterpieces include the Great Pyramid of Giza, the only surviving wonder of the ancient world, and the Pyramid Complex of Saqqara with the step pyramid of Djoser, the oldest pyramid to be constructed.
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes a visit from 1975, when he was still able to climb the Pyramid of Giza in full sight (Jaz did so much more clandestinely in 2000). Clyde and GabLabCebu went inside, while Els provided some public transport tips for Giza. |
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Ancient Thebes |
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Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis is an archaeological site that testifies to Egyptian civilization from the Middle Kingdom to the beginning of the Christian era.
Thebes was its capital and a religious center centered around the god Amun. The remains include temples, tombs, royal palaces, villages of artisans and artists, inscriptions and sculptured figures. Most notable are the two colossal temples of Karnak and Luxor on the east bank of the Nile, and the Necropolis with the Valley of the Kings, the Valley of the Queens and the Temple of Hatshepsut on the west bank.
Community Perspective: now known as Luxor, this is considered “one of the world´s greatest archaeological sites” and “the Egyptian authorities could've even divided the site into several WHS”. Spending at least 2 days here is recommended. The Necropolis is the most cumbersome component to visit; Els, Zoë and GabLabCebu have shared some experiences on that. |
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Nubian Monuments |
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The Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae cover a string of ancient archaeological sites in southern Egypt.
Extending from Aswan to the Sudanese border, they were built by various pharaohs from the 2nd millennium BCE onwards in their attempt to gain or retain dominance over the Nubian kingdom and its natural assets such as gold, copper and ivory. The monuments date from the New Kingdom to the Ptolemaic, Roman and early Christian periods. After an international safeguarding campaign, two of its masterpieces (the temples of Abu Simbel and the sanctuary at Philae) were moved in their entirety to a nearby location due to the creation of the Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser.
Community Perspective: Abu Simbel is the crowd magnet, but Philae comes especially recommended for its delightful setting and detailed hieroglyphs and carvings. Els describes an overnight visit to Abu Simbel, while Nan gives practical info on getting around Aswan and Philae. |
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Historic Cairo |
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Historic Cairo encompasses the historic centre on the eastern bank of the Nile, which includes over 600 classified monuments dating from the 7th to 20th centuries.
Cairo was the dominant political, cultural and religious center of the Islamic world from the 7th to the 14th century. Its monuments include necropolises, the Citadel, bazaars, mosques, and palaces, some considered masterpieces of Islamic architecture such as the mosque Ibn-Tulm and the mosque of Qait Bey. The historic centre also comprises Coptic Cairo and its many old churches, and the ruins of Roman fortifications.
Community Perspective: it doesn’t attract as many tourists as Egypt’s classic sites, and it feeling “incredibly crowded, dirty, smoggy” doesn’t help. You can spend one day in the Islamic section and one day in the Coptic one, as described by Jay, Frederik (who visited during Ramadan), Els (who details the Islamic monuments) and GabLabCebu. |
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Abu Mena |
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Abu Mena is the archeological site of an early Christian pilgrimage center.
The monastic complex, which is still of significance to the Coptic community, developed around the tomb of the martyr Menas of Alexandria, who died in 296 CE. A large basilica church, an adjacent church that had probably housed the Saint's remains, a baptistery, a large dormitory for poor pilgrims, and Roman baths have been uncovered, but there are very few standing remains.
Community Perspective: there’s a New Church that attracts all the Coptic pilgrims nowadays, but the archeological site lies a few km away. Stanislaw has an overview of the practicalities. Its condition is very poor, expect to see “flooded crypts with sludge and trash inside”. |
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Saint Catherine Area |
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The Saint Catherine Area holds the holy mountain of Mount Sinaï, home to one of the oldest continuously functioning Christian monasteries.
The remote monastery, located in a rugged landscape at the foot of the mountain, is an ancient example of ascetic monasticism. It was built in the 6th century at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush. The mountain is sacred to three major world religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Community Perspective: Be prepared for “an hour-long visit to a small courtyard, a church, and a very historic, though unimpressive, bush“. The monastery can be hard to enter because of the observance of many religious holidays and the site can get very crowded with bus tours from the Red Sea coast. Most people also do the 3hr hike to the top of the mountain, or even longer hikes. Philipp has tested that you can also do it as a DIY trip by rental car from the coastal resorts. |
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Wadi Al-Hitan |
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Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) is the largest and most important site in the world for whale fossils.
These fossils belong to a now-extinct subspecies of whales, which show their transition from land animals to marine mammals: they still have hind legs. The fossils have been found on the surface of the now completely dry landscape of the Western Desert, which was part of the enormous Tethys Ocean 40 million years ago. They comprise many complete skeletons and have been well-preserved in high numbers.
Community Perspective: it can be hard to reach as it is off-the-beaten-track and there may be police checkpoints along the way, but all reviewers managed to without issue (see Nan’s review for public transport options). Once on site, the fossils can be visited by following a signposted trail from the orderly visitor center. |
El Salvador |
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Joya de Ceren |
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The Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site is a pre-Columbian Maya farming village that has been preserved after it was destroyed by volcanic ash around 600 CE.
It provides an excellent testimony of the daily lives of ordinary people, as they left behind utensils, ceramics, furniture, and even half-eaten food in their haste to escape the eruption of the Loma Caldera volcano. The remains of the earthen architecture have also been preserved.
Community Perspective: the site is easily reached by public bus, either from Santa Ana or San Salvador. Visiting the on-site museum with original excavated items is recommended to do first. The earthen buildings are very much intact, but do not expect grand stone buildings like in other Maya sites. |
Eritrea |
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Asmara |
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Asmara: A Modernist African City is an Italian-planned colonial city based on early modernist and rationalist architecture.
The urban ensemble was designed during several stages of development on an orthogonal grid plan with diagonal axes. The city was divided into quarters following the principles of racial segregation. During the short fascist period of 1935-1941 the city received its distinct public buildings, which mostly have survived intact since then and keep being part of the Eritrean identity.
Community Perspective: both reviewers so far enjoyed the overall atmosphere of Asmara, but while the freedom of movement for the foreign tourist seems to have improved since 2006, the 2020 review reports that the state of repair of the Art Deco buildings is worsening. |
Estonia |
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Tallinn |
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The Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn is a late medieval urban landscape shaped by both the Teutonic Order and the Hanseatic League.
The Teutonic Knights built a castle here in the 13th century and turned it into one of the best fortified cities in Europe with 66 towers adorning the city wall. Its history as a Hanseatic trading town can still be seen in the wealth of its private and public buildings in the Lower Town.
Community Perspective: small, but one of Europe's best preserved medieval cities and almost completely devoid of modern buildings and real tourist traps. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
Ethiopia |
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Simien National Park |
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Simien National Park covers a spectacular landscape of cliffs and gorges, created by erosion, which is also recognized for its high biodiversity.
The park comprises one of the principal mountain massifs of Africa, with peaks rising above 4000m. Its Afromontane and Afroalpine ecosystems are home to three of Ethiopia's larger endemic mammals: the Walia ibex, the more common Gelada baboons, and the very rarely seen Ethiopian wolves.
Community Perspective: best explored on foot, with incredible views, impressive canyons and of course the wonderful gelada baboons. |
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Bale Mountains National Park |
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Bale Mountains National Park covers a variety of landscapes, most notably Africa’s largest area of afro-alpine habitat above 3,000m with glacial lakes and volcanic peaks.
The park has several distinct and unique habitats, such as the Northern Grasslands (Gaysay Valley), Northern Woodlands (Park Headquarters), Afro-alpine Meadows (Sanetti Plateau), Erica Moorlands, and the Harenna Forest (a moist tropical rainforest). It holds endemic mammals such as Mountain Nyala and Bale Monkey, and has the most important remaining population of Ethiopian Wolf. The area serves also as a genetic reservoir for Wild Forest Coffee.
Community Perspective: Wojciech enjoyed the diversity of the landscapes on offer and recommends spending a day or two. |
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Lower Valley of the Awash |
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The Lower Valley of the Awash is one of the most important palaeontological sites on the African continent, providing evidence of human evolution.
In this valley in Ethiopia's Afar Depression, numerous pre-human hominid and animal fossils have been found, dating back to over 4 million years ago. It is also here that in 1974 'Lucy' was found, bone fragments representing about 40% of the skeleton of an individual Australopithecus afarensis.
Community Perspective: Wojciech undertook the effort to reach this rarely visited, unspectacular place in an inhospitable area. |
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Tiya |
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Tiya is an archaeological site renowned for its decorated stelae.
These megaliths are marking a large, prehistoric burial complex of an ancient Ethiopian culture. The standing stones are decorated with symbols, some of them sword-like. These two groups of in total 36 stelae date from between the 10th and 15th centuries AD. They are seen as the best examples of a larger tradition of megalithic pillar sites in the region.
Community Perspective: “Enigmatic”, but Solivagant and Astraftis made an effort to interpret the site. Tiya can be visited on a (long) day trip from Addis Abeba. It is a very small site and a visit is likely to be underwhelming to the general audience. |
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Aksum |
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Aksum is an archaeological site that covers the remains of an influential city of ancient Ethiopia.
It was the capital of the powerful Axumite Kingdom (1st-8th centuries CE), which played an important role at the crossroads of Africa, Arabia and the Greco-Roman World. The site is especially known for its large monolithic carved stelae and obelisks. Furthermore, it is believed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church that the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Aksum houses the Biblical Ark of the Covenant.
Community Perspective: The stelae park is well worth the visit, while the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion gets mixed reviews. Females are forbidden to enter the latter. |
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Lower Valley of the Omo |
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The Lower Valley of the Omo is a prehistoric site where many hominid fossils have been found that contribute to the study of human evolution.
They were located in up to 3.5 million-year-old sedimentary deposits. Fossils belonging to the genera Australopithecus and Homo sapiens have been found at several archaeological sites, as well as tools made from quartzite, the oldest of which date back to about 2.4 million years ago.
Community Perspective: there never has been an official map that shows the inscribed area, so ‘visiting’ this site is problematic. The more so because its OUV lies with the hominid remains and people mostly go to the Omo region to see its contemporary tribes, as is reflected in the reviews below. |
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Lalibela |
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The Rock-hewn churches of Lalibela are unique works that had considerable influence on Ethiopian Christianity.
After the decline of the Kingdom of Axum, a new Christian dynasty emerged in the 12th century. King Lalibela created this new Christian pilgrimage center, which became a substitute for the holy places of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. It holds 11 churches hewn from monolithic blocks, spread across two groups north and south of the river Jordan. Several of the interiors are decorated with mural paintings.
Community Perspective: very impressive for its construction and it still is an active place of pilgrimage. Some perceive the cost and hassle factor as (too) high. |
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Fasil Ghebbi |
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Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region, covers the remains of a fortress-city that represents Ethiopian civilization on the highlands and influenced Ethiopian architecture.
Fasil Ghebbi was the residence of the Ethiopian emperor Fasilides and his successors in the 17th century. The walled compound functioned as the centre of the Ethiopian government until 1864. Its architecture was inspired by the Baroque style that was introduced by Jesuit missionaries. The site comprises the buildings within the fortress and also seven further Ethiopian-Orthodox monasteries and palaces in and around the city of Gondar.
Community Perspective: It’s an amazing place to discover, with its Medieval European/Moghul-like buildings. Wojciech recommends visiting the Gemja Ber Marjam (or Debre Birhan Selassje) church for its paintings. |
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Harar Jugol |
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Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town, represents a major trade center that linked African and Islamic trade routes.
The urban plan of this traditional Islamic town is characterized by a maze of narrow alleyways and townhouses with imposing facades. It is considered "the fourth holiest city of Islam", with 82 mosques and 102 shrines. As the only Islamic city within a Christian region, it has distinct cultural traditions that continue until this day.
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes the city's history and recommends a visit to a traditional Harari house. Wojciech managed to stay overnight in one and also tried some black kite feeding at the butchers' section of the market. And, although touristy, both enjoyed the nightly hyena feeding. |
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Konso |
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Konso Cultural Landscape represents a traditional way of living known for its construction of dry stone terraces and fortified towns.
The Konso people migrated to these highlands, where they constructed terraces to support agricultural fields. Their cultural tradition has existed for over 400 years in a hostile, dry environment. The area has 12 stone-walled settlements with thatch-roofed public structures and domestic buildings. The Konso are noted for their erection of memorial stelae called waka.
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes the history of its WH inscription and his visit to a village in 2007, while Wojciech visited Gamole village in 2022. |
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Gedeo Cultural landscape |
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The Gedeo cultural landscape represents the traditional agroforestry practices of the indigenous Gedeo community.
The Gedeo have used the forests for millennia for the cultivation of enset (a plant that is the ingredient for a staple flatbread) and later coffee. They developed a system of customary laws and norms to use the forests sustainably. The area also includes ritual sites such as megalithic clusters of steles.
Community Perspective: Wojciech visited 3 places of interest in early 2024. |
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Melka Kunture and Balchit |
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Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia represents an ancient volcanic landscape in the Awash Valley used by humans since prehistory. Tens of thousands of lithic tools, faunal and some human fossilized remains have been discovered. The tools were mainly made of obsidian, of which the primary source is at Balchit.
Community Perspective: Daytrips from Addis to the WHS of Tiya also often include Melka Kunture as it is on the way. Boj recommends the on site museum. |
Fiji |
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Levuka |
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Levuka Historical Port Town is a Pacific urban landscape that represents the effects of 19th-century British colonisation based on maritime extraction and export.
This port on Ovalau Island was developed by colonisers and became the first colonial capital of Fiji. The town generally consists of single or two-storied wooden buildings, merging local traditions with colonial standards. The preserved monuments include the former Cakobau Parliament House site, the Sacred Heart Cathedral, residential and commercial buildings, churches, schools and constructions related to port activities.
Community Perspective: Getting to Levuka from Nandi, Fiji (where most international flights land) is quite an effort. The place seems abandoned but still has charm. Anthony describes what you may expect from a visit, while Shandos has shared the practicalities. |
Finland |
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High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago |
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The High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago shows outstanding examples of geological processes caused by glaciation.
Historical Ice Ages have shaped the landscape of these two components on opposite sides of the Gulf of Bothnia. The High Coast is important for research on isostasy, in which the land rises as the weight of the melting glaciers is lifted. This is a still continuing process that leads to the emergence of new islands and lakes. Kvarken features unusual moraine ridges (“De Geer moraines") that were formed when boulders and stones were pushed to the edge of the melting continental ice sheet.
Community Perspective: the site provides excellent views if you get to a higher viewpoint and enjoyable hiking. The area is good for birding as well. Finnish Kvarken has been covered by John (cruising) and Els (driving+hiking), while the Swedish High Coast was done by John (cruising), Clyde (driving+hiking) and Nan (public transport+hiking). |
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Sammallahdenmäki |
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The Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki is an outstanding example of Scandinavia’s Bronze Age society and its funerary practices.
The site consists of 33 stone cairns in several clusters. They were made of granite boulders that were quarried locally. It dates from ca. 1500-500 BCE. Two of the most spectacular burial cairns are the quadrangular "Church Floor" and the dike-like "Long Ruin of Huilu". The cairns may relate to rituals of sun worship.
Community Perspective: “just piles of stones” to some, but they lie in a quiet and atmospheric spot and you’ll find yourself traipsing through a moss-covered forest floor. It needs a 4km walk to reach by public transport. There are also guided tours on Thursdays in the short summer season. |
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Old Rauma |
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Old Rauma is an outstanding example of traditional Nordic wooden town architecture.
The irregular town plan dates from the Middle Ages, while the commercial and residential buildings are from the 18th and 19th centuries. Rauma developed as a port city, although the coastline is now some 1.5km away due to land uplift. Landmarks at the Market Square include the medieval church and former Town Hall.
Community Perspective: Delightful town to visit, touristy but not too much. There are several homes that have been converted into museums and many lace shops. |
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Fortress of Suomenlinna |
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The Fortress of Suomenlinna comprises military fortifications built on six islands to guard the entrance to Helsinki's harbour.
Suomenlinna was originally built in 1748 to withstand the Russians at a time when Finland was part of Sweden. It was designed by the Swedish Admiral Eherensvärd, who adapted Vauban’s theories to this specific terrain and built a fortress from local rock, fortified with a system of bastions. The Russians however managed to take over the fortress in 1808 and added their own constructions. Finally, in 1918 the Fortress became Finnish and in 1973 it ceased to have a military purpose.
Community Perspective: easily reached by a short ferry ride from Helsinki, nowadays Suomenlinna mostly means a relaxed day out for city dwellers. As people still live on the islands, it is not too open-air museum-ish. |
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Petäjävesi Old Church |
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Petäjävesi Old Church exemplifies the long tradition of wooden church architecture in Scandinavia.
It was built entirely of pine wood by a local master in 1763 and the interior holds elaborately carved elements by local craftsmen. The design was influenced by European architectural trends such as Renaissance and Gothic, which were combined with the vernacular technique of log jointing. The bell tower was added in 1821.
Community Perspective: a wonderful small work of vernacular art in a fitting natural environment. Don’t miss the interior with its wooden pulpit and somewhat eccentric carvings. It is still an active church but has regular opening hours for tourists. |
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Verla Groundwood and Board Mill |
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The Verla Groundwood and Board Mill is a well-preserved rural industrial settlement that was used for pulp, paper, and board production.
The ca. 50 buildings consist of the wood-processing mill, board-drying plant, storehouses, workers' houses and the owner's residence. The separate production area held water power plants. It has a forest setting where wood as a raw material and water as a source of energy were easily at hand. The mill was founded in 1882 and continued to operate until 1964. It produced mainly (paper)board for export to Russia, Europe and the USA.
Community Perspective: Join a tour of the interior as it explains the story of how the factory was run. Nan and Tsunami have described how to reach the site by public transport; unfortunately, the bus hours do not correspond well with the timing of the tours. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
France |
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Belfries |
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The Belfries of Belgium and France symbolize the growing independence of cities from the feudal system in the Middle Ages.
The site comprises 56 bell towers that were built between the 11th and 20th centuries. The towers are mostly found in town centers, and connected to the local town hall or church. They were used as watch towers but also as meeting places for the city councils.
Community Perspective: “They’re all different” – so you have to visit a couple of them to get the idea. Fortunately, they are often located in towns that are also part of the Flemish Beguinages WHS, or are WHS in their own right – Nan has provided a list of possible combinations. |
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Loire Valley |
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The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes is a cultural landscape symbolic of human interaction with a major river.
It comprises historic towns and villages, great castles and cultivated lands, on a 200km long thin stretch along the river. The manmade features mainly trace back to the Renaissance and the Age of the Enlightenment. They include historic towns such as Blois, Orléans and Tours, and the Castle of Chambord, one of the most recognizable châteaux in the world.
Community Perspective: The area can be best explored by (rental) car, though John and Nan found buses and trains to several of its sights as well. The castles of Chenonceaux, Amboise and Chambord and the Fontevraud Abbey are among the highlights. |
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French Austral Lands and Seas |
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The French Austral Lands and Seas is a group of extremely isolated volcanic islands in the sub-Antarctic region.
As one of the largest marine protected areas in the world, it covers the Crozet Archipelago, Kerguelen Islands, Amsterdam and St Paul Islands, and surrounding parts of the Southern Ocean. This true wilderness is known for its marine birds (especially the world’s largest colony of King Penguins) and mammals such as Elephant Seals and Commerson’s Dolphins.
Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Marquesas Islands |
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Te Henua Enata – The Marquesas Islands are an archipelago of volcanic origin in the South Pacific Ocean, politically part of French Polynesia. Due to the great geographical isolation and its rugged topography, the archipelago has developed a unique terrestrial and marine ecosystem. Many endemic species, flora and fauna, are specific to the archipelago, sometimes to a single island, or even to a single peak. Its inhabitants developed a specific culture and artistic style. Most remarkable are the ‘Tiki’ stone sculptures, most of which can be found on the island of Hiva Oa. Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. Take a good look at the official site maps before planning a visit since the islands are only inscribed partially. |
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Pyrénées - Mont Perdu |
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Pyrénées - Mont Perdu is a visually dramatic mountain landscape shaped by a pastoral transhumance system.
The protected area centered around the peak of Mont Perdu lies at the tectonic collision point of the Iberian and West European plates. The calcareous massif has several important geological, scenic and botanical values. A centuries-old transhumant system of grazing also continues within the area with frequent movement of herds across the French-Spanish border.
Community Perspective: On the Spanish side, the Ordesa Valley is the best suited for a visit and offers good hiking. The French side offers the Cirque de Gavarnie (you can even ski here!). |
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Mont-Saint-Michel |
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Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay is characterized by the rocky tidal island that holds an 11th-century Benedictine abbey and a fortified medieval village.
The abbey, dedicated to the Archangel Michel, was an important place of pilgrimage in medieval Christianity and was deliberately placed in a difficult place of access. The Gothic builders made the best of the natural setting, overcoming the problems that come with it, and created a sharp silhouette against the sky.
Community Perspective: It’s worth watching the island from a distance or walking a loop around it if the tides allow – the first sight of this ‘pyramid’ has a real wow effect and it “must have been even more awe-inspiring for the people in the Middle Ages”. The roads leading up to the Abbey nowadays “are cluttered with overpriced restaurants and purveyors of tourist tat”, though things seem to improve if you stay overnight and the crowds are gone. By public transport, the site can be reached by taking a bus from Rennes long-distance bus station. |
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Chartres Cathedral |
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Chartres Cathedral is an influential example of Gothic art and architecture.
It stands out for the unity of its architecture and decoration (stained glass windows, statues, paintings). The Cathedral is in an exceptional state of preservation: the majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century.
Community Perspective: The size is still impressive (it dominates the town and can be seen from far away), but reviewers have mixed feelings about the effect of the renovations and regret that the original 13th-century labyrinth is usually covered by chairs. |
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Versailles |
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The Palace and Park of Versailles have had a large influence on the artistic form of other royal palaces and gardens in Europe.
Versailles is a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy and its court life of the Ancien Régime. From 1661 onward, King Louis XIV expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world and moved his court and government to Versailles. For more than a century it was further embellished by his successors and functioned as a crucible for French court life.
Community Perspective: The Hall of Mirrors and the Gardens are the most memorable parts of a visit. Els has provided tips on how to beat the crowds, Roel has added a ‘skip-the-line’-option and Daniel found an alternative access gate. |
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Vézelay |
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Vézelay, Church and Hill, is renowned for the church of St Mary Magdalene, which is an important place of pilgrimage and a masterpiece of Burgundian Romanesque art.
The church was an attraction for medieval pilgrims as it kept relics of Mary Magdalene. It also is strongly connected to the history of the Crusades. In 1840 Eugène Viollet-le-Duc restored the Romanesque church to its former glory after centuries of neglect had left it to ruins. The central nave with its carved portal is seen as one of the major monuments of Western Romanesque art.
Community Perspective: This hill with the church on top is a landmark visible from afar. The town is nothing special and a bit of a tourist trap. The former Abbey is its only highlight – reviewers have enjoyed its collection of wooden crosses and the last review (2022) reports that the building looks amazingly clean and new. |
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Vézère Valley |
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The Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley comprise a complex of caves and other archaeological sites that bear witness to long-extinct civilizations.
The sites include the finding places of skeletons of early modern people such as the Cro-Magnon man and of their utensils. Most characteristic are the caves, such as those of Lascaux, which were painted during the Upper Paleolithic. They consist mostly of realistic images of hunting scenes of large animals, including aurochs.
Community Perspective: The 15 locations are notoriously hard to visit because of their access policies and/or popularity such that they require pre-booking. All accessible ones now offer booking online. The ones that are worth planning for (as you can see original paintings) are Rouffignac and Font de Gaume. Cap Blanc has good reliefs. |
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Fontainebleau |
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The Palace and Park of Fontainebleau has been influential on French Renaissance art for its architecture and interior decor made by Italian artists.
Transforming a royal hunting lodge, 16th century King Francis I brought in painters, sculptors and architects from Italy to ornate his palace with new constructions, gardens, many frescoes and sculptures. It was further embellished by subsequent French monarchs, from Henri IV to Louis XVI and Napoleon.
Community Perspective: You really need to visit the interior here, which holds several great rooms, including the Throne Room of Napoleon, and beautiful frescoes. An additional bonus is that it is far less visited than Versailles. |
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Amiens Cathedral |
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Amiens Cathedral has played an important role in the development of Gothic architecture, paving the way for the Flamboyant style.
The early 13th-century Cathedral has well-preserved its original features. It’s a very large church but with a lightness of structure. Its interior is rich in sculpted decoration and stained glass.
Community Perspective: It nowadays mostly stands out for its interior, which is like a religious art museum with fine sculptures, a floor labyrinth and religious relics such as the “head” of John the Baptist. |
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Orange |
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The Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange comprise two of the best remaining examples of Roman theatres and arches.
Roman Orange was founded in 35 BCE and was the capital of a wide area of northern Provence. The Theatre was one of the first Roman public buildings in this region; it is well-preserved and is renowned for its imposing stage wall. The Triumphal Arch was a commemorative provincial arch, noted for its low reliefs depicting the establishment of the Pax Romana.
Community Perspective: The theatre stands out for its intactness, as do the friezes on the arch. The city itself doesn’t invite you to linger after you’ve seen the WHS. |
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Arles |
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Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments, represents the evolution of a classical Roman settlement into an important medieval city.
It has retained impressive Roman monuments dating back to the first century BCE, such as the Arena, the Theater and the Cryptoporticus. A second flowering period was in the fourth century CE, when the Thermae of Constantine and the Alyscamps necropolis were added. The Alyscamps stayed in use til the 13th century when the town blossomed again and gained fine Romanesque monuments such as the Church of St. Trophime.
Community Perspective: The city overall is nice to visit and the major sights are the Amphitheatre, the Alyscamps and the Church of St. Trophime. Hubert has written a comprehensive overview. |
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Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay |
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The Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay is an early Cistercian monastery based on the ideal of self-sufficiency.
The Abbey of Fontenay was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118 and it achieved great prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries. The church of the Abbey was built in the prevalent Romanesque style, and marked by the austerity typical of Cistercian architecture. The Abbey retains almost all of its original buildings, all in Romanesque style.
Community Perspective: This might not be one of the most famous French WHS, but it is really worth a detour as it is so well-preserved. The Abbey Church and the early iron works are the highlights. Nan has provided tips on how to reach it by public transport. |
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Strasbourg |
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Strasbourg, Grande-île and Neustadt comprise the medieval historic centre of Strasbourg including its Cathedral and its German-built New Town.
The free city of Strasbourg was an important commercial centre in the Middle Ages. Its urban landscape is typical of the Rhineland and shows both French and Germanic influences. The Gothic Cathedral is the center of this city organized around rivers and canals, with an additional network of (post-)medieval streets adorned by timber-framed buildings.
Community Perspective: You’d best spend your time here just wandering around. The German-developed, late 19th century New Town, located across the river from the medieval city, sharply contrasts with the rest of the core zone and divides opinions. |
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Paris, Banks of the Seine |
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Paris, Banks of the Seine, comprises many of the main treasures of the French capital from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.
The area stretches from Saint-Chapelle and Notre Dame Cathedral in the east to the Eiffel Tower in the west. Along this kilometers-long route, one can find monuments such as the Notre Dame, Saint-Chapelle, the Louvre, the Gare d'Orsay and the Place de la Concorde. It also shows Haussmann’s urban planning, which inspired the construction of the great cities in Latin America.
Community Perspective: All these monuments are tempting of course (Hubert has provided an overview), but it is already worthwhile to take a boat trip or walk the whole included stretch along the Banks of the Seine. Be aware that a relatively small part of Paris is covered by the core zone of this WHS. And it’s not all rosy either: there are crowds and Parisian rudeness, and Ian hates the lanes of heavy traffic that cross the area. |
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Reims |
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The Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau, Reims are renowned for their Gothic art and direct links to the history of the French monarchy.
The cathedral is one of the great French Gothic cathedrals of the 13th century and is known for its sculptured ornamentation. The Palace of Tau played an important role in the coronation ceremony of the French monarchy, as did the Former Abbey of Saint-Remi. It also was at Saint-Remi that Clovis, King of the Franks, was christened.
Community Perspective: The cathedral seems to be undergoing perpetual restoration, but it has to be visited for its striking sculptures and stained glass windows by Marc Chagall. Saint-Remi also is a fine church. |
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Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans |
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"From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, the production of open-pan salt" represents the extraction and production of salt from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.
The Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans was an early Enlightenment architectural project to rationalize industrial buildings and processes. They were connected by a pipeline to the older saltworks of Salins-les-Bains, where salt was retrieved from deep underground.
Community Perspective: This is one of the more imaginative WHS of France. At Salins-les-Bains you can do an underground visit to the mines, while at Arc-et-Senans a Utopian work of architecture awaits (you can also stay overnight here in one of the original buildings that has been turned into a hotel). |
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Avignon |
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The Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge comprise a group of late medieval buildings linked to the Papacy.
It was here that the Popes and Antipopes lived from 1309 to 1432 during the Catholic schism, when the seat of the Church left Rome. The ecclesiastical, administrative and military medieval buildings are a homogenous group. The massive Papal Palace shows the ambitions of the papal court.
Community Perspective: You can see here what the Vatican would have been like if it had been built in a Gothic style. Avignon overall is a great base for viewing Provence and its WHS. |
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Nancy |
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Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière, and Place d'Alliance in Nancy are 18th-century works of urban planning ordered by an enlightened monarch.
The three squares and the surrounding monuments were developed under the patronage of the Duke of Lorraine, Stanislaw Leszczynsk. The richly decorated squares held a public function: the Opera, the Town Hall, Courts of Law, a library and a botanical garden can be accessed from here.
Community Perspective: Maybe not a world-class sight, but the place has charm. Place Stanislas is the highlight of the three squares. |
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Saint-Savin sur Gartempe |
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The Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe is an 11th-century Romanesque church noted for its well-preserved mural paintings.
These painted biblical narratives date from the late 11th, and early 12th centuries, and have given the church the nickname of "Romanesque Sistine Chapel". Below the church is the Crypt of the legendary martyr brothers St Savin and St Cyprian, also painted with murals about the lives of these two saints.
Community Perspective: The murals are the clear highlight (although the pastel-coloured columns are noteworthy as well), and they have been very well preserved, cleaned and restored. The comparison with the Sistine Chapel seems overblown, reviewers find the murals more like those at Reichenau or the Vall de Boi. |
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Gulf of Porto |
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Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve is a natural area with dramatic geological landforms and wealthy undersea life.
The coastline is noted for its red cliffs, some 900 metres high, sand beaches, and headlands. The sheer cliffs of the Gulf contain many grottos and are flanked by numerous stacks and almost inaccessible islets and coves. It is the habitat of the rare osprey, peregrine falcons and bearded vultures.
Community Perspective: This coastal area of Corsica is best seen from the sea, see Els’s review of what you may expect from such a boat tour. Jay visited the terrestrial part of the Calanche of Piana on foot. |
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Pont du Gard |
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Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) is one of the oldest and most remarkable Roman hydraulic works.
It’s an aqueduct bridge, the major remaining element of a 50km long aqueduct that supplied the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nimes) with water. It spans the river Gardon. The bridge is 48.77m high, has three levels and was built in the 1st century AD.
Community Perspective: It's an impressive structure. Nowadays you have to pay at the ticket booths to even see it from the river banks or the stone footbridge next to it. It is recommended to join a guided tour of the aqueduct channel on the top level of the bridge, which is offered in summer. |
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Fortified City of Carcassonne |
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The Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne is a medieval town whose structure has evolved since the Late Roman period.
The site consists of 3km long fortifications in two lines of walls, which enclose the castle, medieval town and cathedral. The fortress was thoroughly restored from 1853-1909 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. His work had a profound influence on subsequent developments in conservation principles and practice, although his work on Carcassonne has been controversial for not being overly authentic.
Community Perspective: The fortifications are the city’s main strength: “The sight of.. all those turrets and towers (45 of them) is surely one to behold”. But it’s also an empty shell and a tourist trap, some even call it a “A pseudo mediaeval theme park”. At least visit out of season as it can be heaving with people in the summer months. |
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Bourges Cathedral |
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Bourges Cathedral is considered a beautifully decorated masterpiece of Gothic architecture.
Its construction began at the end of the 12th century, following the plan of the ambitious archbishop Henri de Sully who had brought "modern" ideas from Paris. He wanted to create a large and tall building, with three rows of stained-glass windows above each other so that there was a lot of light. The sculptures on the doors and in the interior are great Gothic works of art. Most stained glass windows were added in the 14th-16th centuries.
Community Perspective: “just another nice cathedral”, and another French Gothic one as well. It’s worth a visit for its atmospheric interior and the sculptures at the western entrance. |
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Canal du Midi |
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The Canal du Midi, built for a strategic political objective, is a 240 km long canal that was a great engineering achievement.
The Canal is one of the technologically most significant canals in the world: it uses lock staircases, reservoirs, aqueducts, dams, bridges, and tunnels to connect the Garonne River at Toulouse to the Étang de Thau on the Mediterranean. The original purpose of the Canal du Midi was to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, avoiding the long sea voyage around hostile Spain, Barbary pirates, and a trip that in the 17th century required a full month of sailing.
Community Perspective: Navigating the Canal by boat seems to evoke the most positive reviews. For the casual visitor, Toulouse provides easy access. Hubert followed the course of the Canal by car and provided tips for short stops to take in the scenery. |
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Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France |
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The Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France represent the routes and conditions of the pilgrimage and the cultural exchange it stimulated.
Four main routes were followed through France by pilgrims since the late Middle Ages to get to Spain and eventually Santiago de Compostela. The associated buildings that catered to the spiritual and physical well-being of the pilgrims comprise churches, bridges, hospitals and other wayside constructions.
Community Perspective: Comprising 71 sites (of which 7 are already inscribed separately) plus 7 stretches of the route of the Chemin du Puy, this format for a WHS has raised eyebrows (see Solivagant’s review). It does contain many fine buildings though (see the reviews by Hubert, Thibault, Tsunami and Ilya for some ideas), with the Tour Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie in Paris maybe the most symbolic as it’s the starting point. |
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Lyon |
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The Historic Site of Lyon, a flourishing trading city since Roman times, has preserved its architecture and urban planning over many centuries.
Lyon owes its continuous prosperity to its strategic location at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers. The city was known especially for the silk trade, but it also held important financial institutions and an early printing industry. Over time, its urban plan expanded but without destroying earlier areas or buildings.
Community Perspective: A lovely city that gives a great impression of French culture (it has great restaurants too!), so a perfect destination for a weekend trip. Instead of great monumental buildings, the highlight here is the urban plan itself with the traboules, the secret passageways, as particularly characteristic. |
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Saint-Emilion |
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The Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion is a historic vineyard landscape that is still in use.
The Romans introduced viticulture here, and the industry further developed during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. From the latter period, impressive “chateaux” remained as well as villages with modest stone houses for the workers. Further historic monuments included the Pierrefitte menhir and the Monolithic Church and the Collegiate Church of Saint-Emillion.
Community Perspective: St. Emilion is a pleasant town to visit, however very touristy. They even have a small tourist train that provides a glimpse of the vineyard landscape. Ian checked out some of its vineyards that produce high-quality red wines and their chateaux. |
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Provins |
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Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs, is the best-preserved example of a town developed for great annual trading fairs.
The Counts of Champagne organized these fairs from 1120 onwards. They linked merchants and traders from northern Europe with the Mediterranean world and served as a model for later fair traditions in for example Brugge and the Hanseatic cities. The fortified town provided supporting services such as banking and warehouses.
Community Perspective: You’d be hard-pressed to find a trace of medieval fairs here: it is in essence a town with medieval origins and a lot of timber-framed housing. The Caesar Tower and the Church of Saint Quiriace are its major landmarks. |
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Le Havre |
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Le Havre, the city rebuilt by Auguste Perret, is an outstanding post-war example of urban planning and architecture.
As a result of numerous air raids during World War Two, the port of Le Havre lost most of its city center buildings. Reconstruction planning began in 1945 with Auguste Perret as chief architect and city planner. Historical patterns like streets and squares were preserved, as well as the 16th-century cathedral that survived the bombings. Modernist buildings based on reinforced concrete were added and prefabrication was used, in order to create a homogenous ensemble.
Community Perspective: Dull and uninteresting to some, but the wide boulevards, the spacious squares, the straight lines and the plain forms do hold an appeal to others. You can visit the interior of the tower of Saint Joseph and a reconstructed show flat designed by Perrett’s studio. Ian has explained that it is even fun for kids. |
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Bordeaux |
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Bordeaux, Port of the Moon, is an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble created in the Age of Enlightenment.
A bend in the river Garonne has created a natural harbour here, and because of its shape, it's called Port of the Moon. The site encompasses the historic centre of Bordeaux, known for its wine production and commercial port. Its urban transformation from the 1730s onwards had a focus on neoclassical architecture.
Community Perspective: Bordeaux is a fine city to visit, with its riverside setting and it all looks neat and well-preserved. It has some lovely buildings though none stand out. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Fortifications of Vauban |
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The Fortifications of Vauban have been a significant contribution to universal military architecture.
The twelve groups of fortified buildings formed a defensive ring around France. The remaining sites include both fortifications and various kinds of military buildings. They were constructed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), a military engineer of King Louis XIV. He was influential far beyond the French borders through his theoretical thinking.
Community Perspective: the star review here is by Hubert, who has visited all 12 selected components and ranked them! |
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Lagoons of New Caledonia |
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The Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems contain coral reef ecosystems with great species diversity and a high level of endemism.
The six tropical lagoons and reefs show a wide range of coral diversity and reef forms, with additional features from mangroves to seagrasses. They are home to a large population of endangered dugongs and are an important nesting site for the Green Sea Turtle.
Community Perspective: Clyde visited 4 out of 6 locations in 10 days, and enjoyed the coral rock islands, the aerial views and the crystal clear lagoons. |
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Albi |
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The Episcopal City of Albi comprises an urban landscape with outstanding medieval architecture.
The city was built around the original Cathedral and episcopal group of buildings after the Albigensian Crusade. Fired brick and tiles are the main features of most of the edifices. The Sainte Cécile Cathedral, built as a statement of the Christian faith after the upheavals of the 13th-century Cathar heresy, is considered a masterpiece of the Gothic style of Southern France.
Community Perspective: More interesting than it seems at first sight. The red brick Cathedral is huge and peculiar, with amazing interior decoration. Together with the former Archbishop's palace next door, which houses a museum of the favorite local son Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, it forms a harmonious ensemble. |
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Pitons of Reunion |
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The 'Pitons, cirques and remparts' of Reunion Island are renowned for their visually striking landscape and remaining high numbers of endemic plant species.
The site consists of two adjoining volcanic massifs, with remparts (steep rock walls) and the three cirques (imposing natural amphitheaters) of Salazie, Mafate et Cilaos that evolved due to erosion and volcanism. The Pitons are covered with subtropical rainforests and cloud forests.
Community Perspective: Kbecq has described the four tough hikes he did here on volcanic terrain, while Els hiked into the Cirque de Mafate. |
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Prehistoric Pile Dwellings |
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The Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps are the remains of prehistoric agrarian lake shore communities.
Rising water levels since prehistory led to the abandonment of these stilt house settlements. Covered by lake and river sediments, organic materials such as wooden structures have been preserved. Archeological findings further include the oldest textiles discovered in Europe, dugout canoes and wooden wheels. About 30 different cultural groups were responsible for creating these pile dwellings.
Community Perspective: only at very few of the 111 locations can original remains be seen, at the others, you will be staring “intently at the water trying to spot the merest hint of some buried rotten wood”. Molina di Ledro and Fiave in Italy are your best bets. Solivagant contemplates what a visit to the Pile Dwellings entails, and Hubert has visited multiple locations. |
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Causses and Cévennes |
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The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape has evolved over three millennia due to farming and breeding of sheep.
It is located in the higher regions of the Massif Central, in an area of granite and limestone slopes and deep valleys. It is known for its chestnut farming and mulberry cultivation. Local breeds of sheep graze on open common land.
Community Perspective: The natural aspects of this area are much more appealing (and easier to recognize) than the agro-pastoral. See the reviews by Els, Hubert and Frederik for some ideas on what to see and do. |
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Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin |
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The Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin is a mining and industrial cultural landscape along a 120km long coal seam in the far north of France.
It represents the large-scale coal mining of the 19th and 20th centuries, and its associated social developments such as the occurrence of major disasters, international migration and worker unionism. Preserved elements include pits, slag heaps, railway stations and mining villages with schools, religious and community buildings.
Community Perspective: Don’t expect anything as grandiose as the Ruhrgebiet in Germany. The Historic Mining Center in Lewarde (location #22, Fosse Delloye) is a good place to start. Nan and Claire have reported on some locations (there are 109 in total!) in Lens and Liberville. |
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Decorated cave of Pont d'Arc |
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The Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche is an underground cave covered with the oldest known pictorial drawings in the world.
They date back to as early as the Aurignacian period (30,000 to 32,000 BP). Over 1,000 drawings have been found in a pristine state, which often are of high artistic and aesthetic quality. They display anthropomorphic and zoomorphic motifs, featuring many predatory animals. Other human evidence, fossilized remains, prints, and markings from a variety of animals, some of which are now extinct, were discovered in the cave as well.
Community Perspective: There’s a replica cave (the original has never been open to the general public), which most find well done although it’s not an exact replica. It’s also possible to walk up to the original cave entrance (see instructions in the reviews by Solivagant and Kbecq). |
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Burgundy |
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The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy comprise a vineyard historic landscape organized around delimited parcels.
The 1,247 vineyards are distinct from one another due to their specific natural conditions such as soil and microclimate, resulting in many vintages. The commercial town of Beaune and the political and regulatory center of Dijon complemented the system. The Ducal Palace of Dijon, the Hospices of Beaune and the Clos de Vougeot Chateau represent the tangible trace of these viticultural actors.
Community Perspective: For those tired of vineyards, this site also includes two historic towns. The historic Duchy of Burgundy left a splendid highlight in the Hospices of Beaune (it could/should have been a WHS in its own right). In Dijon, the Ducal Palace and the Place de La Liberation stand out. |
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Champagne |
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'Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars' is a cultural landscape shaped by the production of sparkling wines since the 17th century.
This is a living and working environment, with trade towns, prestigious commerce houses and the underground heritage of the wine cellars in former chalk quarries. The agro-industrial part includes the vineyards and the processing sites.
Community Perspective: This site focuses more on the industrial and commercial process of champagne production than on vineyards, so it’s appropriate to visit one of the Champagne Houses, that’s also the way to get into one of the chalk cellars. All major brands (Pommery’s, Taittinger) offer popular tours. |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
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Chaîne des Puys |
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The Chaîne des Puys - Limagne fault tectonic arena shows a number of geological features caused by a continental break-up.
This about 40km long segment of the West European Rift shows the effects of continental break-up on the landscape, such as the Chaîne des Puys volcanoes and the inverted relief of the Montagne de la Serre. The site has been an important place for studying classical geological processes since the 18th century.
Community Perspective: The Puy de Dôme is an easily accessible part of this site, with good overlooks over the landscape dotted with some 80 small dormant volcanoes. Hubert did his best to cover some additional noteworthy components. |
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Taputapuātea |
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Taputapuātea is a sacral site and cultural land- and seascape on Ra’iatea Island, part of the Society Islands.
The site consists of several archaeological sites and marae (temples). Its main feature is the Taputapuātea marae complex, constructed in the 14th -18th centuries, which is considered the central temple of Eastern Polynesia and has a strong oral tradition connected with it. It was built between land and sea at the end of a peninsula. The marae are of continuing importance to living Polynesian culture.
Community Perspective: Dennis visited already in 1991 and advised coming with a knowledgeable guide. |
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Maison Carrée of Nîmes |
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The Maison Carrée in Nîmes is a well-preserved Ancient Roman temple that signifies the impact of the imperial cult in the Roman provinces.
It stood among other religious and political institutions at the heart of the forum of the Roman colony of Nemausus, at a time when Rome focused on consolidating its empire. This first-century building in the classic Vitruvian architectural style has survived in excellent condition.
Community Perspective: the reviews still reflect that this once was part of a wider nomination of the city of Nîmes; all agreed though that the Maison Carrée is its outstanding monument. The stylistic contrast with the surrounding, later (= very modern) architecture raised eyebrows. |
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Cordouan Lighthouse |
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The Cordouan Lighthouse is a monumental lighthouse dedicated to the affirmation of the king’s power.
The 67-metre-high tower stands on a rocky plateau in the Gironde estuary on the French Atlantic coast, about seven kilometres from the mainland. It is still used for maritime signalling. It was built in the 16th century and remodelled in the 18th century, and is considered a masterpiece of the Renaissance and neoclassicist styles. The interior also has apartments for the king and a chapel, and was decorated to impress.
Community Perspective: You get there on a boat tour; there are several operators in the towns of Royan, Le Verdon-sur-mer and Meschers-sur-Gironde that have scheduled departures in April-October. The best parts of the lighthouse are inside. Standing around on the sandbar adds a bit of fun (depending on the tide, you may get wet feet). |
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Northern Martinique |
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The Volcanoes and Forests of Mount Pelée and the Pitons of Northern Martinique comprise internationally renowned examples of volcanic morphologies and processes.
The Pitons du Carbet count 12 peaks and are shaped by lava domes. Mount Pelée (which is only partly included) is an iconic volcano, remarkable for its fierce eruptive style. It has produced a high number of eruptions, such as the deadly one in 1902-1905 which led to the construction of one of the first volcanological observatories in the world. The site further has the most diverse biodiversity in the Lesser Antilles (forest, plants).
Community Perspective: you can hike up Mount Pelée in a couple of hours, but it can be a wet experience and you may find the top covered in clouds. |
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Nice |
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Nice, Winter Resort Town of the Riviera, is a product of the European tourist industry.
In the 18th century, Nice became a popular winter destination for British aristocrats. At the end of the 19th century, tourism expanded to all wealthy classes and finally became a mass phenomenon in the 20th century. The earliest architectural evidence is found at the Vila Nova, including the Promenade de Anglais. The city then further expanded westwards and onto the hills, where villa quarters and luxury hotels were built in a fusion of cultural influences and a variety of styles.
Community Perspective: Nice is “nice”, but hardly World Heritage-worthy. Els has provided a comprehensive overview of the main sights. |
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Funerary and memory sites of the First World War |
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The Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front) testify to the unprecedented scale of a global war and mark the start of a new tradition of remembering the war dead.
After this war, for the first time, the individual victim was remembered. This resulted in military cemeteries and war memorials of diverse typologies where attention was paid to aesthetics. These sites still are visited by millions.
Community Perspective: The sites comprise 139 locations in Belgium and northern France. Notable is that the"commemoration of all victims is equal irrespective of nation, race, creed or military rank, the graves and engravings of names are uniform". Especially recommended to visit is the area around Verdun, which "is basically one whole cultural/memorial landscape shaped by World War I". |
Gabon |
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Lopé-Okanda |
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The Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda are rich in plant life and have seen over 400.000 years of almost continuous human settlement.
The area is located where the tropical rainforest meets the savannah ecosystems. It holds a high plant diversity with over 1,550 species recorded. Its archaeological sites show evidence of ironworking and some 1,800 petroglyphs have been found. In the Neolithic and Iron Age, it seems to have been on a major migration route of people from West to Central and Southern Africa.
Community Perspective: “an expensive site to reach/visit and an uncomfortable one to travel in” - Solivagant visited in 2001 and tried to find a western gorilla which proved to be much more difficult than tracking its relatives in Rwanda and Uganda. |
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Ivindo National Park |
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Ivindo National Park encompasses an intact forest ecosystem with wetland clearings.
Its old-growth forests are home to exceptional biodiversity (birds, monkeys, other mammals) with species that are specific to the Gabonese interior highlands. It constitutes a laboratory for the study of speciation processes, particularly concerning insects and fish. The rainforests are home to the largest concentration of forest elephants and western gorillas in Gabon. The park also holds spectacular waterfalls.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
Gambia |
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Kunta Kinteh Island |
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Kunta Kinteh Island and Related sites represent the first African-European trade route to the inland of Africa and the beginning and the conclusion of the West African slave trade.
The Portuguese built a fort here at the mouth of the River Gambia in 1456 to control the hinterland and exploit its riches. The designated area consists of 7 separate locations: James Island, Six-Gun Battery, Fort Bullen, Ruins of San Domingo, Remains of Portuguese Chapel, CFAO Building, Maurel Frères Building.
Community Perspective: widely available as a set day trip by river cruise from Banjul. The tours capitalize on the (fictional) story of the ‘Roots’ book and mini-series. Ian found most of the related sites in ruins; “however the Manuel Ferres building contains a good small museum about the history of the transatlantic slave trade”. Squiffy remarks on the only tenuous link with the slave trade some of the buildings have, “but it is still a story that needs to be told to underline the human impact. “ |
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Stone Circles of Senegambia |
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The Stone Circles of Senegambia is a prehistoric archeological site comprising four large groups of megalithic monuments and associated burial sites
Over 1,000 stone circles can be found here along the River Gambia. The standing stones were extracted from nearby laterite quarries using iron tools. Their quality suggests sophisticated stone-working traditions. Four separate locations were chosen to represent the complex: Kerbatch Central River Division (Gambia), Wassu Central River Division (Gambia), Sine Ngayène Kaolack (Senegal), and Wanar Kaolack (Senegal).
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes a visit by bush taxis to Wassu in 1984, while Ian visited Sine Ngayène some 25 years later and found it almost overgrown. |
Georgia |
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Mtskheta |
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The Historical Monuments of Mtskheta are medieval religious buildings that express the introduction and diffusion of Christianity to the Caucasus region.
Here Georgians accepted Christianity in 317 and Mtskheta still remains the headquarters of the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church. The three included monuments are the Jvari Monastery: a sixth-century Georgian Orthodox monastery, Svetitstkhoveli Cathedral: the principal Georgian church and seat of the archbishop, and Samtavro Monastery: an 11th-century church and nunnery.
Community Perspective: all three are easily reached as they are just outside Tbilisi city limits, although Jvari requires an additional short taxi ride. They will give you a glimpse into the mysterious world of the Georgian Orthodox Church. |
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Upper Svaneti |
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Upper Svaneti is a mountainous region known for its unique medieval defensive tower houses.
The region is inhabited by the Svan people. Their villages have retained their medieval appearance and traditional land use. They hold small Georgian Orthodox churches and various fortified buildings. The core zone is limited to the village of Chazhashi in the Ushguli community.
Community Perspective: located in a remote and dramatic landscape, the site nowadays (since 2024) is accessible by 2WD. Walter remembers the risk of kidnapping that deterred tourists from this region in the past. The tiny core zone raises questions, it seems to have made more sense to include all the villages and the mountains surrounding them. |
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Gelati Monastery |
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Gelati Monastery is a medieval Orthodox monastery that is considered the masterpiece of the architecture of the “Golden Age” of Georgia.
The architecture is characterized by large blocks and the use of blind arches. In the monastery and its churches, great numbers of medieval mosaics, murals and manuscripts have been preserved. The complex was also one of the country’s main cultural and educational centers.
Community Perspective: the earlier reviews still mention the Bagrati Cathedral, with which Gelati shared its inscription until the former was delisted in 2017. Els did the most recent comprehensive review of a visit to the Gelati Monastery from Kutaisi. |
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Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands |
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The Colchic Wetlands and Forests comprise two warm-temperate humid ecosystems: ancient Colchic rainforests and wetlands with bogs and mire.
The seven parks consist of low-altitude wetlands, close to the Black Sea on one side, and higher-altitude ancient deciduous rainforests enclosed by mountain ranges on the other side. Their very wet conditions have led to high levels of endemism and intra-species diversity. The ancient forests are among the most important survivors of the glacial cycles of the Tertiary.
Community Perspective: not all components can be (easily) visited. Mahuhe describes a trip to Mtirala National Park from Batumi, while Stanislaw covered Kintrishi-Mtirala and Pitshora and gave some hints about the illegal entry of two others. Nan added more practical information. |
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Aachen Cathedral |
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The Aachen Cathedral with its Palatine Chapel is an exceptional example of religious architecture north of the Alps.
It dates from about 800 CE and was created by Emperor Charlemagne – originally as his palace, of which now only the church remains (he is buried here as well). The Cathedral continued to play an important role in the West and the German emperors were crowned here. Numerous parts were added and changes made over the subsequent centuries, which has led to a mixture of visible styles.
Community Perspective: Historically very significant and one of the best sites in Germany. It looks fairly small from the outside but the interior is stunning. Echwel elaborates on the symbolism, while Els provides the most recent visitor perspective, hi and Nan adds tips for other things to see and do in Aachen, his alma mater. |
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Speyer Cathedral |
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Speyer Cathedral is the largest and one of the most important Romanesque monuments from the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Emperors Konrad II and Henry IV stood at the beginning of what was the biggest church of its time. Besides its size, the richness of its sculptures stands out. After a fire in 1689, part of the nave had to be reconstructed; this led to what is seen as the first great achievement of monument preservation in Europe. The Crypt is still the original and harbors the graves of no less than eight medieval German emperors and kings.
Community Perspective: It’s just so … Romanesque! The exterior is more impressive than the inside, except for the unmissable Crypt. |
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Würzburg Residence |
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The Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square represents a highlight in 18th-century Baroque palace architecture.
Two successive Prince-Bishops of the Würzburg ecclesiastical principality hired prominent international architects (from Vienna, Venice, Paris), painters, sculptors, and stucco workers to create a splendid residence with 300 rooms. The ceiling over the broad staircase, the walls of the Imperial Hall and the church altar are decorated with frescoes made by the Venetian master Tiepolo.
Community Perspective: A must-visit for its Tiepolo frescoes, but there is also the route around the palace “with the usual array of ornate bedchambers, wardrobes and halls”. Caspar and Jay have described what you may expect from the guided tour. |
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Cologne Cathedral |
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The Cologne Cathedral is the highest expression of the Gothic Cathedral architectonic form that developed over the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe.
Started in 1248, it took over six centuries to complete – which shows the continuity and persistence of the Christian belief in this region. The work was finished in the same uniform Gothic style. The interior still holds many of its original, mostly 14th-century components and works of art.
Community Perspective: It stands out for its huge, enormous, monstrous size – the best views are from the opposite side of the Rhine. And it’s “Gothic to the very core and everything points upwards”. The interior is less remarkable and lacks a religious feel due to the many tourists that visit it (on a guided tour you may be able to forget that). |
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Water Management System of Augsburg |
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The Water Management System of Augsburg has produced various technological innovations in the areas of waterways and drinking water supply.
The system consists of 22 different components, varying from hydroelectric power stations to fountains. It has its origins in the Middle Ages when canals were built to bring water to mills, tanneries, textile producers and goldsmiths. From 1545 there was a strict separation between drinking water and water for industry use.
Community Perspective: the site includes a bunch of different components scattered in and around town, which cover a period of almost five centuries of water management. The interpretation of the site is quite poor and most components are inaccessible (historic interiors often not having been preserved). The water towers at the Red Gate may be the most memorable components. Hubert and Solivagant have incorporated a bunch of others as well in their reviews. |
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Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust |
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The Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl are considered masterpieces of the rococo.
They were developed in the 18th century as the residence and hunting lodge for Clemens August, the archbishop and worldly ruler of Cologne. Augustusburg was created with a lot of help from artists like Balthasar Neumann who is responsible for the magnificent marble staircase. Falkenlust was used for the sport of falconry. Both are surrounded by French formal gardens.
Community Perspective: The staircase at Augustusburg is the must-see here, and you’ll have to join a tour for that. |
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Lübeck |
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The Hanseatic City of Lübeck represents the heritage of a leading player in the medieval Hanseatic League.
This league of merchant cities held a monopoly over the trade of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Lübeck’s town plan shows the strict socio-economic organization of that period. Despite serious damage during World War II, a large number of historic monuments remain such as religious buildings, salt storehouses and patrician residences.
Community Perspective: Some find that Old and New live in harmony here, while others lament the “ugly modern constructions, parked cars, cheap shops and eateries”. It’s essentially “a relatively modern city with a few patches of history still within it”. The Holstentor is its most iconic sight. |
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Pilgrimage Church of Wies |
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The Pilgrimage Church of Wies is considered a masterpiece of Bavarian Rococo.
In 1738 a miracle appeared in this Alpine valley: tears were seen on a dilapidated wooden figure of Christ. Pilgrims became so numerous that a proper sanctuary was needed. The oval church was decorated with exuberant stucco work and frescoes in lively colours by the brothers Johann Baptist and Dominikus Zimmermann.
Community Perspective: The interior is in a very fine condition and may be awe-inspiring or not (depending on how much you enjoy rococo). Be prepared to wait (church services of all kinds take precedence over tourists) and take your time inside. The church lies in a remote location in the Bavarian countryside, but visitors arrive here by the busload. |
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Hildesheim Cathedral and Church |
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St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim are exceptional testimonies to the religious art of the Holy Roman Empire.
St. Michael’s is considered a masterpiece of medieval architecture which has escaped substantial alterations in later years. Both churches were built in the 11th century in the Romanesque style. They hold artistic treasures such as the Bernward bronzes and the painted ceiling at St Michael's Church.
Community Perspective: Pristine or sterile? “It's almost too good to be true”: what you see today is two churches that were almost completely destroyed and rebuilt in the 1950s plus the result of recent renovations. But the late medieval art treasures are the originals, they were brought to safety during World War II (even the wooden ceiling). |
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Trier |
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The Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier are the testimonies of a Roman colony and its recognition of Christianity.
Trier became a Roman colony in the first century CE and until now holds the best remaining collection of Roman monuments north of the Alps, such as the Porta Nigra. It was a large city, at the trading crossroads between major towns in France and along the Rhine, and the seat of prefects and during the reign of Constantine even the vice-emperor (Caesar) of the Western Empire. He also introduced Christianity. The Cathedral of St. Peter and the Church of Our Lady are both early church buildings.
Community Perspective: It’s a magnificent place and it can keep you occupied for a day as there is so much to see. This site is a bit under-reviewed, although the regional museum (Rheinische Landesmuseum Trier) and the birthplace of Karl Marx are recommended in addition to the Roman monuments. |
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Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch |
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The Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch are rare surviving monuments of the era of Charlemagne.
The Abbey, its gatehouse and the Altenmünster date from about 764 CE. Its “Königshalle” became the burial place for the Carolingian kings of the Eastern part of the Frankish Realm. The monastery also holds sculptures and paintings from the Carolingian era.
Community Perspective: The Königshalle (better known as Torhalle: gatehouse) is its most notable monument as it has been preserved above ground in the best condition. Hubert has described it well. After 2014, the surrounding landscape has been turned into a garden so there are no obstructing views. |
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Potsdam |
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The Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin comprise an eclectic ensemble of architectural and landscaping masterpieces.
Potsdam was the residence of the Prussian kings until 1918; its majestic buildings were built mainly during the reign of Frederick II the Great (1740-1786) and according to designs of Peter Joseph Lenné. He incorporated influences from Italy, England, France, Flanders, Paris and Dresden.
Community Perspective: the Potsdam gardens are good for walking and an easy day trip from Berlin. The Sanssouci Palace is its main attraction, but it cannot be recommended to those with an allergy to “Stately Homes”. We can count on Hubert to perfectly describe a site like this! |
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Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz |
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The Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz is a series of landscape parks developed in the spirit of the Age of the Enlightenment.
Inspired by trips abroad (Italy, England), Prince Leopold III Friedrich Franz of Anhalt-Dessau and his friend Friedrich Wilhelm von Erdmannsdorff were the first to introduce landscape gardening to continental Europe. It took 40 years to complete the extensive landscape. The result served not only aesthetic purposes but also educational and economic goals.
Community Perspective: Wörlitz Park is considered the best among the inscribed series of gardens and landscape features. FK has provided a nice overview of all components. Overall, urban sprawling and the Autobahn distract a lot from what might have existed in the past. |
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Quedlinburg |
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The Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg comprise a medieval townscape with a large number of high-quality timber-framed buildings.
Quedlinburg has been a prosperous trading town since the Middle Ages. Its architectural richness is connected to the Saxonian-Ottonian dynasty of the first German state, for whom this was their capital. Its layout is typical for a medieval town, having started as a castle village and later incorporating other neighbourhoods. The timber-framed houses mainly date from an economic boom between 1620 and 1720.
Community Perspective: The market square, with the Roland statue, and the Church of St. Servatius are its highlights. |
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Maulbronn Monastery |
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Maulbronn Monastery Complex is the most complete surviving Cistercian monastic structure in Northern and Central Europe.
The main church was built in a transitional style from Romanesque to Gothic. The complex also includes an extensive water-management system, consisting of a network of natural and artificial lakes and ponds over several terraces that interconnected by trenches and canals. After the Reformation in the 16th century, it was converted into a Protestant seminary.
Community Perspective: The whole ensemble including administrative and farm buildings has been preserved, so “it still looks today like a small medieval village grouped around its church”. Hubert also recognized the standardized Cistercian architectural concept that was used. |
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Rammelsberg and Goslar |
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The Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System constitute of one of the largest mining and metallurgical complexes for non-ferrous metals in Europe.
The Rammelsberg mining complex has an over 1,000 years long, continuous history of mining and metal production. The technological ensemble includes both surface and underground remains, including those for the management of water for drainage and power. The nearby town of Goslar achieved great prosperity in the late Middle Ages thanks to the revenues from mining, metal production and trade. It also played an important role in the Hanseatic League.
Community Perspective: Ian enjoyed a Christmassy Goslar, while Hubert has focused his review on the later addition of the Upper Harz Water Management system. The Rammelsberg mines can be visited by guided tours, of which Kbecq took two. |
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Bamberg |
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The Town of Bamberg represents a medieval town in Central Europe.
Bamberg has kept its early medieval town plan and many buildings from that period have survived. From the 10th century onwards, its layout and architecture have been a great influence in Poland, northern Germany and Hungary.
Community Perspective: Bamberg has a pretty riverine setting, cobblestone streets, half-timbered houses and the fine Town Hall (Altes Rathaus). It’s quite a pleasant town that will hold the attention of beer lovers for even longer. |
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Völklingen Ironworks |
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The Völklingen Ironworks represent a modern ironmaking plant from the 19th and 20th centuries.
At Völklingen Ironworks, several important technological innovations in the production of pig-iron were developed or first applied successfully on an industrial scale. The entire process of pig iron production was executed here. Most of the installations, including blast furnaces, coke ovens, and gas-blowing engines, have been authentically preserved.
Community Perspective: It’s fairly pricey (17 EUR in 2023, without a guided tour), but it is fun to explore the site freely and it easily takes 2 hours. Solivagant has lovingly described the site's Blast Furnace. |
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Messel Pit |
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The Messel Pit Fossil contains unique remains from the Eocene, 47-48 million years ago when the first modern mammals appeared.
The Messel Pit is a disused quarry, in an ancient lake bed, in which bituminous shale was mined. It has produced well-preserved fossils of over 1,000 species of plants and animals. Scientific excavation started in the 1970s and has produced remains of species such as fish, bats, birds, turtles and crocodiles.
Community Perspective: A friendly site that is now open to visitors all year round – see their website for the timing of the tours. It’s not worth it to only do the Visitor Center and Viewing Platform, especially considering the fee. |
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Bauhaus Sites |
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Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau represent the most prominent examples of the Bauhaus architectural school, which was the birthplace of Classical Modernism.
The "Staatliche Bauhaus" was responsible for the radical renewal of architecture and design. These seven (groups of) buildings represent both their initial phase in Weimar under Walter Gropius, and the second (and more successful) phase out of Dessau (with Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe). The Bauhaus building, made out of concrete, glass and steel, is a landmark in 20th-century architecture.
Community Perspective: This has received glowing reviews from the modern architecture-loving part of the WH community (Ian even wrote 3 reviews!). Taking a guided tour of the Bauhaus building is a good start to understanding their ideas. |
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Luther Memorials |
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The Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg bear testimony to the Protestant Reformation.
These two towns are closely related to the lives of Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon. The Memorials include sites associated with their lives as well as the castle church where, on 31 October 1517, Luther posted his famous '95 Theses', which launched the Reformation and a new era in the religious and political history of the Western world.
Community Perspective: “an odd inscription, it is more of interest for what happened here than what still exists”. And “it isn’t actually “that door” but a 19th century bronze replacement which doesn’t attempt any authenticity”. The famous Schlosskirche in Wittenberg is still an interesting place to visit, especially for the tombs of Luther and Melanchthon. |
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Classical Weimar |
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Classical Weimar reflects a period in history when this East German town was the cultural heart of Europe.
The creation of this ensemble of public and private buildings and parks was made possible by the Enlightened patronage of Duchess Anna Amalia and Duke Carl August. It attracted many leading writers and thinkers: Goethe made Weimar his home in 1775, and Herder and Schiller followed his example.
Community Perspective: It’s a small city with a lot to offer. All the buildings that are part of this WHS are within walking distance except for the Belvedere Castle. Try to get into the splendid Amalia Library as well. |
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Museumsinsel (Museum Island) |
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Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin, comprises an ensemble of museum buildings that show the evolution of modern museum design.
Between 1824 and 1830, five museums were built by the most renowned Prussian architects as part of a visionary project. Part of the Spreeinsel was allocated to this purpose, choosing a central urban setting to extend access to all people. The museums cannot be seen separate from their important collections.
Community Perspective: Major building works have been going on for a long time in the area and at least one of the five museums seems always to be closed, although Hubert made use of a small window of opportunity in 2009-2012 and Els saw it more or less 'finished' in 2023. Schinkel’s Altes Museum architecturally is probably the most interesting, while the Pergamon Museum is a favourite for its collection. The view of the Museuminsel from the boat trips on the Spree River is also recommended. |
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Wartburg Castle |
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Wartburg Castle represents the feudal period in Central Europe and is associated with a number of historic events.
Located on a hilltop and surrounded by forests, this “ideal castle” took shape in the late 12th century but was transformed to the current layout during 19th-century reconstructions. The Castle's history has been coloured by theological and artistic highlights rather than for military reasons. It was the home of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, the place where Martin Luther translated the New Testament of the Bible into German, and the site of the Wartburg festival of 1817.
Community Perspective: The impressive exterior stands out for its use of different styles and materials. A guided tour of the interior is worthwhile too, especially to see the ornate Festival Hall, the Ladies' Chamber and Martin Luther’s room. Brush up on your German because English and self-guided audio tours are not frequently available. |
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Reichenau |
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The Monastic Island of Reichenau developed around an influential Benedictine Abbey from the Early Middle Ages.
The island holds a group of medieval churches that retain elements of Carolingian, Ottonian, and Salian architecture. The Abbey housed a school, and a scriptorium and an artists' workshop. It reached its apex in the 10th and 11th centuries; with its monumental wall paintings and its production of lavishly illuminated manuscripts, it made a significant contribution to European art of that period.
Community Perspective: You actually have to go and look at three churches (St Mary and Marcus, St Peter and St Paul, and St George), that’s where the 10th-century murals are. St. George (the best) has very limited opening hours and needs a guided visit, so plan your visit accordingly. |
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire |
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The Frontiers of the Roman Empire comprise significant remains of the Limes Romanus, a border defense or delimiting system of Ancient Rome.
It includes the Upper German-Raetian Limes, Hadrian’s Wall, and Antonine Wall, all built in the 2nd century CE in the northwestern part of the Empire. The Romans constructed military installations (forts, barriers, watchtowers, ditches) and related civilian settlements, linked by roads, to separate their citizens from the “barbarians”.
Community Perspective: The Roman Fort of Saalburg is the most visited part of the German component. The remains of Hadrian’s Wall can be admired on a hike (Ian), by the AD 122 bus, or by some selective exploration (James). A part of the (less well-preserved) Antonine Wall has been covered by Jay and Allan. |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Lower German Limes |
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The Lower German Limes formed the north-eastern border of the Roman province Germania Inferior along the Rhine between the North Sea coast in the Netherlands and the Rhine south of Bonn where the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes starts.
They include the traces of military fortifications, roads, settlements, an aqueduct and canals, often now buried in wetland. The long linear frontier made the Roman army adapt to the use of smaller military installations instead of big operational bases. The frontier was far from impregnable and allowed for trade and cultural exchange.
Community Perspective: Most of the structures only have been preserved underground. Original remains are visible at the Archaeological Park Xanten (“Roman Disneyland”: “It's a bit strange to reconstruct a temple as a ruin, isn't it?”), the Haus Bürgel in Monheim, the Cologne Praetorium, and in Iversheim. In the Netherlands, you can visit some remains under the Dom Square in Utrecht. |
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Schwerin Residence Ensemble |
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The Schwerin Residence Ensemble represents a 19th-century grand ducal court in the style of romantic historicism. Schwerin's lake landscape provides the picturesque backdrop for the ensemble of palace, town and gardens. The Schwerin Castle is the heart of the property, but the ensemble also includes the Cathedral and the Schelf Church with the ducal tombs, the barracks, administrative and functional buildings such as the stables and the court laundry.
Community Perspective: Reviewers are torn between the "sometimes kitchy historism" and the pleasant lakeside setting. |
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ShUM Sites |
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The ShUM cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz refer to the cluster of three Jewish communities from the High Middle Ages: Shpira (Sh), Warmaisa (W=U), and Magenza (M).
They were centres of Jewish scholarship and of great importance for Ashkenazic Judaism, which developed here in the diaspora. The form of the synagogues, baths and cemeteries influenced Jewish architectural design, ritual buildings and burial culture across Western Europe, and their specific customs and legal principles are still effective for Orthodox Judaism today.
Community Perspective: The two parts where there is the most to see are the ‘Judenhof’ in Speyer – not to be missed there is its mikveh – and the ‘Heiliger Sand’ cemetery in Worms, which has survived WWII and holds very old Jewish tombstones. The latter is now open daily (except for Saturdays and Jewish holidays) without a guided tour. |
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Zollverein |
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The Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen represents the development of traditional heavy industries in Europe and the innovative architecture that was used.
Mining here started in the mid-19th century, along the major railway to Cologne. Its complete installations (including pits, coking plants, pit heaps and miner’s housing) have been preserved. Zollverein XII (shaft no. 12) from 1930 is especially noteworthy for its modernist architecture, where both functionality and aesthetic qualities counted.
Community Perspective: The site is very large and a guided tour is recommended. Many of the buildings nowadays are used for art exhibitions; the Red Dot Design Museum for example is worth looking inside. Hubert has provided an excellent overview of what’s to see. For an opposite view, read Solivagant’s ‘rant’. |
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Stralsund and Wismar |
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The Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar represent Hanseatic trading towns and influential examples of brick construction.
The two coastal cities were the leading centers of the Wendish section of the Hanseatic League from the 13th to the 15th centuries. Several churches and residential and commercial buildings were built in fired brick in the elaborate architectural style of Brick Gothic. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the cities were fortified and further developed under Swedish rule.
Community Perspective: The medieval townscape has been well-preserved in these two smallish cities. The main highlights of both are the gothic red-brick churches. |
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Upper Middle Rhine Valley |
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The Upper Middle Rhine Valley is a cultural landscape that has been formed by the transport of means and ideas for over 2,000 years.
This area between Bingen and Koblenz is covered in ruined medieval castles, historic towns and vineyards. The rocky Rhine Valley was already a major traffic route in Roman times. During the Middle Ages, many castles were built and their owners levied tolls in return for protection against robbers. The dramatic natural scenery combined with the castle ruins inspired the 19th-century Romantic movement in art.
Community Perspective: Ian enjoyed the southern half of the Valley around Bacharach, Els recommends Marksburg Castle, and Hubert describes what a boat tour here involves. |
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Town Hall and Roland, Bremen |
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The Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen represent the civic autonomy and market freedom during the Holy Roman Empire.
The Town Hall and statue of Roland are prominently placed on the market square of the Hanzestadt Bremen. Roland statues can be found in a number of German towns, they represent market rights and freedom. The Old Town Hall was built in 1409 in Gothic and was renovated in the 17th century in the Weser Renaissance style. It was specially designed to act as a Town Hall and was used until the early 20th century.
Community Perspective: Bremen overall comes out as quite pleasant (the Böttcherstrasse is recommended), but you wouldn’t go there only for its Town Hall (of a type common in the Low Lands) and heavily reconstructed Roland. Do take a guided tour of the interior of the Town Hall. |
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Muskauer Park |
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Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski is a 19th-century landscape park that has been influential in landscape architecture.
The founder of the park was Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau, who developed the park initially on the grounds of its estate and then extended it to reach the town of Bad Muskau. He incorporated human-made architectural elements into a network of vistas along with natural components.
Community Perspective: The park now lies on both sides of the German/Polish border at the river Neisse in a fairly remote location. It requires a lot of walking to see it all, so it’s better to rent a bike. The buildings (Old and New Castle) are not that impressive. Pückler was a very avid early traveller, and he even has his own connection! |
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Regensburg |
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The Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof has an almost intact late medieval city center with many Romanesque and Gothic buildings.
Regensburg was an important trading centre along the Danube from the 11th to the 14th centuries. Also, the Imperial Assemblies of the Holy Roman Empire were held here. Its roots lie in the Roman town of Castra Regina.
Community Perspective: The town has a fascinating history, but some find its current townscape dull while others are quite smitten with it. Have a look at its old tower houses, the Alte Kapelle or Romanesque Scottish Portal at St Jakob's church. And then there’s always beer and sausages. The Stadtamhof in the title is the name of a district on the opposite side of the river from the center. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Berlin Modernism Housing Estates |
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The Berlin Modernism Housing Estates represent low-income housing architecture from the early 20th century.
The six estates were urban and architectural innovations in search of improved housing and living conditions. The prominent architects Bruno Taut, Martin Wagner and Walter Gropius contributed to these projects, which also included garden design.
Community Perspective: Ian has perfectly described the mixed emotions this site evokes. Hubert visited all 6 components in one day on public transport. The Hufeisensiedlung may be the most exceptional; Elena has revealed a tip to view this like a resident. |
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Wadden Sea |
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The Wadden Sea is a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands, rich in biological diversity
The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal creeks and the transitional zones between the sea, the freshwater environment and the surrounding (is)lands. Its coastal wetlands are considered one of the most important areas for migratory birds in the world, with an average of 10-12 million passing through it each year.
Community Perspective: the site comprises 7 components and different national parks (the bigger islands mostly aren’t included). Reviews are available for places in the Netherlands (John, Clyde, Chris, Els), Germany (John, Ian, Michael, Nan) and Denmark (John). The ‘proper’ way of exploring the Wadden is via a mud hike like the ones Kbecq, Assif and Nan reported on. |
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Fagus Factory |
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The Fagus Factory in Alfeld, an operational factory producing shoe lasts, is an important example of early modern architecture.
The group of buildings was built in 1911 by the architect Walter Gropius. Light was required for work purposes: this led to an almost entirely glazed building, via the innovative use of "curtain walls" (vast glass panels). The functionalist approach was a major break with the existing architectural and decorative values of the time and it is considered the starting point of the Bauhaus movement.
Community Perspective: Access to the main factory buildings is possible only on weekends by guided tour (though Ian got some VIP access!) – on other days you have to make do with the interesting exhibition in the former storehouse and the outside views of the glass panels. |
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Prehistoric Pile Dwellings |
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The Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps are the remains of prehistoric agrarian lake shore communities.
Rising water levels since prehistory led to the abandonment of these stilt house settlements. Covered by lake and river sediments, organic materials such as wooden structures have been preserved. Archeological findings further include the oldest textiles discovered in Europe, dugout canoes and wooden wheels. About 30 different cultural groups were responsible for creating these pile dwellings.
Community Perspective: only at very few of the 111 locations can original remains be seen, at the others, you will be staring “intently at the water trying to spot the merest hint of some buried rotten wood”. Molina di Ledro and Fiave in Italy are your best bets. Solivagant contemplates what a visit to the Pile Dwellings entails, and Hubert has visited multiple locations. |
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Margravial Opera House |
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The Margravial Opera House Bayreuth is an 18th-century Court Opera House that is considered a masterwork of Baroque theatre architecture.
It is the sole surviving example of a Court Opera House in the world, and its layout, design and materials have been preserved mostly unchanged. As it is located in a public urban space instead of within the walls of a private residence, the Margravial Opera House can be seen as a precursor to the later great public opera houses.
Community Perspective: It’s the site that closed its doors almost right after becoming a WHS! Its interior has been inaccessible between 2012 and 2018, and you really needn’t go there for the exterior. Hubert was the first one to review it after the reopening and described the visitor experience. |
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Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe |
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Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe is a monumental Baroque and Romantic garden landscape renowned for its monumental water structures.
The dramatic water displays were laid out by Landgrave Carl of Hesse-Kassel in 1689 to display his power as an absolute ruler. He derived his ideas from Italian, French and English examples of garden art. Water descends from the Giant statue of Hercules, passing a water-wheel-powered organ, various fountains, waterfalls, basins and grottoes.
Community Perspective: Be sure to visit on a “Fountain Day” – the waterworks are only on display on Wednesday and Sunday. It’s quite a hike (5km) to get to the Hercules at the top of the hill, so park near the top if you want to save some energy. Els spent a full day at the site and her review gives an idea of what there is to see and do. |
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Corvey |
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The Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey comprise an early medieval Christian monastic complex.
The monastery has the oldest surviving example of a Westwerk, a massive, tower-like western front typical of Carolingian churches. It holds a rare cycle of mural paintings depicting classic mythological subjects applied to a religious building.
Community Perspective: Be aware that only the Westwerk is inscribed – this is just part of the current monastic complex; you may see all other visitors heading for the ‘Schloss’ but as a WH Traveller you need to go around the corner. The interior is only accessible from April – October and joining a tour is recommended. Els has elaborated somewhat on what a 'Westwerk' actually is. |
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Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District |
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The Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus represent the warehouse-office district of the port city of Hamburg.
The warehouses and offices, together with their connecting network of streets, canals and bridges, date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The iconic Chilehaus, a ten-story office building, is an exceptional example of the 1920s Modernist architecture (in the Brick Expressionism style) that defines this district.
Community Perspective: Nan has provided a local perspective, while Assif shares some insights on its architectural history. The Chilehaus is considered the area’s highlight. |
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Moravian Church Settlements |
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The Moravian Church Settlements are townscapes that resulted from planned idealized Protestant colonies.
From the German village of Herrnhut, the first Moravian missions were directed to northern Europe and Christiansfeld in Denmark is the best-preserved example of such settlements. New Moravian congregations were subsequently established in continental Europe, Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Gracehill), and North America (Bethlehem).
Community Perspective: In Christiansfeld there is a heritage trail with 27 locations that you can follow around town, but it still covers two streets only. Caspar stayed overnight and Jay compares Christiansfeld with a visit to Moravian Bethlehem and Solivagant has covered Gracehill and Matejicek Herrnhut. |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
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Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge |
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Erzgebirge / Krušnohoří Mining Region comprises a mining landscape that has been used from the Middle Ages onwards.
These Saxon-Bohemian Ore Mountains were mined over centuries for the metals silver, tin, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper and lead; but anthracite and uranium were also extracted into the 20th century. They have produced technological and scientific innovations, such as the introduction of early modern monetary systems and the founding of the first mining high school. Its miners spread their knowledge across the world by means of emigration.
Community Perspective: This site is hard to grasp as there are so many elements. You need to see a few of them, which is much easier when you have a car. Overall the ones in Czechia seem to be the most authentic: Jachymov and the traces of tin mining in Abretamy-Horní Blatná-Boží Dar are recommended among others. Mohboh made it to the uranium ore plant Red Tower of Death. |
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Caves and Ice Age Art |
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The Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura comprise archaeological sites from the Aurignacian period where stone tools, figurative art and early musical instruments have been found.
These six caves in the Ach Valley and along the Lone River have produced evidence of the presence of modern humans who arrived in Europe some 43,000 years ago. The discovered objects were carved from various materials, including mammoth ivory. They include the figurines of the ‘Venus of Hohle Fels’ and the ‘Lion Man’.
Community Perspective: The findings were amazing, but unfortunately they are moveable and have been shipped to museums long ago. A visit won’t be complete without a visit to one of those – the Urgeschichtliches Museum in Blaubeuren is recommended. Among the actual caves, Hohle Fels is the most impressive; Hubert gives a good overview of them all. Nan has described how to get around the area on public transport and Clyde provided an itinerary by car. |
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Naumburg Cathedral |
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The Naumburg Cathedral contains artistic masterpieces of a medieval sculptor and his workshop, known as ‘the Naumburg Master’.
The 13th-century Cathedral shows a combination of architecture, sculptures and painted glass windows. It’s especially renowned for its lifesize polychrome sculptures of the twelve cathedral founders, all created by the Naumburg Master.
Community Perspective: Its scope has been severely limited on the road to the inscription (this was an especially painful one as after 3 times ICOMOS effectively gave up), until only the Cathedral remained. Overall, the reviewers find it worth visiting; it’s a niche site that has been ‘hidden’ for too long in the countryside of the GDR. |
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Hedeby and Danevirke |
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The Archaeological Border Complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke comprises the archeological site of a medieval trading network that existed between Western and Northern Europe.
The Danevirke was a 33km long fortified wall that marked the border between the emerging Danish kingdom and the Frankish Empire. Hedeby was a market town that expanded due to the growing economic power of the Danish Vikings.
Community Perspective: the Viking Museum at Haithabu provides the most comprehensive overview, although its structures are mostly reconstructions as not much of the originals are left beyond the earthworks. Nan provides a local perspective, and Clyde describes a full visit including the Dannewerk museum. |
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Danube Limes |
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Western Segment) comprises the remains of the Roman border along the Danube River.
This 600km stretch of military installations was linked by a military road parallel to the river. The Pannonian fleet patrolled the river. A series of legionary fortresses, with thousands of soldiers each, formed its backbone. Civilian towns developed around them, and their Roman citizens introduced Roman culture (such as baths, shrines and an amphitheatre) to their surroundings.
Community Perspective: among its 75 locations, the most accessible ones are Vindobona in the center of Vienna and Porta Praetoria in Regensburg. Hubert provides a comprehensive overview of locations with visible remains in Germany, Austria and Slovakia. |
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Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt |
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Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt represents the architectural and artistical transition from Art Noveau to Modernism.
Founded by the Grand Duke of Hesse, Mathildenhöhe evolved as a semi-utopian community with innovative artists’ houses and studio buildings (1899-1914). The cityscape was further embellished via four pioneering international building exhibitions, and their permanent buildings have resulted in a “Gesamtkunstwerk”.
Community Perspective: This occupies a relatively small area within Darmstadt. Visit the Museum “Künstlerkolonie”, the best introduction to the works of interior decoration of this group of artists and about the only place you can enter except for the Wedding Tower. |
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Jewish-Medieval heritage of Erfurt |
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The Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt comprises three medieval Jewish buildings from the heydays of Jewish life in Central Europe.
The Old Synagogue, the Mikveh and the Stone House were embedded within the architecture of their Christian surroundings. The authentically preserved buildings are among the rare remaining examples from this period before the pogroms of the 14th century started.
Community Perspective: the synagogue has now opened as a museum and includes the display of the "Erfurt treasure". The mikveh can be visited by guided tour only (Saturday) and the (difficult to identify) stone house is closed to visitors. |
Ghana |
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Forts and Castles Gold Coast |
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"Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions" comprises the remains of trading posts along the Gold Coast from the colonial period, which shaped the world’s history for centuries.
These Western-style fortifications and outposts (mostly Portuguese, Dutch and British) were constructed to support the trade in gold and later slaves. The most notable is Elmina Castle, one of the oldest European buildings outside Europe, built in 1482.
Community Perspective: Elmina Castle and Cape Coast Castle are the most visited components and are in good condition. Chris managed to take in 11 castles on a road trip, and Richard dwells upon the fate of the slaves held captive here. |
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Asante Traditional Buildings |
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The Asante Traditional Buildings are the only surviving examples of traditional Asante architecture.
They are shrines/fetish houses decorated with symbolic bas-reliefs. The buildings traditionally have steep thatched roofs on top of a timber framework filled up with clay. Each building consists of four rooms around a quadrangular courtyard. Some of the enlisted buildings still have priests, some don't.
Community Perspective: it has taken a lot of research to find out which buildings are part of this WHS as it lacks an official map; the opinion at the moment is that there are 10 of them, but not all coordinates and names are known. Els and Solivagant both visited Besease shrine, the easiest to reach from Kumasi. Jarek additionally covered Aduko Jachie and Kentikrono in his review. |
Greece |
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Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae |
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The Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae comprises the remains of a rural temple with outstanding architectural features.
The classical Greek columned temple was built from 420 to 400 BCE and was dedicated to the god of healing. It survived largely intact. Its originality lies in the use of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian elements, including the earliest surviving Corinthian column capital. A 31-meter-long frieze (now in the British Museum) covered the interior on all four sides.
Community Perspective: The temple has been covered by some kind of tent since 1987, which “both help and hinder your ability to appreciate it” as explained by Michael. Solivagant shines a light on its Architectural significance. Those on public transport will need a taxi ride from the closest town, Andritsaina. |
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Archaeological Site of Delphi |
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The Archaeological Site of Delphi comprises the remains of a sanctuary in a magnificent natural setting that was the "navel of the universe" and had a huge impact on the ancient world.
Delphi reached its height in the 4th century BCE, when large numbers of pilgrims came to ask advice of its oracle who was believed to be Apollo's mouthpiece. In return, the pilgrims from all across Greece and abroad brought votive gifts to the temple. Delphi’s Theatre and Stadium, where the Pythian Games took place every four years, were also important attractions.
Community Perspective: "Its remaining monuments don´t quite reflect its extreme significance in ancient Greece" - Squiffy thinks it could have done with more reconstruction, while Astraftis begs to differ. Don't miss the theatre and the stadium high above the photogenic Temple of Apollo, and the museum is recommended too. The site can be reached by bus from Athens, but it is better to stay overnight nearby. |
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Acropolis |
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The Acropolis, Athens holds a group of monuments that have been influential from Antiquity to Neo-Classicism.
The striking complex of monuments is situated on a hill that dominates Athens. Starting as a fortress, it gradually became a cult site for the city goddess Athena. A building programme in the 5th century BCE resulted in the architectural masterpieces of the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Temple of Athena Nike and the Erechtheion.
Community Perspective: Classical Greece at its best. The lower slopes and the New Acropolis Museum are outside the core zone, but well worth additions to a visit. |
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Mount Athos |
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Mount Athos is a holy mountain that has been the spiritual centre of the Orthodox world since 1054.
The forest-clad slopes of Mount Athos lie on a peninsula in the Aegean Sea. This self-administered area, which is forbidden to women and children, includes 20 monasteries that have been influential on religious architecture and iconographic painting. Mount Athos is also home to 12 "sketes", communities of Christian hermits.
Community Perspective: Several male community members have succeeded in entering: Solivagant (in 1965!), Bojan (a Serbian perspective), Tsunami (at Orthodox Easter), Nan (has well-described the practicalities involved), Alexander (comes with some warnings). For the females, only a sightseeing boat trip is available as detailed by Els. |
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Meteora |
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Meteora comprises a landscape filled with monasteries built on high rock pillars.
The monasteries were founded in the 14th and 15th centuries as an expression of life in solitude and offered protection in times of political instability. Some hold fine post-Byzantine frescoes. The iconic sandstone rock pillars were created about 60 million years ago by the effects of rivers and earthquakes.
Community Perspective: Set in a stunning landscape, some of the monasteries can only be reached on foot via many steps. They all close on certain days of the week and may have a long lunch break (see the schedule in Daniel’s review). Els has described how to visit on public transport and solved the mystery of the 7th monastery. |
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Thessalonika |
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The Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika comprise a series of mostly religious monuments known for their mosaics and distinct architectural typology.
Thessalonika was the Byzantine Empire's second city (to Constantinople) and an important artistic centre. These monuments were constructed from the 4th to the 15th century. They contain masterpieces from Early Christian art (such as the mosaics in the Rotunda), as well as subsequent periods, culminating in the churches of the late Byzantine Period.
Community Perspective: Thessaloniki is a convenient hub to explore the WHS of northern Greece. Allow one day in the city itself to check out the 15 components, and be aware that some have very limited opening hours. Assif has provided a good summary, while Hubert additionally recommends the Museum of Byzantine Culture. |
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Epidaurus |
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The Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus is renowned for its influential healing cult and Hellenic architecture, especially its Theatre.
From the 4th century BCE, Epidaurus became widely known as a sanctuary to Asclepius, the God of Medicine. There were temples, baths and a hospital here, and people from as far as Rome came to be healed. The Theatre of Epidaurus is an architectural masterpiece because of the perfection of its proportions and acoustics.
Community Perspective: There is not much to see of the original buildings from the place of healing, but the theater with a seating capacity of 14,000 is a highlight. Tsunami was able to attend a performance in the theater at night. |
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Rhodes |
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The Medieval City of Rhodes, built by the Christian military order Knights Hospitalers, is a historic town in the eastern Mediterranean.
The fortified city center is located within a 4km long wall. It has numerous fine Frankish (Gothic) and Ottoman buildings. The high town is where the buildings from the Knights remain, such as the Grand Masters' Palace and the inns. In the lower town, built when the city was expanding, Byzantine and Islamic monuments can be found.
Community Perspective: Usually “stuffed with visitors from cruise ships and the nearby party destinations”, the site best is explored off-season. The Palace of the Grand Master and the Street of the Knights are the highlights from the period of the Knights. |
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Mystras |
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The Archaeological Site of Mystras is a relict townscape from the late medieval period.
Mystras was created as a castle, but the inhabitants of nearby Sparta fled to this safe place and developed it into a city. At the end of the 14th century, Mystras was the centre of Byzantine power in the Peloponnesus, became a bishopric and gained numerous monasteries and churches. The remains of palaces, mansions and urban residences also demonstrate its former importance and wealth.
Community Perspective: Walk its cobbled streets and “beautiful frescos and excellent Byzantine architecture will make your day”. |
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Olympia |
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The Archaeological Site of Olympia holds several masterpieces from the Ancient Greek world and was the site of the original Olympic Games.
Already in the 10th century BCE, Olympia became a center of worship of Zeus. It flourished until 426 CE and was adorned with many great pieces of art (mostly sculptures such as the giant Olympia Zeus) and architecture. Olympia now is mainly remembered for the games that were held here every 4 years, which got their Pan-Hellenic character in 776 BCE. A stadium, hippodrome and associated training structures remain.
Community Perspective: The stadium and the museum are the parts not to be missed. |
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Delos |
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Delos is a small island that holds the archaeological site of one of the greatest Hellenistic sanctuaries.
The island was considered sacred in ancient Greek culture as it was the mythological birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. The feast of the Delians, which was celebrated every four years, was one of the major events in the Greek world. Later Delos began to prosper as a cosmopolitan Mediterranean port, which can be seen in the rich public and residential buildings at the site.
Community Perspective: Delos can easily be reached by one of the daily ferries from Mykonos. It’s a vast and unshaded site. The green walking trail (to the upper area with the foreign-influenced buildings) and the museum are recommended. |
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Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios |
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The Monasteries of Daphni, Hossios Luckas and Nea Moni of Chios are masterpieces of the second golden age of Byzantine art.
The three geographically distant monasteries date from the 11th and 12th centuries. They have the same typology and aesthetic features, with a large dome and marble and mosaic decorations on a gold background.
Community Perspective: most people visited Daphni as it is conveniently close to Athens, although a visit never was satisfying as it has been under construction for ages - the first review after fully reopening is from Bergecn. Hosios Loukas (near Delphi) has been covered by Ilya, Clyde and David, while John and Tsunami reported on Nea Moni on the island of Chios. |
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Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos |
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Pythagoreion and the Heraion of Samos hold the remains of two influential classical architectural structures.
Pythagoreion was an ancient fortified port with Greek and Roman monuments. In it lies the Tunnel of Eupalinos, 1,036 m in length and built in the 6th century BCE, excavated from both ends with a methodical approach in doing so. The Heraion of Samos was an 8th-century BCE sanctuary, the first of the gigantic Ionic temples, and after its destruction by an earthquake an even larger one was built with the largest known floor plan of any Greek temple.
Community Perspective: Pythagoreio (yes, named after the mathematician) is a town of scattered remains, but hiking in the area is pleasant and you can do so between the Heraion and the Tunnel. Els has described a visit to the interior of the Tunnel. |
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Archaeological Site of Aigai |
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The Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina) holds the remains of Macedonia's first capital, Aegae.
It was the seat of the royal family of Philip II and Alexander the Great. Aegae flourished chiefly in the second half of the 4th century BCE. From this period, the palace, theatre and the necropolis remain. The royal tombs, with burials spanning a longer period, were decorated with wall paintings and held rich grave goods.
Community Perspective: The focus of the site is the great museum that is cut into Philip´s tumulus. The palace area has been closed for restoration for ages and stays unreviewed. Hubert has provided the most up-to-date info (September 2023). |
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Mycenae and Tiryns |
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The Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns comprise the remains of the two greatest cities of the Mycenaean civilisation.
Between 1600 and 1200 BCE, the Mycenean kingdom was the most powerful in Greece. It served as an inspiration for the Homeric epics and tablets written with the earliest examples of the Greek language, linear B, have been found here. Among the remaining monuments are the massive defensive walls of both cities and the Lions Gate.
Community Perspective: Mycenae’s highlights include the Lions Gate and its on-site museum, while at the less-crowded Tiryns mostly the walls remain. |
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Island of Patmos |
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The Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint John "the Theologian" and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos represent a traditional Greek Orthodox pilgrimage centre.
The Cave of the Apocalypse is venerated by both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox as the place where St. John the Apostle had his visions around 95 CE. A fortified monastery dedicated to him was added in 1088. The associated settlement of Chorá dates from late medieval times and includes mostly 17th-century small churches and residential houses.
Community Perspective: Patmos Island is reachable by ferries from Rhodes, Mykonos and Samos, and a bus awaits for the uphill transfer to Chora. The sites can even be covered on a day trip, but when you stay overnight you can enjoy the rest of this pretty island. |
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Corfu |
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The Old Town of Corfu is noted for its defence system dating from the Venetian period.
The Venetians built two fortresses, the Old and the New Fortress, to withstand the Ottoman army. The British demolished most of them in the 19th century, during the period when Corfu was a British protectorate, but the overall form of the fortifications has been retained. The town also has preserved its remarkable British Neoclassical housing of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Community Perspective: The imposing New Fortress lies on a hill and provides panoramic views over the city, while the Old Fortress seems to be in better shape and has some Venetian traces and a lot of British Neoclassical buildings including the Anglican Church of St. George. Hubert has described the approach from Ioannina. |
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Archaeological site of Philippi |
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The Archaeological Site of Philippi comprises the ruins of a city that saw its heyday in Roman and Early Christian times.
Philippi was founded in 356 BCE by the Macedon King Phillip II on a strategic location on the east-west route through his empire (later this became the Via Egnatia). When it became a Roman colony, the Hellenistic city was transformed by adding Roman public buildings. The city later became a Christian pilgrimage site, because it had been visited by the Apostle Paul around 49 or 50 CE, and was extended with Early Christian architecture such as the Basilica.
Community Perspective: With its Roman and Christian roots it differs greatly from other Greek WHS from Antiquity – although it needs “a lot of faith and/or imagination to breathe life into its dead stones”. The site can be visited as a day trip from Thessaloniki (take a bus to Krinides), and expect to spend around 2 hours at the site. |
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Zagori Cultural Landscape |
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Zagori Cultural Landscape covers an agro-pastoral landscape with numerous traditional villages.
It lies in Epirus, a mountain region in north-western Greece near the Albanian border. Most of the villages were founded in the 15th century and are examples of vernacular stone architecture adapted to the conditions of a mountain region. Besides buildings like schools and churches in the villages, they include stone bridges, stone paths, and stone staircases.
Community Perspective: best to be explored over 2 to 3 days by rental car and on foot, with the target to see Gorges, Bridges and Villages. |
Guatemala |
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Tikal National Park |
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Tikal National Park comprises the remains of a major center of the Maya civilization, located within a forest that is rich in animal and plant diversity.
Tikal was one of the most important political, economic and military centres of the Ancient Maya, who reigned over large parts of the region during its heydays between 200 and 900. The site shows different stages of their evolution, resulting in monumental structures such as pyramids, temples, ball courts, stone stelae, water reservoirs and a network of causeways (sacbe). Animals include jaguar, puma, tapir, howler monkeys, anteaters, crocodiles, and more than 300 bird species.
Community Perspective: "You get it all at Tikal": the main ruins are spectacular and its rainforest environment is still intact. Allow at least 2 days. It is also directly accessible by public transport. |
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Antigua Guatemala |
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Antigua Guatemala is a Spanish-colonial urban landscape filled with baroque architecture.
Antigua was the capital of the Spanish colonial government in Central America. The catholic church played an important role in daily life, which resulted in numerous churches, monasteries and examples of religious imagery. The 16th-century basic grid town plan has been preserved. The baroque building style was adapted to better withstand earthquakes.
Community Perspective: Unequalled among the colonial towns in Central America, beautifully preserved, and in its tourist approach geared towards a boutiquey international lifestyle. Els gives an overview of the main sights. |
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Quirigua |
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The Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua comprise an ancient Maya site renowned for its outstanding carved stone stelae.
The monuments centered around the Great Plaza are remarkable for their complexity and the artistic skill shown in the sculptures. Their hieroglyphic texts and sculpted calendars are an essential source for the study of Mayan history and culture. Quirigua in the 8th century was an administrative center and monuments were erected marking the end of five-year periods.
Community Perspective: a small site, but the stelae and sculptures are in exquisite condition. The surroundings with numerous birds and working banana plantations are pleasant as well. |
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Tak'alik Ab'aj |
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The National Archaeological Park Tak’alik Ab’aj comprises remains that show the transition from the Olmec to the Early Mayan culture.
Tak’alik Ab’aj flourished from the 9th century BCE through to at least the 10th century CE as an important centre of commerce. The site comprises four groups of in total some 240 monuments, including ball courts, hydraulic systems, petroglyphs, a royal tomb, Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions and what is possibly an Olmec colossal head. It is renowned for the diversity of styles of sculptures from different cultures that congregated there.
Community Perspective: it needs a significant detour from the standard Guatemalan itinerary and the site lacks decent signposting to what can be found where. The ruins are mostly overgrown, but provide a worthwhile insight into this ancient city. |
Guinea |
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Mount Nimba |
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Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve comprises montane forests with a high number of endemic plant and animal species.
These species include multiple types of duikers, big cats, civets, and several types of viviparous toads. It also has a population of chimpanzees using stones as tools. The Nature Reserve consists of high-altitude grassland, plains savannah and primary forest including rain forest. Its diversity is supported by the occurrence of a variety of microclimates.
Community Perspective: Iain visited the Guinean part in 1995 and witnessed a landscape with “a number of tumbling sparkling rivers and waterfalls, several natural bridges and possibly the biggest bamboo I've ever seen”. |
Haiti |
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National History Park |
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National History Park - Citadel, Sans-Souci, Ramiers comprises an immense fortress and a palace that symbolize Haïti’s independence and the end of slavery.
The massive stone structure was built by up to 20,000 workers between 1805 and 1820 as part of a system of fortifications designed to keep the newly-independent nation of Haiti safe from French incursions. The Sans-Souci Palace, which stands at the foot of the road to the Citadel, was the residence of King Henri Christophe, a key leader during the Haitian slave rebellion.
Community Perspective: reviewers recall adventures from the past while describing a visit to this site, though even after Haïti became less and less safe, it still could be fairly easily visited from the Dominican Republic. Jacob has provided the most recent insights, reaching it by using a flight between Fort Lauderdale and Cap Haitien. |
Holy See |
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Vatican City |
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Vatican City is an important site in the history of Christianity that is also known for its Renaissance and Baroque artistic creations.
Since the foundation of Saint Peter’s Basilica by Constantine (4th century), the Vatican has been a main pilgrimage center and later became the permanent seat of the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church. It holds many important examples of sacred architecture and art created since the 16th century, including the Sistine Chapel.
Community Perspective: Even if you are not Christian or not a believer, you can´t fail to be impressed by these monuments. The best attractions are the Vatican Museums (where the Sistine Chapel also can be found) and the Dome of St. Peter's Basilica. Both are always crowded, so pre-book what you can. |
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Rome |
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The Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura comprise major monuments of Roman Antiquity and the Christian faith.
An extraordinary number of monumental remains of Ancient Rome have been preserved here and have always been visible in its streets. Christian Rome was built on top of that, adding Renaissance and Baroque monuments that were created by some of the most renowned artists of all time. Its influence around the world has been both secular (eg. in law, and language) and religious (eg. the goal of pilgrimages, and the presence of the Pope).
Community Perspective: No city “comes close to Rome in terms of history, culture, architecture, and influence on the rest of the world”. It needs several visits of multiple days, also over time as they keep on discovering and opening up things to the public. |
Honduras |
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Copán |
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The Maya Site of Copán is renowned for the number and artistic quality of its remaining stelae, sculptures, and altars from the Classic Maya Period.
Copán was a political, civil, and religious centre for the southeast of the Maya area. The main complex consists of the Acropolis and five plazas, with ball courts, temples, and altar complexes. The highlight is the inscription on the Hieroglyphic Stairway, the longest known Maya hieroglyphic text which describes the most important rulers in the dynastic history of the site.
Community Perspective: though not as huge as Tikal, the site is worth a couple of hours. Unfortunately, two or three of the most beautiful stelae and sacrificial altars are represented by reproductions, the originals having been moved to the nearby museum. It is easily accessible both from the Guatemala border or by staying overnight in the town of Copan Ruinas. They have a system of separate fees for all the components, which makes it one of the more expensive Mayan WHS to see. Also, be aware of days when it is closed for maintenance, Frederic even had to resort to a clandestine tour on one of those. |
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Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve |
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The Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve encompasses both mountainous and lowland tropical rainforest, as well as savannahs and coastal plains, full of diverse wildlife and plants.
The river basin holds spectacular lagoons, namely Laguna Brus and Laguna Ibans, many rivers and waterfalls. Endangered mammals like the critically endangered Mexican Spider Monkey, the Giant Anteater, Ocelot and Jaguar can be found in this Reserve, as well as an impressive 411 documented species of birds.
Community Perspective: the few reviewers that have visited it praise the amazing wildlife and the indigenous culture. The truly adventurous have reported on a full descent of the river from the headwaters to the coast. |
Hungary |
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Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs |
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The Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) shows distinctive architecture and impressive murals depicting Christian themes.
These funerary monuments date from the Late Roman Empire when Pécs (then named Sopianae) was an important city in the Roman province of Pannonia. Among them are burial chambers, chapels and a mausoleum. Typical for the site is the two-storey building, with an above-ground chapel and a subterranean burial chamber. Some of these include murals.
Community Perspective: Pecs is a worthwhile destination in itself, and one can easily spend an hour or two checking out these Early Christian monuments. The main site, Cella Septichora, has a visitor center (which, like the underground mausoleum, is closed on Mondays). |
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Budapest |
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Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue, holds a number of influential constructions from the Middle Ages to the late 19th century.
The capital city of the former Kingdom of Hungary and the Austro-Hungarian Empire absorbed a series of European artistic, architectural and technological influences. This can be seen in the medieval Buda Castle, the Parliament at the Banks of the Danube and Andrássy Avenue with the Underground Railway.
Community Perspective: Budapest has so much to offer that you can easily spend several days here. Highlights named by reviewers include the setting at the Danube, the Cathedral of St Stevens, Gellert Bath, Rudas Bath, Liszt Music Academy, and St Matthew Church. |
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Hollókö |
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The Old Village of Hollókö and its surroundings is a living example of rural life before the agricultural revolution of the 20th century.
Hollókö is a Palóc ethnographic village, an ethnic minority group in north-east Hungary. The village developed mainly during the 18th and 19th centuries and has preserved its half-timbered architecture. The surroundings include strip-field farming, orchards, vineyards, meadows and woods.
Community Perspective: Solivagant’s review of a visit in 1986 still gives a glimpse of the site’s communist era. Then and now it is much geared toward receiving tourists and it’s almost a museum village. Stanislaw has explained how to visit on public transport. |
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Hortobágy |
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Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta is the biggest grassland that remains in Central Europe.
Hortobágy sustains a pastoral society with cattle, sheep, oxen, and horses, tended by herdsmen. The landscape features numerous manmade structures such as Early Bronze Age burial mounds, tells that mark the sites of ancient settlements, bridges, and csárdas (inns).
Community Perspective: “It evokes flatness and dullness and general boredom”, according to Nan quoting a German proverb. Large parts of the WHS are protected and can officially only be visited with a special permit (although this doesn’t seem to be frequently checked). Hubert and Clyde have pointed out some things (birds) to see in the areas that you can explore on your own. Tiszacsege fish csarda is recommended for an authentic lunch. |
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Aggtelek and Slovak Karst |
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The Caves of the Aggtelek and Slovak Karst comprise a karst cave system with a high concentration of caves and a great variety of cave types.
About 1,000 caves have been discovered in this relatively small, transboundary area. They show karst formation during both tropical and glacial climates. Over 500 troglobiont animal species can be found in its underground systems. The caves include the Silica Ice Cave and Dobšinská Ice Cave.
Community Perspective: Opinions on this site vary strongly among the reviewers. Only a couple among the 1,000 caves are open as ‘show caves’ and it is necessary to visit one of the ‘special’ caves to appreciate the site more. Hubert recommends the Ochtinská Aragonite Cave, while Martina also highlights Domica Cave with its underground river and Dobsinska ice cave. Matejicek has described the features above ground. Some of the caves (notably Dobsinska) charge high camera fees. |
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Pannonhalma |
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The Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment was the first Hungarian Christian monastery and has been influential in the spread of Christianity over Central Europe.
Built on the Sacred Hill of Pannonia, the monastery was founded in 996 when Hungary was primarily a pagan culture. It's an example of an early Christian monastery that still is in use by Benedictine monks. The complex also holds educational buildings, a forest and botanical and herbal gardens.
Community Perspective: The highlight here, in addition to the impressive natural setting, is the 19th-century classicist library. The site usually swarms with tourists. You can move around at your own pace using an audio guide. |
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Fertö/Neusiedlersee |
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The Fertö/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape is the result of the symbiotic process of human interaction with the westernmost steppe lake in Eurasia.
For eight millennia the lake, its reed belt and its surroundings have been used for stock raising and viticulture, starting with people of the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture. In medieval times, a network of settlements developed with an inner and outer ring around the lake.
Community Perspective: It’s a prime birdwatching area and the lake is used for all kinds of recreational activities, but this is a cultural WHS only (see Els’ review of how that happened) so you have to make do with the charming little town of Rust and the Esterhazy Palace in Fertöd. Hubert recommends doing a bicycle tour and Clyde a ‘self-drive’ boat. |
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Tokaji Wine Region |
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The Tokaji Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape represents a distinct viticultural tradition that has existed for at least a thousand years.
The region is the origin of Tokaji aszú wine, the world's oldest botrytized wine. It consists of 28 named villages and 7,000 hectares of classified vineyards. It’s also characterized by a network of wine cellars carved by hand into mostly volcanic rocks.
Community Perspective: It’s hard to find anything exceptional here. You can go wine tasting at the Rákóczi cellar in Tokaj or visit the 'World Heritage Wine Museum' in the same town. Clyde discovered the peculiarly shaped Tokaji wine cellars in Hercegkut which resemble hobbit holes. |
Iceland |
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Vatnajökull National Park |
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Vatnajökull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice is a natural landscape with a wide variety of tectonic, volcanic and glaciovolcanic features.
The Vatnajökull ice cap is the second-largest in Europe and a major glacial research location on climate change. It is situated on large and active tectonic rift systems, and in an area rich in volcanic features. These aspects all uniquely interplay.
Community Perspective: this is a huge park and most of it is pure wilderness. The most accessible areas from the Ring Road include Jokulsarlon ice lake and Skaftafell (here ice tongues from the glacier can be seen from very close). More adventurous options include expensive snowmobile tours from Jöklasel, a 2-3 hour detour to Jökulsargljufur National Park, and a 4x4 drive to the Laki area. |
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Thingvellir |
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Thingvellir National Park is a Norse/Germanic archaeological site containing the remains of the place where the Alþing met in the Middle Ages.
Once a year, residents from all over Iceland gathered here in the open air for two weeks to make judicial and administrative decisions. The site continues to have an iconic status for the national Icelandic identity. It is located in an impressive natural volcanic setting, and on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that separates the North American and Eurasian continents.
Community Perspective: although being one of the most geologically fascinating sites globally, it was only inscribed on cultural criteria. The relationship between the natural and cultural aspects of the site stays somewhat intangible. The site is easy to reach as it is part of the Golden Circle, but “don't do one of the tour bus trips from Reykjavik. Renting a car and allowing yourself a full day here is worth it”. |
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Surtsey |
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Surtsey is a recently born volcanic island, that provides a unique scientific record of the process of colonisation of land by plants, animals and marine organisms.
It was formed in a volcanic eruption in the sea which reached the surface on 14 November 1963. The eruption may have started a few days earlier and lasted until 5 June 1967. Since then it has been a protected natural area (free from any human interference) and a pristine natural laboratory.
Community Perspective: A visit – always limited to the surrounding waters as the island is a no-go zone - will be expensive due to the isolated location and lack of demand from the general public. It can be done as part of a longer cruise (as described by Solivagant) or with a privately chartered boat from Heimaey in the Westman Islands (as first discovered by Michael, an approach that has been proven successful several times after). A sightseeing flight sometimes also is a possible alternative. You will see a relatively low island with cinder cones, loosely-arranged lava rocks and some vegetation. In the surrounding waters, you may see seals or even a pod of orcas. |
India |
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Khajuraho Group of Monuments |
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The Khajuraho Group of Monuments comprises Brahman and Jain temples with highly original architecture and decoration.
They date from around 1000 CE when the Chandella Dynasty ruled this area. Originally there were 85 temples, of which only 22 still exist. The surfaces of these sandstone temples are beautifully decorated with motifs and sculptures. These depict religious and social life in the time of the Chandellas. Some of the sculptures are remarkable because of their erotic displays.
Community Perspective: The temples are exquisite and very well-kept. |
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Taj Mahal |
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The Taj Mahal is an Indo-Islamic mausoleum with unique aesthetic qualities.
It was built in the 17th century as a tomb for the favourite wife of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The building in white marble shows perfect symmetry. Innovative also was its position at the end of the garden, giving perspective to the views of the monument, and the four free-standing minarets. Situated on the banks of the Yamuna River, the walled complex further includes two mosques and an imposing gateway.
Community Perspective: “some sites are so iconic, there seems to be nothing more one can add”. Nan however “felt a sort of emptiness creeping up”. |
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Fatehpur Sikri |
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Fatehpur Sikri comprises the remains of a city that has influenced the evolution of Mughal town planning.
This short-lived capital was planned as a dream city for the Mughals in the late 16th century. The city held administrative, residential, and religious buildings, showing a variety of Indo-Islamic styles. The buildings are made of red sandstone. Among its architectural highlights are the Jama Masjid and the Victory Gate Buland Darwaza.
Community Perspective: It’s an easy day trip from Agra. Bernard and Frederik have well-described what you may expect from a visit. |
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Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple |
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The Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana is a temple complex that shows the characteristics of the temple architecture of the late medieval Kakatiyan kingdom.
The temples, including the main Shiva temple, stand out for their carving technique of sculptures in gravite and dolerite stone. All sculptures express some kind of movement, which is associated with the dance customs in Kakatiyan culture. The use of “floating bricks” made the temples earthquake resistant.
Community Perspective: doable as a day trip from Hyderabad. The original nomination consisted of 3 Kakatiya temples, which is still reflected in Zoë’s review below, but only the Ramappa Temple in Palampet has been inscribed. |
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Keoladeo National Park |
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Keoladeo National Park comprises a wetland that is important for migratory waterfowl.
Located in the middle of the Central Asian migratory flyway, it is an important wintering place for birds from colder regions in the North, such as Siberia and China. 375 bird species have been recorded here; among them the rare Siberian crane, which is now considered extinct in the property. The wet areas in the park rely on water supply from a reservoir.
Community Perspective: birders love(d) it, but the more skeptical Nan notes that “the wetland that forms the national park is an artificial creation by the English to attract birds for... hunting”. Keoloadeo is accessible by bus from Agra. The park is best visited during the monsoon when the birds start nesting. |
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Agra Fort |
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Agra Fort is a highlight in Indo-Islamic Mughal art and architecture.
The fortress enclosed the imperial city of the Mughal rulers, who ruled from there until 1638. Entered by monumental gates, it holds a large number of palaces and two white marble mosques. The original complex was built by Emperor Akbar in red sandstone; major monuments executed in marble were added by Shah Jahan in the 17th century.
Community Perspective: It lies close to the Taj Mahal and is better visited first, as otherwise, it can only disappoint. Visit it for an insight into the lifestyle of the Mughal rulers. |
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Humayun's Tomb |
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Humayun's Tomb, Delhi is a monumental Mughal garden-tomb complex.
This dynastic mausoleum was built in 1570 for Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor of India, and now contains about 150 graves of ruling family members. It uses mainly red sandstone, with white and black marble inlays. It is a landmark in the development of Mughal architecture, as it introduced a Persian/Central Asian style Charbagh garden with pools joined by channels to the funerary monument.
Community Perspective: “The contrast between the city and the peaceful garden and the monument was truly stunning”. Carlo has also covered two of the 'lesser' tombs at the complex and provides some pointers for a longer visit than the usual 45 minutes. |
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Qutb Minar |
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Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi comprises a group of religious and funerary buildings that display the architectural and artistic achievements of early Islamic India.
The 13th-century complex includes the Quwwatu'l-Islam mosque, the earliest extant mosque in northern India, and the 72m high minaret Qutb Minar. The site also holds the Iron Pillar, built during the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE - a standing testimony to the metallurgical skill of ancient Indians.
Community Perspective: a serene, smallish site to visit in Delhi. Besides the main structures, the Tomb of Iltutmish is also recommended for its fine carvings. |
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Churches and Convents of Goa |
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The Churches and Convents of Goa are a group of Catholic religious buildings that have been influential in spreading both the faith and their Portuguese style of art and architecture around Asia.
They are located in Old Goa, which from 1565 was the capital of the Portuguese Indies. The seven monuments illustrate the work of missionaries in Asia. They also introduced Manueline, Mannerist, and Baroque art and architecture to Asia. The Basilica of Bom Jesus holds the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier, an influential early missionary across Asia (India, Japan, China), and is a site of pilgrimage.
Community Perspective: Due to a lack of available documentation (no AB evaluation, a scanned map), the scope of the site is somewhat confusing, but at least it covers the 7 named locations. What you’ll find is an archaeological site that can easily take up half a day to explore. |
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Pattadakal |
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The Group of Monuments at Pattadakal are temples and architectural models that show both Dravidian (South Indian) and Indo-Aryan (North Indian) styles of architecture, and a unique blend of these two.
They were commissioned by the Chalukya Dynasty who ruled part of South India, and Pattadakal was their ceremonial capital. The constructions mainly date from the 7th and 8th centuries. They include 9 Shiva Temples and 1 Jain Temple. Part of the site is still in use as an active centre of worship, mainly at the sacred bull Nandi which is made of black granite and fully intact.
Community Perspective: This is a fairly remote site and it is best to hire a car+driver from Hospet/Hampi for a day to get there. Overall, “a very interesting WHS but an extension with Aihole and Badami will really boost this site's OUV”. |
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Hampi |
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The Group of Monuments at Hampi represents the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara empire.
This South Indian Hindu kingdom existed here from 1336 til the city’s destruction in 1565. The extensive group of buildings in a spectacular natural setting shows the importance and wealth of the city; they include some 1600 surviving structures varying from forts to palaces. They are mostly constructed in the original native traditions of southern India. Some of them show a certain amount of Islamic influence due to interaction with Indo-Islamic kingdoms.
Community Perspective: these are the ruins of a complete city, and one can easily spend more than a day here. “What makes the site “special” is its location within a striking boulder-strewn landscape and a very relaxed uncrowded atmosphere.” |
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Ajanta Caves |
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The Ajanta Caves are rock-cut cave monuments that contain Buddhist religious paintings and sculptures.
The 30 caves are excavated out of a vertical cliff. They date from two stages: the Satavahana dynasty (2nd – 1st century BCE, with austere caves) and the Vakataka dynasty (5th to 6th century CE, with exquisite mural paintings). The complex consists of several viharas (monastic halls of residence) and chaitya-grihas (stupa monument halls)
Community Perspective: In the “competition” with nearby Ellora, Ajanta scores points on its beautiful setting in a horseshoe bend and the quality of the painted interiors (Ellora however does have better architecture and sculptures). Cave 1, the closest to the entrance/exit, is the most beautiful of the Ajanta Caves. |
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Ellora Caves |
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The Ellora Caves represent the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture.
The 35 "caves" - actually structures excavated out of the vertical hill face - comprise Buddhist, Hindu and Jain temples and monasteries. The 12 Buddhist (caves 1-12), 17 Hindu (caves 13-29) and 5 Jain caves (caves 30-34), built in proximity, demonstrate the religious harmony prevalent during this period of Indian history (6th-12th century CE). The Kailasa temple (cave 16) especially stands out as it is the world’s largest monolithic temple and is decorated with fine sculptures and paintings.
Community Perspective: In the “competition” with nearby Ajanta, Ellora scores points on its architectural engineering and sculptures (Ajanta however has a more beautiful setting and more painted interiors). It’s of the “worth a journey” category and the Kailasa temple could be a WHS on its own. |
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Elephanta Caves |
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The Elephanta Caves hold great examples of Indian rock-cut art and architecture.
The reliefs and sculptures in the caves have been dated between the 5th and 8th centuries. The Hindu caves are dedicated to the god Shiva. These were regular Hindu places of worship, and during the festival of Shiva continue to be so. The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock. All caves were painted in the past, but only traces remain.
Community Perspective: As it is easily accessible from Mumbai city centre on a 1hr boat ride from the Gateway of India, it’s a nice escape from the city. Cave 1 is the really impressive one. Ignore the scam guides. Frederik’s review is a good place to start as he shares his visiting experience and knowledge of Hinduism. |
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Sun Temple, Konarak |
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The Sun Temple, Konarak is a 13th-century Hindu temple complex in the form of a huge chariot.
The temple is representative of the Brahman Sun Cult (Surya), which was spread here from Kashmir. The entire complex was designed in the form of a huge chariot drawn by seven spirited horses on twelve pairs of exquisitely stone-carved wheels. The sculptural narrative provides insight into the life of the people in the (Eastern) Ganga empire.
Community Perspective: the intricate carvings are the highlight of the site. Overall, the temple complex is quite small and needs about an hour. Take a pair of binoculars (or a strong zoom camera) to see the decorations at the higher part of the temple. |
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Mahabalipuram |
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The Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram consists of temples and reliefs from the Pallava dynasty, known for their sculptures carved out of rock.
Mahabalipuram was a 6th-7th century seaport of the South Indian Pallavas and a major centre of the cult of Siva. The sculptures were hewn out of local granite. They fall into four different categories by mode of execution: rock-cut caves, monolithic temples hewn out of a large boulder, bas-reliefs in the open air, and structural temples. The bas-relief known as Arjuna’s Penance is considered to be a unique artistic achievement.
Community Perspective: An easy start to a trip to South India, as it is doable on a day trip from Chennai. The amount of “guides” and “photographers” can be a nuisance here. |
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Chola Temples |
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The Great Living Chola Temples represent the development of the architecture of the Chola Empire and the Tamil civilisation in Southern India.
These three granite temples are dedicated to Shiva and are living temples. The Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur is the earliest and most representative monument and has influenced the other two (the temples of Gangaikondacholapuram and Darasuram). Their layout differs from other South Indian temples because of their tall and elaborately sculptured Vimanas (sanctuaries), whereas elsewhere the gates are the highest points.
Community Perspective: Most visited the Big Temple in Thanjavur, whose Vimana is exuberant. There’s no entrance fee or limitations for non-Hindus. Only take your shoes off. |
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Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers |
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Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks cover mountain landscapes in the West Himalayas that are renowned for their diverse alpine flora.
The Nanda Devi is India's second-highest mountain, and its park holds a spectacular landscape of glaciers, moraines, and alpine meadows. The nearby Valley of Flowers has diverse flora and is known for its medicinal plants and a huge variety of butterflies. Mammals encountered in both parks include tahr, snow leopard, musk deer, serow, Himalayan and black bear.
Community Perspective: We're still awaiting a first full review. Nanda Devi NP is closed to tourism (and mountaineering), while the Valley of Flowers does see a decent number of visitors. Go and watch the flowers in full bloom in July-August. |
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Kaziranga National Park |
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Kaziranga National Park comprises wet alluvial grasslands that are home to the world's primary protection area of the Indian rhino.
The park’s ecosystem consists of tall elephant grass, marshland, shallow pools and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests, crisscrossed by four major rivers including the Brahmaputra. Two-thirds of the world's remaining Indian rhinos live in the park, and Kaziranga also has a high density of tigers and large breeding populations of elephants, water buffalo and swamp deer. It is an important area for migratory birds at the junction of the Australasia and Indo-Asian flyways.
Community Perspective: The park is well-developed for tourism and provides the best viewing of rhinos in Asia. The best time to visit is from December to April when temperatures are low. Solivagant was "lucky" to see both a tiger and the results of poaching. |
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Manas Wildlife Sanctuary |
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The Manas Wildlife Sanctuary in the Himalayan foothills is known for its tiger, elephant and rhino populations.
The sanctuary lies in a scenic landscape of rivers, forested hills and grasslands. The Manas River is a major tributary of the Brahmaputra and it constantly shapes the land. The site provides critical and viable habitats for rare and endangered species, including tiger, greater one-horned rhino, swamp deer, and pygmy hog. Some 500 species of birds have been recorded.
Community Perspective: Solivagant has described this site’s recent ill-fated history, while “back in the early 80’s, Manas was something of a jewel in India’s wildlife crown – a large viable unspoilt Terai forest ecosystem”. Nowadays you won’t see large numbers of animals, as Zoë says “It's almost like all the animals ran away up north”, and Kaziranga is “better”. |
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Sundarbans National Park |
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Sundarbans National Park protects the Indian part of the Sundarbans delta, the largest mangrove forest in the world.
The mangrove system is rich in both flora and fauna species. Tiger, spotted deer, dolphins, turtles and the king cobra are among its inhabitants. The area comprises both forests and wetlands, including tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands.
Community Perspective: Solivagant has described the ways to “visit” this site, although the core zone is strictly off-limits. |
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Sanchi |
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The Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi represent the remains of an ancient major Buddhist sanctuary.
The site is known for its sculptured decorative work in stone of high artistic quality, notably in Stupa no. 1 and 3. It also holds the enshrined remains of two chief disciples of Buddha, and therefore has stayed a place of pilgrimage. The site has ruins of about 50 monuments, among them are three large stupas, temples, a monastery and monolithic pillars.
Community Perspective: The main stupa at the hilltop is definitely the most eye-catching sight here. The site can be visited as a day trip from Bhopal, combined with the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka. The best time for photography is in the late afternoon. |
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Mountain Railways of India |
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The Mountain Railways of India are three fully operational railway tracks that are fine examples of 19th-century technology and the changes they brought with them.
These railways built during the British colonial period stimulated population movements between the plains and the mountains. Heavy and complex engineering, including multi-arch viaducts, tunnels, retaining walls, and a very large number of curves, was used in order to overcome the mountain conditions.
Community Perspective: “a great experience”, both for the landscapes and the use of the original railway equipment and infrastructure. The site includes the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (covered by Solivagant), the Nilgiri Mountain Railway (Els), and the Kalka-Shimla Railway (Jarek). |
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Jaipur City, Rajasthan |
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Jaipur City, Rajasthan, is a planned city combining ancient Hindu, Mughal and contemporary Western ideas.
It was designed in 1727 by Raja Jai Singh to fit a commercial city with space for markets and crafts. It has a rigid grid plan and uniform street facades. Iconic monuments include the Govind Dev temple, City Palace, Jantar Mantar and Hawa Mahal.
Community Perspective: With two other WHS within reaching distance (Jantar Mantar, Amber Fort) this is an obligatory stop. Most reviewers found the ‘Pink City’ in dire need of restoration. The City Palace and the Water Palace are recommended for a visit, as well as the iconic façade of the Hawa Mahal. |
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Mahabodhi Temple Complex |
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The Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya is one of the four holy sites of Buddhism as Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, is believed to have attained enlightenment at this spot.
The current temple has its origins in the 5th and 6th centuries. Being one of the few surviving examples of early brick architecture in India, it has yielded significant influence in the development of architecture in brick. In addition to the main temple, the complex also holds a sacred Bodhi Tree, the Lotus Pond, other sacred sites associated with Buddha’s enlightenment and numerous votive stupas added by his followers.
Community Perspective: It is mostly a site of pilgrimage, but for non-Buddhists, it is still worthwhile to soak up the atmosphere for a couple of hours. |
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Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka |
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The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka contain large numbers of rock paintings made by hunter-gatherers.
These natural shelters contain ca. 400 shelters. The earliest paintings are from the Mesolithic period. They are largely done in white and red and show the varied animal life of the forest environment and various aspects of the people's lives. In the local adivasi villages on the periphery of this site, remains of this tradition can still be found in the stylistic similarities with their house and handicraft decorations.
Community Perspective: Located in a peaceful area an hour’s drive south of Bhopal. Only a small part of the site is open to visitors. A signposted pathway leads you along about 15 rock shelters with paintings. |
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Champaner-Pavagadh |
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The Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park comprises an early Islamic, pre-Mughal city and its architecture shows the transition between the Hindu and Muslim traditions.
This largely unexcavated city which has been built in the 16th century was the short-lived capital of Gujarat. Spread across 12 locations on a hill, a large number of monuments, including fortifications, water installations and different standing structures remain. Among them is the Great Mosque, which became a model for later mosque architecture in India. The site is still a place of pilgrimage for Hindus who visit the earlier temple of Kalika Mata.
Community Perspective: Pavagadh Hill is where the Hindu pilgrims congregate, while Champaner comprises the remains of the Islamic fort, palace and mosques. “It has been inscribed for 13 years now. The slums are still inside the archeological park, the trash keeps piling up and we get charged 600 rupees for two mosque entries.” – as Zoë summarizes it. Solivagant explains how this all happened. |
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus |
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) is a 19th-century railway station known for its architectural mix of Victorian Gothic Revival and traditional Indian features.
The station is a symbol of the blossom period of Mumbai as a commercial port city in the late 19th century. The design of the building, by the hand of British colonial engineer Frederick William Stevens, is characterized by the use of turrets, pointed arches and colouring.
Community Perspective: “It looks more like a decorated palace or a cathedral than something as mundane as a transport depot.”, however, it still is a (very) active railway station. There is not a great deal to see beyond the exterior, as large parts of the building are closed off for offices etc (but you may try to sneak in as Ian did or book a Heritage Tour like Clyde). |
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Red Fort |
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The Red Fort Complex is an ambitious expression of Mughal architecture and a testimony to the later British military use of the forts.
It was built in the mid-17th century and became a symbol of the power of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. In its architecture and garden design, Islamic, Persian, Timurid and Hindu traditions were combined. After 1857 the site was used as the headquarters of the British Indian Army. They introduced new colonial-style buildings and functions over the earlier Mughal structures. It was also the place where Indian independence was first celebrated and is still celebrated today.
Community Perspective: The most majestic of all sights in Delhi. The more interesting structures are at the back of the complex. Carlo has listed several sights to visit. |
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Jantar Mantar |
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The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur is a collection of large architectural astronomical instruments.
They were built in the new state capital of Jaipur in the early 18th century on the orders of Prince Jai Singh II. He had constructed a total of five such facilities at different locations, including one in Delhi. The Jaipur observatory is the largest and best-preserved of these. It followed the tradition of Ptolemaic positional astronomy and was designed to observe the sky with the naked eye.
Community Perspective: a haven of quiet from the bustling city outside, but it is quite hard to work out how the various instruments worked except for the huge sundial. The separation of this location from the also inscribed Jaipur City seems rather artificial. |
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Western Ghats |
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The Western Ghats is a forested mountain chain that shows high speciation in plant in animal life.
It has been formed during the break-up of the supercontinent of Gondwana some 150 million years ago, as the faulted edge of the Deccan Plateau. It forms a ridge from north to south across India, even influencing the monsoon weather patterns. Its rainforests, rivers and grasslands contain a high plant and animal diversity, including rare and endemic species such as Asian Elephant, Gaur and Tiger.
Community Perspective: out of the 39 inscribed components, Frederik visited the Kaas Plateau, while Nan and Shandos covered Silent Valley National Park. |
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Hill Forts of Rajasthan |
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The Hill Forts of Rajasthan are six massive fortifications built in the eclectic Rajput cultural tradition.
They reflect the elaborate, fortified seats of power of Rajput princely states that flourished between the 8th and 18th centuries and their relative political independence. The fortresses protected their palaces, temples and often also had urban settlements within their walls.
Community Perspective: the included forts are Chittorgarh Fort (Clyde), Kumbhalgarh Fort, Ranthambore Fort (Clyde), Gagron Fort, Amber Fort (the easiest to visit as it is just outside Jaipur - Els, Clyde, Nan, Joel), and Jaisalmer Fort (Clyde). Jaisalmer Fort may be the “best” because it is still inhabited and it lies in the Thar desert close to the Pakistan border. |
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Rani-ki-Vav |
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Rani-ki-Vav (The Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat is the most developed and ornate example of this type of subterranean water architecture in India.
Stepwells are wells or ponds in which the water may be reached by descending a set of steps. These were sites for collecting water and socialising, but also simultaneously hold great spiritual significance. Rani-ki-Vav was built in the 11th century. It has more than 500 figurative sculptures with mostly religious and mythical themes, divided across seven galleries.
Community Perspective: “A fantastic, hidden gem”. Best visited on a combined day trip with the Sun Temple in Modhera by taxi from Ahmedabad. |
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Great Himalayan National Park |
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The Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area is an undisturbed habitat in the ecologically distinct Western Himalayas.
The conservation area covers Great Himalayan National Park plus the Tirthan and Sainj Wildlife Sanctuaries. Its high-altitude forests and alpine meadows hold diverse flora with the greatest concentration of medicinal plants known for all of the Himalayas. It is the habitat of globally threatened mammals such as Snow Leopard and Himalayan Brown Bear, and globally threatened birds including the Western Tragopan pheasant.
Community Perspective: Jarek is the only reviewer so far, having reached the core zone and providing practical information. |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
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Nalanda |
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The Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar comprises the ruins of an early Buddhist monastic and educational center.
Apart from its religious buildings, the site contained 11 ‘viharas’ with a distinct, standardized architecture that were used for study and housing. Nalanda was one of the most important places of learning in its day. It attracted scholars and students from near and far with some travelling all the way from Tibet, China, Korea, and Central Asia.
Community Perspective: doable as a day trip from Bodh Gaya. Its history far exceeds what can be seen at the excavations: essentially “It's brick walls”. |
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Khangchendzonga National Park |
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Khangchendzonga National Park is known for its glacial mountains and sacred cultural landscape.
This Himalayan site includes the 8586m high peak of Khangchendzonga, the third highest in the world. The landscape features glaciers and glacial lakes, and is the habitat of species such as the snow leopard and red panda. For the local Sikkimese population, the area has important sacred significance by housing mountain deities. Both shamanic and Tibetan Buddhist traditions are kept alive in this cultural landscape.
Community Perspective: Zoë has described a trek in this remote area. |
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Ahmadabad |
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The Historic City of Ahmadabad is a 15th-century city especially known for its multicultural character.
Islamic elements are mixed with Hindu and Jain heritage. The specific style can be seen in the city's religious buildings and domestic wooden architecture. Further notable are its clusters of gated streets (pol), which belong to families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion. The city is surrounded by a wall.
Community Perspective: Ahmedabad used to be a very dusty and very dirty city, but according to Carlo things have changed a lot for the better since 2022. Several reviewers used the Heritage Walk Ahmedabad to get a grip on the historic elements. Solivagant and Carlo highlight a few structures of interest to explore on your own, while Joel recommends the Gandhi Ashram across the river from the Old City. |
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Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai |
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The Victorian Gothic & Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai represent the modernization of Mumbai into a cosmopolitan city by the late 19th century.
The area comprises the urban plan and historic buildings around the open green space of the Oval Maidan. It was created during the two major urban expansions of the city, adding Victorian Gothic public buildings in the late 19th century and Art Deco commercial/private ones in the 1930s. The area also has some interesting Indo-Saracenic and Classical Revival architecture.
Community Perspective: it doesn’t leave any particularly strong memories and reviewers wonder why it hasn’t been made ‘just’ an extension of the CST. Read the nomination dossier to see which notable buildings are included. |
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Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala |
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The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala represent a distinct style of Hindu temple architecture, with exuberantly decorated exterior and interior surfaces.
They comprise three groups of temples from the 11th – 14th centuries. The Hoysala Kingdom tried to distinguish itself from its neighbours, resulting in the patronage of architecture, art, and literature by the royal family and elites. The Chennakeshava temple in Belur remains an important pilgrimage center.
Community Perspective: Mihai visited Keshava Temple in 2012 and found it "different from everything we've seen so far". Shandos describes how to visit from Mysore and warns about only online tickets being available.
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Dholavira: A Harappan City |
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Dholavira: a Harappan city is an archaeological site that contains ruins of a large urban settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization.
The fortified city flourished between 3000 and 1800 BCE. It had an efficient water conservation system. The city was constructed to a pre-existing geometrical plan consisting of three divisions – the citadel, the middle town, and the lower town. The site also includes a cemetery to the west of the city.
Community Perspective: Randi, Svein and Philipp were the first to get there and review it. They were impressed by the very large water reservoir. The site doesn’t see many visitors, the entrance is free and signposting is a bit erratic. The area overall is a “NO zone”. |
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Santiniketan |
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Santineketan is a holistic educational institution founded by the poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore based on a utopian ideal.
The experimental settlement from the early 20th century had a rural setting. It offered a broad spectrum of classes in arts, language, humanities, crafts, and music, embracing many cultures and religions. The buildings were designed in an eclectic style, moving away from colonial architecture. The site is also strongly associated with Tagore's work and holds a collection of his manuscripts.
Community Perspective: Solivagant reviewed this site over a decade ago, and he explains its values and nomination history. Stanislaw Warwas provides a current overview of its accessibility, including a step-by-step guide of how to get into the University Complex. |
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Moidams |
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Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty comprises the remains of a royal necropolis. The more than 90 burial mounds were built by the Tai-Ahom, who migrated to Charaideo in the 13th century from the Northeast. They used the natural, hilly topography to create a sacred landscape.
Community Perspective: Tamas has provided a full overview of the site's history and visiting situation from early 2024. |
Indonesia |
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Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto |
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The Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto is a late 19th-century industrial system built by the Dutch colonial government.
The technological complex was a fully integrated system that covered all steps from coal extraction to the shipment of industrial-quality coal. The mines were worked by local labourers (including forced workers), and the mining town of Sawahlunto grew to 7,000 inhabitants. The site comprises 12 locations, including mines, coal fields, tunnels, a Mining School, a harbour, and a railway system.
Community Perspective: Jarek listed a number of places that are worth a visit and the appropriate geocoordinates, while Bernard managed to visit all components and pointed out more highlights. |
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Borobudur |
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The Borobudur Temple Compounds is a Buddhist archaeological site that is considered a masterpiece of Buddhist art and architecture.
The main, single large stupa was built on ten superimposing terraces around a natural hill. It is decorated with reliefs. The platforms hold smaller stupas with a statue of the Buddha. Two smaller Buddhist temples, Pawan and Mendut, complete the representation of phases in the attainment of Nirvana.
Community Perspective: go there for the quality of its reliefs, its size is not as gigantic as you may have imagined it. A sunrise visit comes recommended. |
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Sangiran Early Man Site |
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Sangiran Early Man Site is one of the key sites for the study of human evolution during the Pleistocene.
It became well-known in the 1890s after the discovery of "Java Man", which has been reclassified as part of the species Homo erectus, and associated stone artifacts. Many more ancient human (>100) and animal fossils have since been found in this large area of 56 square km.
Community Perspective: easily accessible from the town of Solo, the main focus is the museum where you can see some of the bones that were found. Be aware that it is closed on Mondays. Alexander shares his story of going to one of the dig sites. |
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Ujung Kulon National Park |
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Ujung Kulon National Park contains the largest remaining lowland rainforest in Java, which is the habitat of the critically endangered Javan Rhinoceros.
The park consists of the Ujung Kulon peninsula and several offshore islands, including the volcanic island group of Krakatoa. Krakatoa’s devastating eruption of 1883 has led to ongoing geological activity and is a well-known object of scientific study. The Javan Rhino count is down to about 60 individuals.
Community Perspective: a day trip to Krakatoa seems to be the most popular way to visit as it can be arranged from as far as Jakarta. You can have calm seas (Frederik), but it also can turn into “by far the most dangerous and exhilarating WHS visits so far” (Clyde). Joel visited shortly after Clyde, and now the main cone of Anak Krakatau had collapsed. Frédéric gives a different perspective on this WHS as he visited Handeuleum Island, which wasn’t a walk in the park either. |
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Komodo National Park |
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Komodo National Park was founded in order to protect the main habitat of the world’s largest lizards, the "Komodo dragons".
The park includes the three larger islands Komodo, Rinca and Padar, as well as numerous smaller ones. They are of volcanic origin and are mostly covered by open grass-woodland savannah. The Komodo Lizard that has found its last refuge in these areas can grow to 3m in length. The marine areas surrounding the islands are rich in coral and marine mammal species.
Community Perspective: the lesson here seems to be to not shortchange yourself on time on the islands – see Alexander’s review for some horror stories. Clyde spent 4 nights in the area, did rewarding treks on both Rinca and Komodo Island and was awestruck by the marine life and marine environment. Svein recommends the two-day “slow cruise” from Labuan Bajo. |
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Prambanan |
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Prambanan Temple Compounds comprise the remains of large ancient Buddhist and Hindu temple complexes.
The complex contains over 500 temples, characterised by their tall and pointed architecture. The main ones are Prambanan Temple, a 47m high central building dedicated to Shiva inside a large complex of individual Hindu temples, and Sewu Temple, Indonesia’s largest Buddhist complex. The temples are decorated with stone-carved reliefs.
Community Perspective: often crowded, so visit early in the morning or in the late afternoon. Expect to see a lot of rubble as the consequence of several disasters (as recent as an earthquake in 2006), but recent restoration works have helped at least conserve what is still standing. |
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Lorentz National Park |
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Lorentz National Park is an outstanding example of the biodiversity of New Guinea, and one of the most ecologically diverse national parks in the world.
This very large park is located where the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates collide. It contains a full altitudinal array of ecosystems spanning marine areas, mangrove, tidal and freshwater swamp forests, lowland and montane rainforests, alpine areas, and equatorial glaciers. Puncak Jaya (4884m) is the tallest mountain between the Himalayas and the Andes. The endangered Dingiso tree kangaroo is found here, as well as short-beaked echidna, long-beaked echidna and two threatened species of crocodiles.
Community Perspective: Zoë tried to get grips on the park using Wamena as a base. Lake Habbema (a birders' favourite) is the only part that is accessible by road, according to the IUCN evaluation. It is also possible to fly with Asian One Air from Timika to Akimuga, which lies in the core zone but provides no infrastructure to explore the natural surroundings. |
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Tropical Rainforest Sumatra |
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The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra is a mountainous landscape that holds the most important remaining forests on the island.
The site comprises three national parks on the Bukit Barisan range: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park, and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. Their diverse ecosystems include volcanic, coastal and glacial features, often of great beauty. The forests hold many endangered species including the endemic Sumatran orang-utan, Sumatran tiger, rhino, elephant and Malayan sun-bear.
Community Perspective: Gunung Leuser is the most accessible of the parks, and its Bohorok entrance is suited for day visits. Clyde stayed for 4 nights camping (“Sleeping in the tropical rainforest/jungle was a nightmare”) inside the park and encountered over a dozen orangutans who once were rescuers. Timonator ponders about the ethical aspects of the tours conducted from Bukit Lawang. |
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Bali Subak system |
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The Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy comprises five sets of rice terraces and associated water temples.
The Subak System refers to the thousand-year-old self-governing associations of farmers centered around water temples who share the use of irrigation water for their rice fields. Water from volcanic lakes is diverted through rivers and channels to end up in the rice terraces. Ceremonies associated with the temples promote a harmonious relationship with the natural and spiritual world.
Community Perspective: Frederik visited Taman Ayun Temple, Subak Landscape of Pekerisan and Lake Batur, while Frederic additionally covered Catur Angga Batukaru. Clyde even saw all 5 components over a week and shares his favourite spots. |
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Yogyakarta |
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The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks comprises a traditional Javanese townscape centered around the Kraton (the Sultan’s Palace) and is associated with rituals.
The main town elements such as markets and the Great Mosque were placed along an axis between Tugu Pal Putih (a monumental pillar facing the peak of Mount Merapi) and the southern town border at Panggung Krapyak. According to Javanese Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, the total was seen as a miniature representation of the cosmos.
Community Perspective: the focus of a visit should be the Kraton Complex and the Taman Sari Water Castle, fine examples of traditional Javanese architecture. |
Iran |
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Yazd |
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The Historic City of Yazd is a traditional earthen city where life has been adapted to its desert location, most notably via the water system of the qanats.
The earthen buildings have sunken courtyards and underground spaces to deal with the climatic circumstances. Yazd dates back to the Achaemenid era and prospered from trade from the Silk and Spice Roads, which is reflected in religious buildings of diverse religions, bazaars and caravanserais.
Community Perspective: Worth a day’s visit. Solivagant has listed a number of sights around Yazd, although you shouldn’t expect any world class buildings. Michael left with the impression of the colour of mud, as all the buildings are the same colours as the surrounding desert, and Jean enjoyed that it’s human-sized. |
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Tchogha Zanbil |
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Tchogha Zanbil comprises the ruins of the holy city of the Kingdom of Elam, centered on a great ziggurat and surrounded by three huge concentric walls.
Its ziggurat is considered to be the best-preserved example in the world and it is one of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia. The complex that dates from the middle Elamite period (1400-1100 BCE) further consists of temples, royal palaces, royal tombs and a necropolis.
Community Perspective: The ziggurat is impressive albeit heavily reconstructed – Solivagant’s review has more on its conservation history. In 1999, Iain was still allowed to climb all over it. |
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Persepolis |
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Persepolis was the ancient ceremonial capital of the second Iranian dynasty, the Achaemenid Empire.
The earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 518 BCE. It was Darius the Great who built the monumental terrace, stairways, and the great palaces in this royal city. They are decorated with sculpted friezes and columns.
Community Perspective: The site is particularly famous for its bas reliefs, which are in superb condition and 'in situ'. "If I could give it 6 stars I would do it", one of the reviewers stated. |
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Meidan Emam, Esfahan |
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Meidan Emam, Esfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world.
It was used in Persian socio-cultural life (for parades, celebrations and public executions) during the Safavid era. The square is surrounded by a homogenous ensemble of important historical buildings that were built over a short time span, such as the Shah Mosque, Ali Qapu Palace, Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque and the Isfahan Grand Bazaar.
Community Perspective: “The darling of the Iranian tourism industry”. The best views of the square overall are to be had from the balcony of the Ali Qapu Palace, while the Emam or Shah Mosque is the square’s most striking component and the Sheik Lotfallah Mosque has a beautiful interior. |
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Hyrcanian Forests |
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The Hyrcanian Forests comprise a 1,000km long massif covered in ancient natural broad-leaved forests.
They date back 25 - 50 million years when such forests covered most parts of the Northern Temperate region – after periods of glaciation these became isolated remnants. The forests cover inaccessible steep terrain. They show high floristic biodiversity (3,200 vascular plants) and are home to forest birds and the iconic Persian Leopard.
Community Perspective: Among the components in Iran, Wojciech visited Abr Forest, and Zoë also covered Abr plus National Golestan Forest. Clyde so far has provided the best coverage of Khanbulan in Azerbaijan (a component later withdrawn from the nomination/inscription). |
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Takht-e Soleyman |
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Takht-e Soleyman is the holiest shrine of Zoroastrianism and the most important relic of the former Sassanid Empire.
It dates from the 6th century but was partially rebuilt during the Ilkhanid period (13th-14th century): they added new constructions and reused the site as a palace. The area includes Takht-e Soleyman with its fire temple and Anahita temple, the small hill Zendan-e Suleiman (‘Solomon’s prison’), a mountain to the east that served as a quarry for the construction of the site, the archaeological mound Tepe Majid and Belqeis Mountain with a citadel.
Community Perspective: Go there for its mountain scenery and an introduction to Zoroastrianism, says Els. You can even visit in winter, as Zoë did. And oh, it isn’t a volcano (as Solivagant explains)! |
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Pasargadae |
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Pasargadae covers the archaeological remains of the first capital of the Persian Empire, dating from the 6th century BCE.
Its most important monument is the tomb of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire who went on to conquer much of Western Asia. Pasargadae’s gardens provide the earliest known example of the Persian chahar bagh, or fourfold garden design. The complex further consists of other examples of royal Achaemenid architecture such as a fortress, palaces (‘the royal ensemble’) and a 14m high stone tower.
Community Perspective: The site is much larger than the iconic tomb alone and you can easily spend 2 hours here, although the remains of the palaces etc don’t go much further than a floor plan or a tell and it looks ‘empty’. You can drive between the parts or take a shuttle. |
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Bam Cultural Landscape |
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Bam and its Cultural Landscape is an outstanding example of a medieval Central Asian trading settlement in a desert environment.
The site consists of a fortified mud-brick citadel (Arg-e Bam) with part of the old town within its walls, and the surrounding countryside including other settlements and medieval structures such as mausolea. An elaborate underground water management system (the qanâts) is still in use today, together with its supporting social system.
Community Perspective: "In its current state, it really is not particularly exciting" - traces of the 2003 earthquake were still everywhere when our two reviewers so far, Jarek (2010) and Alexander (2016) visited. Many parts were closed for visiting or looked after by indifferent guards. |
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Trans-Iranian Railway |
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The Trans-Iranian Railway is a 1,394 km long work of transportation infrastructure that connects the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea.
The railway was completed in 1938 as a prestige modernization project by the newly established Pahlavi state of Iran. Many bridges and tunnels had to be constructed to overcome hills and gorges; they were built in a mixed Iranian-Western architectural style.
Community Perspective: It’s hard to discern what you need to go and look at, as it seems to be made up of the connection of “specific bits here and there”. Its lack of OUV has gathered a long string of comments at the Forum – you might want to read up on that before you visit. |
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Soltaniyeh |
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Soltaniyeh was the capital of the Ilkhanate, an empire of Mongolian origin that ruled over Persia in the 13th and 14th centuries.
The city’s main remaining feature is the ‘Dome of Soltaniyeh’, which houses the mausoleum of the Ilkhanid Khan Oljaytu. This is considered a key monument in the history of Islamic architecture: it is the oldest double-shell dome in the world. The octagonal building is crowned with a 50m-tall dome covered in turquoise blue glazed bricks and surrounded by eight slender minarets.
Community Perspective: All reviewers so far have found the interior covered in scaffolding, but you can still climb the stairs and walk on the second and third-floor galleries and admire the dome’s tile and brick work. |
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Bisotun |
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Bisotun is an archaeological site located along a historical trade route, with the Bisotun Inscription as its primary monument.
The text was written in 521 BCE by Darius I the Great when he conquered the Persian throne. The inscription is in three languages, Elamite, Babylonian and Old Persian, and was crucial in the decipherment of cuneiform script. It is illustrated with bas-reliefs depicting Darius I and other figures.
Community Perspective: In the past, it was possible to climb up to the inscription (Massimo managed to do so in 2012), but nowadays it is covered in scaffolding and you need to stand a long way back to obtain a relatively obscured view (according to Solivagant in 2016; he also has described other components of the site). |
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Armenian Monastic Ensembles |
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The Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran bears testimony to the spread of Armenian culture and Armenian architectural and decorative traditions.
The three religious sites originate from between the 7th and 14th centuries but have been rebuilt many times due to nature and human inflicted disasters. The monastery of St. Thaddeus is the second religious centre for the Armenian church - as the supposed place of the tomb of St. Thaddeus, one of the twelve Apostles, it is a place for yearly pilgrimage.
Community Perspective: Els visited Saint Thaddeus Monastery, while Solivagant also added his perspective on the Monastery of St Stepanos. The Dzordzor chapel so far has stayed unreviewed. |
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Shushtar |
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The Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System comprises a complex irrigation system from the Sassanian era.
The system dates from the 3rd century and consists of the diversion of rivers into canals and large weir dams for land development. The water was both for agricultural irrigation and domestic use, it was distributed via a network of underground channels (qanats).
Community Perspective: There are 13 named points of interest here within one core zone. Only the “Waterfalls and Mills area” requires an entrance fee, which is also the most recommended to visit. |
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Safi al-Din Ensemble in Ardabil |
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The Sheikh Safi al-Din Khanegah and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil is a Sufi spiritual retreat dating from the 16th-18th centuries.
It is the burial site of Safi al-Din Ardabili, the eponymous founder of the Safawiyya order of Sufism, and an important site of pilgrimage. The complex is a fine example of Ilkhānid and Timurid- influenced Iranian architecture and one of the most beautiful of all monuments from the Safavid era. It also served social and eductional purposes, and includes a library, a mosque, a school, a hospital, kitchens, a bakery and some offices.
Community Perspective: The interior of the shrine is the best part, with blue and gold ornamented tiles and overall delicate decoration. The Porcelain Room, with niches filled with precious Chinese porcelains, is one of its highlights. |
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Tabriz Bazaar |
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The Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex is an example of commercial architecture with a number of specialized buildings.
Tabriz was located on a centuries-old east-west trading route. The Bazaar flourished mainly between the 12th and 18th centuries. During that era, Tabriz became the capital city of the Safavid kingdom and remained an important commercial and economic center afterward.
Community Perspective: This covered bazaar is one of the world’s largest. Besides numerous shops (which feel quite modern), you can find more than 20 caravanserais and a Friday Mosque in its interior. To “add value” to the visit experience it is worth trying to understand and chase down the different social and architectural elements of the Bazaar as described in the AB evaluation and the nomination file. |
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Persian Garden |
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The Persian Garden comprises a set of gardens that have influenced garden design from Andalusia to India and beyond.
Persian Garden design is dominated by geometry and the use of water as a central element. They derive from the Chahar Bagh model: the division of a site into four sectors, opening out into the four cardinal directions. The site comprises nine gardens from different epochs and climates.
Community Perspective: You’ll likely come near one of these nine gardens when travelling in Central Iran. Bernard, who visited 3, found them “humble, modest and unpretentious gardens”, while Joyce, who managed 6, recommends not visiting in the wintertime. |
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Masjed-e Jâme' |
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Masjed-e Jâme' of Isfahan is the prototype of a distinctive Islamic architectural style.
The mosque was the first to be built in the four-iwan architectural style (known from Sassanid palaces), placing four gates face to face. Its Nezam al-Molk Dome was the first double-shell ribbed dome. Developed from the 9th century onwards, it is the oldest Friday mosque in Iran and displays architectural styles of different periods.
Community Perspective: It’s an enormous complex with old brick halls (it’s not as flashy and shiny as some other famous mosques in Iran), but it also has beautiful fine mosaics and two great domes opposite each other. Try to be there before the tour groups arrive for a more intimate experience. |
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Gonbad-e Qâbus |
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Gonbad-e Qābus is a monumental tomb tower that is an outstanding achievement of early Islamic brick architecture.
The 53 metres high tower was constructed to an intricate geometric plan so the brickwork could bear the load. Its form is cylindrical with a conical roof, which became the prototype for the construction of tomb towers in the wider region. It was built in 1006 as a tomb for emir Qābus ibn Voshmgir, but no traces of remains have been found inside the tower.
Community Perspective: This one is a long way off the route for visiting Iran’s other WHS. For a fee, you can enter the enclosure and climb its mound. After around half an hour and a few circumambulations, you will have seen it. |
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Golestan Palace |
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The Golestan Palace is a 19th-century royal residence that shows the merging of Persian and European styles, motifs and architecture.
The buildings were once enclosed within the mud-thatched walls of Tehran's 16th-century Historic Citadel. The Palace was rebuilt to its current form in 1865 by Haji Abol-hasan Mimar Navai and is seen as an exceptional testimony to the Qajari Era. The site comprises eight palaces surrounding a garden.
Community Perspective: The painted tilework is a highlight here, as well as the marble throne and the tomb of Naser ed-Din Shah. The site is also notorious for its weird ticketing scheme, where you have to choose beforehand how many of the palaces/museums you want to enter and pay accordingly. |
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Shahr-i Sokhta |
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Shahr-i Sokhta is the archaeological site of a Bronze Age urban settlement.
This mud brick city was one of the first complex societies in the region and an example of early urban planning. The remains of a monumental area, residential areas, metal workshops and a graveyard have been preserved due to the dry desert climate. The city appeared around 3200 BCE, was burnt down a number of times and finally was abandoned in 1800 BCE after changes in water courses.
Community Perspective: Located in the far east of Iran, near the Pakistani border, this site isn’t often visited. Jarek did so in 2010 and gives tips for visiting on public transport. Wojciech drove there very swiftly in 2018 and found it a pretty drive through the Lut Desert. They agree on “take plenty of water as there is no shadow at all”. |
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Susa |
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Susa comprises the remains of an ancient city that is known for its contribution to the development of the early state and urbanization.
One of the oldest-known settlements of the region, dating from as early as 4395 BCE, it became the capital of the Elamite and Achaemenid empires. During the Elamite period, it already showed the beginnings of urban development. 27 layers of superimposed urban settlements have been uncovered. During the Achaemenid period, a new type of ceremonial architecture was developed here at the Royal Palace of Darius and Apadana.
Community Perspective: “Susa is one of those Archaeological sites whose fame and significance outweigh what is actually ‘on show’”. Still, it is worth visiting: Solivagant has detailed a visit of about 2 hours. |
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The Persian Qanat |
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The Persian Qanat is an ancient underground water management system used for irrigation in a desert climate.
The system is communally managed. With the use of water clocks, a just and exact distribution among the shareholding farmers is ensured. Water is transported by mere gravity. The qanat system enabled the development of settlements and agriculture.
Community Perspective: The site comprises 11 qanats, and you’ll likely bump into one when visiting other WHS in Central and Eastern Iran. Solivagant explains “How to visit a Qanat”, while Bernard details his visit to the Zarch Qanat in Yazd. |
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Lut Desert |
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The Lut Desert comprises a hot desert landscape containing spectacular landforms shaped by wind erosion.
The visually stunning landscape has a mosaic of desert colours and a mix of high sand dunes, nebkha dune fields and yardangs, mushroom rock-like features where the soft material has eroded from. Its salt desert is known as one of the hottest places on earth and displays a variety of salt landforms such as salt pans, gypsum domes and salt pingos.
Community Perspective: It’s a huge desert so which part to visit? Jarek and Solivagant both went to areas just beyond Shahdad, were successful in seeing Nebkhas and Yardangs and experienced the heat. |
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Maymand |
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The Cultural Landscape of Maymand covers a dry desert valley in Central Iran, which is home to semi-nomadic people.
The mainly self-sufficient community practices a three-phase transhumance system, where they move between three settlements. In winter, they live in troglodytic houses carved out of soft stone rocks. The area contains houses, animal shelters, water collection points, agro-pastoral systems and rock art.
Community Perspective: This is well on the beaten path of the foreign tour group circuit, so be prepared to “be ‘invited’ to buy artefacts or the local honey!”. Alexander had a peculiar experience while staying overnight. |
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Sassanid Archaeological Landscape |
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The Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars region covers monumental buildings, inscriptions, and other relevant relics of the three main cities of the Sassanid Empire.
The archaeological sites stand out for their rock carvings and sculptures. The empire also is known for its contribution to the distribution and establishment of Zoroastrianism, and the site includes major Zoroastrian monumental architecture such as the Takht-e Neshin fire temple.
Community Perspective: Solivagant has submitted the only review so far (done so before inscription); he visited two of the ancient cities, Bishapur and Sarvestan, and recommends the bas-reliefs. The "main" location, Firuzabad, so far stays unreviewed. |
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Hawraman/Uramanat |
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The Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat bears testimony to the traditional semi-nomadic agropastoral way of life of the Hawrami people.
The landscape comprises agricultural villages and their lands in two valleys in the Zagros mountains. The semi-nomadic inhabitants perform steep-slope agriculture with the use of traditional dry-stone terracing and water management practices.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Persian Caravanserai |
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The Persian Caravanserai represent the way of travel in desert regions before modern roads and railways existed.
The Caravanserai were built as road stations along trade routes (such as the Silk Road) and pilgrimage routes. Their design evolved over the centuries, from the Sassanian to the Qajar period, and also varied due to geographic setting.
Community Perspective: This is a serial site comprising 54 historic roadside inns from all over Iran. An easy one to visit lies in Bisotun, next to the eponymous WHS. |
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Hegmataneh |
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Hegmataneh or Ecbatana comprises the ruins of a city of the civilization of the Medes. Later it became the (summer) capital of Achaemenids and Parthians as well. Excavations so far have been limited, but have revealed a massive defensive wall made of mud-bricks and a checkerboard urban plan.
Community Perspective: Solivagant has deep-dived into its history. |
Iraq |
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Hatra |
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Hatra is a ruined city that can be considered the symbol of Parthian power which for a long time threatened that of Rome.
This religious and trading center was a fortified city of circular design. Its temples were dominated by the Great Temple, an enormous structure with vaults and columns that once rose to 30 metres.
Community Perspective: Hatra suffered severe damage from ISIS and still is mostly off-limits. Thomas managed to enter in 2021 and found hardly any statues left, but the structures were mostly intact. |
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Ashur |
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Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) comprises the remains of the first capital of the Assyrian empire.
The city was the centre for worship of the god Ashur and the goddess Ishtar/Inanna. Ashur contained many important religious buildings and a handful of palaces. They show the evolution of the building practice from the Sumerian to the Parthian periods.
Community Perspective: Located near Mosul, it has been off-limits for decades. Thomas managed to visit in 2021 – the site hasn’t seen as much war damage as other Iraqi sites, but not much has been excavated. |
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Samarra |
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Samarra Archaeological City comprises the remains of an ancient large city that was a capital of the Abbasid Empire.
It testifies to the architectural and artistic innovations that developed there and spread to the other regions of the Islamic world, such as carved stucco and a new type of ceramic. Among its architectural monuments are the 9th-century Great Mosque and its Spiral Minaret, and the Caliphal Palace.
Community Perspective: the first review was from a visit in 1975, and the second was from one in 2021. Samarra has been virtually inaccessible for many years and is still under special security measures, but it has come out of the war relatively unscathed. Climbing the spiral staircase however seems to be out of the question nowadays, according to Tamas who visited in 2023. |
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Erbil Citadel |
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The Erbil Citadel comprises an Ottoman settlement built on top of a high, multi-layered 'tell'.
Erbil has a long settlement history, dating back to at least the Chalcolithic period and gaining prominence as Arbela during the Assyrian period. Most of the remaining structures within the citadel date from the 19th and 20th centuries, arranged along the Ottoman street plan.
Community Perspective: more impressive from the street level looking up, than when you enter. Els visited in 2014 and noticed that it has suffered from a long period of decay. |
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Ahwar of Southern Iraq |
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The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: refuge of biodiversity and the relict landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities covers the marshy delta that was home to the early Sumerian civilization.
The area lies in the joint delta of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the river providing arable fields via the use of irrigation. It includes three archaeological sites of urban centers with monumental public architecture (Ur, Uruk and Tell Eridu) and four wetlands (the Huwaizah Marshes, Central Marshes, East Hammar and West Hammar Marshes) which are important for bird migration and fish species.
Community Perspective: both reviewers so far have focused on the archeological sites, the Ziggurat of Ur being the most appealing monument. |
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Babylon |
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Babylon is the archaeological site of what once was one of the largest and oldest urban settlements in Mesopotamia.
It comprises the – largely unexcavated - remains of the ancient Neo-Babylonian capital, its city walls and temples. Particularly during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (604–561 BCE) the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including the Etemenanki ziggurat, and the construction of the Ishtar Gate took place. Babylon also had a lasting impact on global culture because of its 'exotic' Hanging Gardens and the Tower of Babel.
Community Perspective: Wojciech visited in 2021 and left with mixed feelings. |
Ireland |
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Brú na Bóinne |
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Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne comprises the largest collection of remains from the Neolithic era in Europe.
The site was an important ritual centre until the Late Middle Ages. The dozens of megalithic monuments had funerary and ritual use. It is especially valued for its passage graves adorned with petroglyphs, with Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth as the best examples.
Community Perspective: The main site of Newgrange is often included in day tours from Dublin, and can become busy. Knowth is a good (some say: even better) alternative, while at Dowth the interior of the graves cannot be visited but it provides a look at an unreconstructed tomb. The other graves can only be entered with a guide. |
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Sceilg Mhichíl |
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Sceilg Mhichíl (Skellig Michael) is an early Christian monastic complex deliberately constructed on a difficult-to-access, steep rocky island.
It was created in the tradition of medieval island monastic sites known for their asceticism. The island held living spaces, buildings for worship and plots for food production. The buildings were constructed using dry stone masonry and have survived mostly intact. They include the Monastery (including an oratory and St. Michael's Church) and the Hermitage.
Community Perspective: nowadays it still is hard to reach when the seas are rough, but it is a popular site to visit for the general public (and Star Wars fans). The more expensive and longer landing tours will allow you to set foot on the island. A climb from the base of the island via a dry-stone stairway then awaits you, culminating in the area with the beehive huts and the monastery. When you read the reviews chronologically, the oldest first, you will notice a fair bit of modernization, including the introduction of online booking, the closing of dangerous trails, and the first appearance of a toilet on the island! |
Israel |
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Old City of Jerusalem |
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The Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls have high religious value as a holy city for Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Continuously inhabited since prehistory, the city has been shaped through time by succeeding civilizations such as the Jebusites, Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans. The area within the walls of the Old City holds over 200 historic monuments from all three monotheistic religions. The most important monument for the Jews is the Western Wall, for the Christians it is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and for the Muslims the Dome of the Rock.
Community Perspective: There are so many sites of religious and historic significance in this single walled square kilometer. Assif provides tips for visiting some of its more hidden treasures. Solivagant visited as early as 1964 and described the changes he witnessed 18 years later on a revisit. GabLabCebu has added a comprehensive overview of what you may expect as a tourist nowadays. |
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Masada |
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Masada comprises ancient palaces and fortifications on top of an isolated rock plateau on the edge of the Judean Desert overlooking the Dead Sea.
The remains of Judaean king Herod the Great’s sumptuous palace complex are outstanding examples of classical Roman architecture. Masada became a symbol of Jewish cultural identity after the First Jewish-Roman War when a siege of the fortress by Roman troops led to the site's Jewish fugitives choosing death over slavery. The Roman siege works also have been preserved and are the most complete anywhere in the Roman world.
Community Perspective: You can get to the top by cable car or on foot. Be aware that it is a place very popular with tourist groups (“It's the total package: spectacular scenery, Roman ruins, and Jewish significance”). DAB witnessed what the latter still means for Israeli army cadets, while Nan ponders the overly patriotic load. |
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Old City of Acre |
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The Old City of Acre is renowned for its Crusader buildings and its Ottoman walled town.
This port city has been continuously inhabited since Phoenician times. During the First Crusade, the Crusaders made the town their chief port in Palestine and substantial remains of its medieval buildings have been preserved. The city revived at the end of the 18th century under Ottoman rule, resulting in a typical Ottoman walled town with a citadel, mosques, khans and baths.
Community Perspective: It’s essentially two cities, with the walled Ottoman city (showing signs of neglect) on top and the Crusader city (over-restored, commercialized) below it. The site has a fairly good Community Rating, but the reviewers gave it little praise. |
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White City of Tel-Aviv |
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White City of Tel-Aviv - the Modern Movement is a result of innovative town planning adapted to local conditions.
The masterplan for the rapidly growing economic metropolis was created in the 1930s by Sir Patrick Geddes. It was inspired by the Modern Movement in architecture as it developed in Europe. The buildings, of which over 4,000 remain, were designed and executed by various Jewish architects who had studied in or fled from Europe.
Community Perspective: Tel Aviv is known as a vibrant city, but the three neighbourhoods where these ‘white buildings’ remain suffer from neglect. It’s best to start at the Bauhaus Centre at 99 Disengoff and then walk along the major buildings with a map in hand (the areas of interest are not contiguous). Matejicek is the reviewer who liked it most, he provides tips for a good visit. |
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Biblical Tells |
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Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba are historic settlement mounds with biblical connections.
The cities dated to the Bronze and Iron Age, and flowered from the 12th to 6th century BCE. They show early urban development in the Levant by a centralized authority that had control of trade routes. The tels hold remains of palaces, fortifications and water collection technologies.
Community Perspective: Megiddo is the most interesting of the three, displaying a sunken grain silo, a huge water cistern, and a water tunnel. |
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Incense Route of the Negev |
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Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev reflects the hugely profitable trade in frankincense and myrrh which flourished 2300-1800 years ago.
The site comprises the four Nabatean towns of Haluza, Mamshit, Avdat and Shivta, with their associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes, which are located along a 100km stretch of the Route. The Nabateans used a sophisticated water collection and irrigation system to allow large-scale agriculture in this harsh desert.
Community Perspective: The site lies in a less-travelled part of Israel. Avdat is the most touristy of these four archeological sites. Although the ruins (walls and rubble!) are originally Nabatean, a lot of what you see now is of a later (Christian) period. |
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Bahá’i Holy Places |
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The Bahá’i Holy Places in Haifa and the Western Galilee represent the Bahá’i faith and their pilgrimage tradition.
The Holy Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh and the Holy Shrine of the Báb are the most holy places of the Bahá’í faith. They are also directly linked to the faith’s two founders, originating from 19th-century Persia. The sites are an important place of pilgrimage for the millions of Bahá'ís around the world.
Community Perspective: The most visited among the 26 included monuments is the prominent Bahá’i temple on Mount Carmel in Haifa, with its impressive terraced gardens. The others are rarely visited and even harder to appreciate for outsiders to the faith. Solivagant has described the ‘problems’ associated with inscribing a site mostly for the value believers placed upon it. |
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Mount Carmel Caves |
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The Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves testify to more than 500,000 years of human evolution.
The four caves are situated on a cliff in the Mount Carmel range. The area was inhabited by both Neanderthals and modern humans. Findings such as skeletal material, pits and stone structures have made it possible to create a chronological framework of human evolution from the first appearance of modern humans to the transition from hunter-gathering to agriculture.
Community Perspective: As usual with paleontological sites, there is little to see for the casual visitor. The rock views of the surrounding natural reserve are the most gratifying visuals at the site. Solivagant has put the site into historical perspective. |
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Caves of Maresha and Bet Guvrin |
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The Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves consist of man-made subterranean complexes up to 2,000 years old.
In a layer of soft chalk some 475 cave complexes have been carved out during different periods and for different purposes such as quarries, storage places and tombs. The area was in use from the Iron Age to Persian, Judaic, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine antiquity.
Community Perspective: The site covers a large area and needs a car to get around. Highlights include the Columbarium Cave where doves were raised, the burial caves with paintings and inscriptions and the huge caverns of the Bell Caves. |
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Necropolis of Bet She'arim |
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The Necropolis of Bet She'arim - A Landmark of Jewish Renewal covers burial catacombs from an important period in Jewish history.
It comprises the archeological site of a Jewish town and 33 ancient rock-cut Jewish tombs. Rabbi Judah the Patriarch lived here, and it became the preferred burial place for Jews after they were barred from the Mount of Olives during the Roman occupation. The catacombs contain inscriptions written in Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic and Palmyrean and images showing the exchange with the Greco-Roman world.
Community Perspective: Obviously the site is popular mostly with Jewish visitors. Not all caves are accessible and to a WH chaser the two main caves nearest to the visitor center offer 90% of the overall value. |
Italy |
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Rome |
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The Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura comprise major monuments of Roman Antiquity and the Christian faith.
An extraordinary number of monumental remains of Ancient Rome have been preserved here and have always been visible in its streets. Christian Rome was built on top of that, adding Renaissance and Baroque monuments that were created by some of the most renowned artists of all time. Its influence around the world has been both secular (eg. in law, and language) and religious (eg. the goal of pilgrimages, and the presence of the Pope).
Community Perspective: No city “comes close to Rome in terms of history, culture, architecture, and influence on the rest of the world”. It needs several visits of multiple days, also over time as they keep on discovering and opening up things to the public. |
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Venice and its Lagoon |
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Venice and its Lagoon is a unique achievement of art, architecture and struggle against the elements.
The old historical centre of the city is situated on 118 islands of the Venetian Lagoon, crisscrossed by more than 150 canals and 400 bridges. Most of its monumental heritage dates from the time when the Republic of Venice was a major Mediterranean maritime power. Their influence reached as far as Asia Minor and Egypt, and its great painters inspired art in the whole of Europe.
Community Perspective: “Very, very crowded, the streets are a complete maze, and when there´s acqua alta (and that´s frequently), you wouldn´t want to be there without boots”, but still all reviewers find it captivating and truly wonderful. |
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Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles |
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Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles comprise significant 14th-century mural paintings.
They reflect the pre-humanist climate of Padua, where the clergy, the city and the aristocracy all commissioned works. The paintings in particular show scientific and astrological allegories. Although they are spread across eight buildings and were made by different artists, they show unity in an innovative style that Giotto started.
Community Perspective: The Scrovegni Chapel is definitely the highlight here. Your pre-booked timeslot will allow you 15 minutes to take it all in (that’s usually sufficient). Hubert also visited the 7 other components and compared them. |
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Isole Eolie |
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The Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) consists of seven islands off the northern coast of Sicily that are known for their worth for the study of volcanology.
Especially Vulcano and Stromboli stand out, as both have lent their names to types of eruptions (Vulcanian and Strombolian). The Aeolian Islands are also among the earliest studied for their volcanic features, which started in the 18th century
Community Perspective: Almost all reviewers so far have visited the island of Vulcano, which is accessible by ferry from Milazzo. Its volcanic crater can be climbed easily and the smell of sulphur will stay with you. Tsunami has covered Lipari and Stromboli. |
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Verona |
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The City of Verona is renowned for its military defensive architecture.
Verona’s surviving architecture and urban structure reflect the evolution over its 2,000-year history. Important periods were its time as a Roman municipium, the rule of the Scaliger family (1259-1387), and that of the Venetian Republic.
Community Perspective: Verona is rich in historic buildings, but the Roman Arena (Tsunami attended an opera performance here) and the medieval Castelvecchio seem to capture the reviewers the most. |
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Assisi |
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Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites comprise a hill town and sanctuary, from where the Franciscan movement spread across the world from the 13th century.
Assisi was the birthplace of Saint Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order. The medieval town holds many Franciscan religious buildings, of which the Basilica of San Francesco is renowned for its art - notably paintings by Cimabue and Giotto.
Community Perspective: Visited by both pilgrims and tourists in large numbers, they come here as much for the religious relics as for the picturesque setting and the aperol spritz. The San Francesco Basilica with its fine frescoes and paintings is the one building interior not to miss. Matejicek has highlighted some of the other included Franciscan sites. |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Venetian Works of Defence |
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The Venetian Works of Defence Between 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar represent a defensive network in the Adriatic dating from the historic Republic of Venice.
The bastioned system (‘alla moderna’) was introduced after the increased use of firearms. It protected the Venetian commercial network. The site consists of six components located in Italy, Croatia and Montenegro and spans more than 1000 km.
Community Perspective: all 6 included forts have received a review, they are Palmanova (Els, Ian), Peschiera del Garda (Clyde, Ralf), Sibenik (Alexander, Ilya), Kotor (Jay, Ilya), Bergamo (Ilya, Ralf), and Zadar (Ilya). |
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The Porticoes of Bologna |
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The Porticoes of Bologna consists of 38km of porticoes of various types lining its streets.
The prominence and preservation of porticoes in Bologna were cemented by a 13th-century law, still in place, defining porticoes as compulsory for all the streets where they were considered useful on private soil, also preserving their public uses. Some porticoes have special religious and social significance, for example along the pilgrimage route to the Holy Shrine of St Luke's Madonna.
Community Perspective: “I like Bologna, but I don't like this nomination.” – Hubert has spelled out the issues with this WHS in his review. Worth seeing are the exterior of the San Petronio Basilica and the Certosa porticoed path. |
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Castel del Monte |
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Castel del Monte is a unique masterpiece of medieval military architecture, with a perfect form.
Its design is a harmonious blend of cultural elements from Classical antiquity, Muslim architecture and the Cistercian Gothic of northern Europe. The sponsor of its construction was Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II von Hohenstaufen, an absolute monarch and Crusader, but also a great lover of culture, mathematics, astronomy and natural sciences.
Community Perspective: Its perfect octagonal plan is unique and the building is well-preserved as it never saw any fighting. The inside is completely empty, as the contents were looted after the Middle Ages. Tsunami tried to visit on public transport, failed miserably but it all ended well. |
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Piazza del Duomo (Pisa) |
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The Piazza del Duomo, Pisa, is a square that contains four artistically important medieval monuments.
The cluster of religious monuments was constructed between the 11th and 14th centuries, when the Tuscan town of Pisa had a fleet that reigned the Mediterranean Sea. The exteriors of the buildings in the Pisan Romanesque style show an interplay of white marble and polychrome motifs, while their interiors hold world-renowned art treasures such as frescoes.
Community Perspective: The 'Leaning Tower' is the most famous of the four, but the Cathedral and Baptistery are more stunning. Reviewers are often disappointed by the piazza as it’s such as small area fully geared to tourists. Opinions vary on whether it is worth the considerable fee (20 EUR, Nov 2023) to climb the Tower. |
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Florence |
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The Historic Centre of Florence is the birthplace of Renaissance art and architecture.
Florence became world-leading in the arts and trade in the 14th - 17th centuries, which is reflected in its prestigious buildings. The principles developed here exerted their influence all over Europe. It formed artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Guided by the banking family De Medici palazzi were built, the Uffizi artmuseum was founded and Brunelleschi finished the gigantic Duomo.
Community Perspective: “Even a packed 8-day schedule will not cover all worthwhile sights”, Els concludes after a study trip to the city. Florence can be overwhelming and the Duomo and the Uffizi are usually too crowded, but there is so much more: over 25 individual monuments are named in the OUV statement! |
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Rock Drawings in Valcamonica |
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The Rock Drawings in Valcamonica comprise one of the world’s largest collections of prehistoric petroglyphs.
Approximately 140,000 petroglyphs were discovered in this Alpine Valley. They were created over a period of around 8,000 years, starting around 8,000 BCE by nomadic hunters. Cosmological, figurative, and cartographic motifs are featured, in some locations forming monumental hunting and ritual scenes.
Community Perspective: The petroglyphs here can be difficult to make out depending on the light. They lie spread across 6 different locations, of which Naquane in Capo di Ponte seems to be the main one; it can be visited on your own via signposted footpaths along the rocks. |
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Santa Maria delle Grazie |
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The Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci is a Renaissance ensemble in Milan.
The Convent is famous for the mural of the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci in its refectory. The iconic work has highly influenced the art of painting.
Community Perspective: To see the Last Supper you have to pre-book a slot months ahead – only then you are allowed to gaze at it for 15 minutes and listen to the audio guide. The apse and cloister of the church, designed by Bramante, are also very impressive. Astraftis has reviewed the site and the experience in full. |
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Costiera Amalfitana |
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The Costiera Amalfitana is a cultural landscape shaped by its dramatic topography and the economic power of the Amalfi Sea Republic.
The steep slopes of the Monti Lattari, rising from the coast, are dotted with colourful little towns. Between 839 and around 1200, this area formed an independent republic and became an important trading power in the Mediterranean. From this period, numerous examples of art and architecture remain, some in the “Arabic-Norman” style.
Community Perspective: “There are two things to remember about the Amalfi Coast: the first is its beauty and the second is the harrowing journey it takes to get there.” Try to avoid it during the peak summer months. |
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Crespi d'Adda |
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Crespi d'Adda is a late 19th-century workers’ village.
It is one of the best-preserved examples of the phenomenon of "company towns", which were developed by enlightened industrialists in Europe and North America. The aim was to house factory workers close to their work and the raw materials, and to maintain a stable workforce by offering comfortable houses and amenities. The urban layout of Crespi d'Adda and its architectural appearance is still unchanged.
Community Perspective: The houses are still inhabited, although the factory closed in the early 21st century and maintenance seems to be lacking since. The area also isn’t set up well to receive tourists, with a clear lack of information panels or signage and few buildings to enter. |
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Royal Palace at Caserta |
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The 18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta, with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex stands out for its adaption to the surrounding landscape and integration of already existing elements.
The sumptuous palace was commissioned by King Charles of Bourbon in the second half of the 18th century. It was surrounded by a planned complex of gardens and associated buildings. The estate also included the industrial complex in the hunting lodge Belvedere, dedicated to the production of silk, which included housing for workers.
Community Perspective: The water gardens are the major attraction here. The highlight of the palace interior is the magnificent Teatro di Corte. |
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San Gimignano |
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The Historic Centre of San Gimignano is a well-preserved medieval Tuscan townscape.
Its 14 towers, once controlled by rival factions, rise above its palaces. The small town center has preserved its medieval squares and streets. The two main churches contain a series of masterpieces of 14th and 15th-century Italian Renaissance art in their original architectural settings.
Community Perspective: The stone medieval towers are its main landmarks. The Torre Grossa can be climbed and provides a fine 360-degree view of San Gimignano and the surrounding valley. An overnight stay will bring the joy of the colours of the sunset and the absence of groups of tourists. |
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Matera |
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The Sassi and the park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera are the best surviving and most complete examples of rock-cut settlements in the Mediterranean region.
The caves in this belt of soft tufa have been used since prehistoric times. At first, people lived in bare caves, later these developed into house-like structures and the settlements were enriched with workshops, churches, monasteries and hermitages.
Community Perspective: Matera has been featured in many books and films for its remarkable scenery and poor living conditions. Clyde has summarized nicely what to see and do here nowadays. |
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Vicenza and the Palladian Villas |
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The City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto represent the Palladian style in architecture, which became influential all over Europe and the United States.
The buildings are the work of the Renaissance master Andrea Palladio. His work was strongly inspired by classical Roman principles. For Vicenza, he developed town houses that fit within the texture of the medieval city, while for the rural areas, he designed more monumental country villas.
Community Perspective: A highlight in Vicenza is the Teatro Olimpico, while La Rotonda is a fine example of a country villa just outside the city borders. Most of the villas have very limited opening hours, except for the beautiful Villa Emo. |
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Siena |
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The Historic Centre of Siena is a well-preserved late medieval town.
The city derived its wealth from banking activities; as the capital of the Republic of Siena, it also was the main rival of Florence, with which it disputed over territorial expansion. Its urban fabric, size and artistic identity distinguish Siena from other medieval urban centres in Italy. The unity of design of its architecture is characterized by a distinctive Gothic style.
Community Perspective: Siena is a bit larger than your average Tuscan town. Highlights include the shell-shaped Piazza del Campo and the Duomo with its striped bell tower, but most admire it for its overall consistency in its architecture and urban plan. |
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Naples |
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The Historic Centre of Naples represents one of the most influential cultural centres in the Mediterranean region.
Founded in 470 BCE, it was among the most important cities of Magna Graecia. Subsequent periods saw Roman, Byzantine, Spanish and French rule and an era as an autonomous Duchy. From each period, outstanding elements remain visible in the city.
Community Perspective: Stay for a couple of days. Reviewers have named a rich selection of highlights, including the inner courtyard of the Santa Chiara monastery, the Archaeological Museum, the Palazzo di Capodimento, Teatro di San Carlo, Galeria Umberto I, Piazza del Gesù Nuovo and Napoli Sotteranea. There are also a lot of ugly buildings in between. |
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Ferrara |
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Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta are the first examples of Italian Renaissance town planning and its influence on the landscape.
In the late 15th century, the plan of the medieval city was redesigned and extended based on a complex urban plan on the orders of the ruling Duke Ercole d'Este I. Ferrara at that time grew into a cultural center, renowned for music as well as for visual arts. The Este family also carried out extensive land reclamation and building projects in the Po Delta, culminating in a network of noble residences.
Community Perspective: Ferrara has a certain charm, and it’s a university town so there is liveliness. Highlights here include the Palazzo Diamanti, the smaller Palazzo Marfisa d'Este, and the frescoes of the Palazzo Schifanoia. You can also cycle on the city wall. Some elements of the included Po Delta have been described by John. |
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The trulli of Alberobello |
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The Trulli of Alberobello are an exceptional example of a vernacular building technique that has survived from prehistoric times until today.
Trulli are dry-stone constructions that once were common in the Mediterranean region. The ones in the Monti and Aja Piccola quarters of Alberobello are characterized by their dome or conical-shaped roofs, which in some cases are painted with a pagan symbol to ward off bad luck.
Community Perspective: The Aja Piccola area is less commercialized than the Monti, and therefore generates a more authentic feeling. You can also stay overnight in a trullo, as Clyde did. |
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Ravenna |
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The Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna comprise a unique collection of mosaic art and monuments from the 5th and 6th centuries.
Ravenna, the capital of the Late Roman Empire and Byzantine Italy, developed into a major centre of Christian art and culture at the instigation of Galla Placidia, the wife of Western Roman Emperor Constantius III. Its religious and funerary art and architecture blends oriental and western styles and mostly stands out for its mosaics.
Community Perspective: The monuments that contain the mosaics are spread out over several locations in and around Ravenna. “It is really impossible to say which monument and mosaic is the most impressive”, so try and see as many as you can. |
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Pienza |
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The Historic Centre of the City of Pienza is the earliest example of a Renaissance "ideal town".
It was created by Pope Pius II, a humanist who decided to refurbish his poor hometown of Corsignano and turn it into his papal summer court. The buildings and objects designed by Bernardo Rossellino are a blend of the Renaissance and the German Gothic style. Also, the technique of sgraffito was used all over town.
Community Perspective: To most of us, it’s a lovely little town with a homogenous townscape. You have to be a student of architectural history to fully appreciate the Humanist Renaissance influence in its design. |
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Residences of the Royal House of Savoy |
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The Residences of the Royal House of Savoy represent the 17th and 18th-century building programme of this dynasty of absolute monarchs.
The Dukes of Savoy moved their court to Turin in 1562. Using their family wealth, successive dukes initiated construction and expansion programmes with an eye for town planning and overall cohesion. They left a testimony to Baroque art and architecture.
Community Perspective: Turin doesn’t get much praise (except for its Egyptian Museum and the Mole Antonelliana), and the interiors of many of these Savoy residences are nowadays filled with mildly interesting exhibits. Try to visit at least a building in Turin’s city centre (Palazzo Reale or Palazzo Madama) and one of the hunting residences in Piedmont (Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi is a convenient and beautiful choice). |
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Botanical Garden, Padua |
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The Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua is the oldest University Botanical Garden in the world, which has kept its research and didactic features unchanged for centuries.
The Garden was established in 1545 by the University of Padua and has been a great influence on other botanical gardens around the world. At first geared toward the growth of medicinal plants, it was later enriched with plants from all over the world brought in by the Venetian Empire. The Garden houses an extensive herbarium and a scientific library.
Community Perspective: This smallish garden is a pleasant and quiet oasis in the city center, with the 'Goethe palm' from 1585 as its "star". There’s an old and a new part, the latter with a large greenhouse housing plants from different climates. |
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Aquileia |
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The Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia comprise the remains of a city from the Early Roman Empire, that continued to be of importance in the Christian era.
The Ancient Roman City, which was one of the largest and wealthiest of the early Roman Empire, is mostly unexcavated, with traces of the forum, the river port, tombs and residences visible above ground. The Patriarchal Basilica’s main feature is its original, 37x20m mosaic floor which dates back to a previous incarnation of the building from the 4th century.
Community Perspective: You come here to see the mosaics; fortunately they are well-preserved and well-displayed. Ian also tipped the 12th-century frescoes in the crypt below the apse of the Basilica, and Els has provided a comprehensive overview of all of Aquileia. |
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Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands |
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Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto) comprise a scenic cultural landscape on the steep slopes along the Ligurian coast.
Covering a stretch of 15km along the coast between Cinque Terre and Portovenere, the landscape is heavily terraced for agriculture (vines, olive trees). Until the 1870s it was only accessible by sea. Local communities lived in compact settlements, which can still be seen in the layout of the main coastal villages. The three islands of Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto contain remains of early monasteries.
Community Perspective: Cinque Terre can be well-visited by train as it follows the coastline and stops in each of the villages, although some find the trains too crowded. You see more while hiking (the inter-village footpaths have reopened in recent years) and by staying overnight in one of the villages. |
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Modena |
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The Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande in Modena are supreme examples of early Romanesque art.
These 12th-century structures are the result of the close collaboration of an architect (Lanfranco) and a sculptor (Wiligelmo). Ancient remains were reused in the rebuilding of the Cathedral. The monumental complex, which took over a century to be completed, combines religious and civic functions.
Community Perspective: The first impression of almost every reviewer is: “it’s all quite small”. But, as Michael states, size should not matter. The Cathedral stands out for its rose window, reliefs and fine sculptures, which can also be admired on the outside. |
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Urbino |
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The Historic Centre of Urbino is remarkable for its legacy of Renaissance culture.
Urbino was radically rebuilt in the 15th century under the patronage of its duke Federico da Montefeltro. His court attracted many humanist scholars and artists and was a leading example among European courts of that time. While the city kept its medieval urban layout, a new set of walls and many monumental buildings were added.
Community Perspective: It’s not in the same league as the great Renaissance cities, but has its own charm. The Ducal Palace and the view of the city skyline from the park in front of Fortrezza di Albornoz are not to be missed. |
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Pompei |
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The Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata provide a complete and vivid picture of Roman society and daily life at a specific moment in the past.
They were all buried under layers of ash and rock when on August 24 of the year 79 CE, the Vesuvius volcano suddenly erupted. They subsequently became the best-preserved remains of the Roman period, including whole cities, suburban villas and wall paintings.
Community Perspective: “The most amazing archaeological site anywhere”. Pompei sees all the tourists and has the urban setting and the Villa dei Misteri, Ercolano is as good and easier to navigate (see review by John), while Villa di Poppea di Oplonti in Torre Annunziata (see review by Clyde) also should not be missed for its colourful frescoes. |
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Agrigento |
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The Archaeological Area of Agrigento is known for its Greek architecture.
The site is a testament to a Greek colony that flourished here from the 6th century BCE. It comprises the remains of the acropolis and the sacred hill. The latter was adorned by numerous magnificent Doric temples, which have been preserved in good condition.
Community Perspective: The temple of Concordia is the undoubted highlight. Be aware that this so-called ‘Valley of the Temples’ requires a non-trivial amount of walking. |
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Villa Romana del Casale |
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The Villa Romana del Casale is a Late Roman palatial residence renowned for its exceptional mosaics.
Located in rural Sicily, the luxury villa was the center of a huge agricultural estate. The floors of its 50 rooms are covered almost completely with well-preserved coloured mosaics. They depict hunting scenes, domestic scenes and flora and fauna. The mosaics probably were made by North African craftsmen.
Community Perspective: Mindboggling, as this is by far the largest set of Roman mosaics in the world. You view them by walking on raised walkways, which get crowded when the tour groups arrive. A visit may take 2 hours. |
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Su Nuraxi di Barumini |
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Su Nuraxi di Barumini is the most important Bronze Age defensive structure of Sardinia.
The prehistoric settlement was centered around a three-story, megalithic 'nuraghe' tower that was built around 1500 BCE. The Nuraghi, originally isolated towers in prominent settings, were built to house single families or clans, but evolved into a more complex settlement for social and defensive reasons.
Community Perspective: Don’t look at it only from afar, but take the guided visit that is included with the ticket, as it will take you in and on the structure and add a lot of background info to the ‘heap of stones’. Ilya has recommended a few other Nuraghi that are worth visiting. |
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Cilento and Vallo di Diano |
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Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula comprises a cultural landscape that played an important role in Mediterranean trade, culture and politics.
The area has blossomed since prehistoric times when communication routes were established along the crests of its mountain ranges. Greek colonists left their mark in the form of the city of Poseidonia (Paestum), as did the Phocaeans with Elea (Velia). In the Middle Ages, feudal castles and religious buildings were added along the routes.
Community Perspective: This is a large area, best covered by car in a day or two. Paestum is its most outstanding component. |
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Villa Adriana (Tivoli) |
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Villa Adriana (Tivoli) comprises the remains of the retreat of the well-travelled and erudite Roman Emperor Hadrian.
The palatial complex comprises some 30 buildings, designed in the architectural traditions of Ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt, and brought together into an ‘ideal city’. Its monuments also inspired architects from the Renaissance, Baroque and even later periods.
Community Perspective: It’s a vast complex, one can easily spend 2-3 hours here. It is not visited often compared to other Ancient Roman sites. “Pleasant, but rather forgettable” seems to summarize the general opinion, although it became Frédéric’s favourite of the three Villas in Tivoli (which he managed to all visit in one day on public transport). |
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Villa d'Este |
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Villa d'Este, Tivoli is a masterpiece of Italian Renaissance architecture and especially garden design.
The ensemble of the palace and gardens was laid out in the second half of the 16th century on the orders of Governor Cardinal d'Este. Its terraced water garden decorated with architectural elements such as monumental fountains had a profound influence on European landscape design.
Community Perspective: The garden provides a nice 1.5-hour stroll up and down the terraced hill, with the fountains as highlights (if they're running). The palace/villa isn’t particularly interesting. Overall it feels like an old-fashioned tourist attraction that could use some TLC. |
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Val di Noto |
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The Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-eastern Sicily) are examples of 'anti-seismic' urban planning executed in the late Baroque style.
The towns here are permanently at risk from earthquakes and eruptions of Mount Etna. After a major earthquake in 1693, large public projects were started to rebuild the affected towns. The fashionable architectural style of the period was used: Baroque. It has resulted in homogenous townscapes with exuberant late Baroque monuments.
Community Perspective: It’s recommended to base yourself in the area (Noto is the biggest town) for a few days and then drive around. The component in Catania has a very different setting and the city itself is hard to love. A bit of trivia: ‘Val’ doesn’t mean Valley (it’s Siculo Arabic for “province”). |
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Monte San Giorgio |
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Monte San Giorgio is a mountain at Lake Lugano known for its marine fossils from the Mid-Triassic Period.
At that time (about 240 million years ago), the area had a tropical climate and a sea full of coral, fish, (long-necked) reptiles and turtle-like creatures. Fossils of these animals were found well preserved in what had been a sea basin. The quality of preservation is very high, a number of 'first discoveries' of species have been made here and the site has been studied for a long time.
Community Perspective: The museum in Meride is a worthwhile start, as it holds several fossils found at the site. There’s a trail that starts just outside Meride to take you into the core zone and to the top of Monte San Giorgio. |
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Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy |
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The Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy are groups of chapels that were places of prayer established by the Roman Catholic Church as a “New Jerusalem”.
They were developed mainly in the 16th century as an alternative to the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, which had become less accessible, and to counter the influence of the Protestant Reformation. The greatest Piedmontese and Lombard artists of the period created paintings and sculptures for these chapels. They are also known for their integration with the surrounding natural landscape.
Community Perspective: Be prepared for a bit of walking, as these lie uphill. John has provided short overviews of 8 of the 9 components. The “best” ones are Varese (with a Holy Road of 14 stations) and Varallo. Tsunami has compared the two. |
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Etruscan Necropolises |
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The Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia bear witness to the achievements of Etruscan culture, the first urban culture in the western Mediterranean.
They are the remains of two ancient Etruscan city-states, dating back to the 9th and 7th century BCE respectively. The frescoes in the tombs of Tarquinia show the daily life of the Etruscans, while the cemeteries of Cerveteri represent Etruscan town planning.
Community Perspective: The interior of 16 of the tombs at Tarquinia can be visited (albeit you have to watch the paintings from behind a glass door). At Cerveteri, the tombs are still covered under mounds which are overgrown with grass and shrubs. Here the attraction lies in walking around the ‘streets’ of the cemetery. Nan found a way around closed doors and limited public transport. And James reported that even in 2022 this is a cash-only site. |
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Val d'Orcia |
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The Val d'Orcia is a cultural landscape from the Renaissance comprising an aesthetically pleasing combination of farmlands and fortified villages on hilltops.
The landscape as it unfolds nowadays was created as an investment by wealthy Siennese merchants in the 14th and 15th centuries. The farmers cultivated mainly grains, vines and olives, and had to share part of their revenue with the merchants as rent. The beauty of the area inspired Renaissance painters and early travellers on the Grand Tour alike.
Community Perspective: It’s quintessentially Tuscan, with hills, olive trees and rows of cypresses. It’s best to just drive around and take it all in. A few reviewers have named highlights such as Bagno Vignoni (Tsunami), the Cipressi di San Quirico d'Orcia (Frederik), and the Romanesque Abbey of S Antimo (Matejicek). |
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Syracuse |
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Syracuse and the rocky Necropolis of Pantalica bear testimony to the development of Mediterranean civilization in the past 3000 years.
Syracuse was one of the greatest Greek colonies. The remains from that period can be found on the island of Ortygia and at the archeological park of Neapolis. Later civilizations, such as the Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Bourbons and Aragonese also left their mark on Ortygia. The Necropolis of Pantalica lies 40km away and holds rock-cut tombs made by indigenous people of Sicily.
Community Perspective: Ortygia is a pleasure to explore on foot and its Duomo is recommended for a visit as it has developed constantly like the city, from the Ancient Greek to the Baroque. The Necropolis at Pantalica is “nothing special”, and Alikander made it to the third component of this eclectic site, the archeological park of Neapolis. |
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Genoa |
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Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli represent an innovative form of urban planning and contain landmarks in Baroque and Mannerist architecture.
Le Strade Nuove consists of the Via Garibaldi, Via Balbi and Via Cairoli. They are known for their aristocratic houses and the Palazzi dei Rolli. The palaces were built between the 16th and 18th centuries by local noble families. They were also used for official representative purposes by the mercantile Republic of Genoa: those that were on the list, the Rollo.
Community Perspective: Most of the 42 palaces cannot be visited, and those that can (there is a combined ticket) mainly feature moderately interesting art collections. Some reviewers enjoyed the interiors of the Palazzo Reale, the Palazzo Lomellini Nicolosio, and the Palazzo Spinola. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Mantua and Sabbioneta |
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Mantua and Sabbioneta are towns in the Po Valley that represent aspects of Renaissance town planning.
Mantua shows the renewal and extension of an existing city, made possible by the participation of renowned Renaissance architects and painters. The newly founded Sabbioneta represents the implementation of the period’s theories about planning the ideal city. Both towns acquired their wealth during the reign of various members of the Gonzaga family, between 1328 and 1707.
Community Perspective: Mantua has an impressive ‘skyline’, which is best seen approaching by car on the SS10. Its highlights include the Palazzo Ducale, the Sant’Andrea Basilica and the Palazzo di Tè. Sabbioneta is less striking than Mantua and alone would probably not have been included in the List. |
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Via Appia |
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The Via Appia is the first and most important of the great roads built by the Ancient Romans, also known as "regina viarum" (or "queen of roads"). It was built in 312 BC to ensure swift and direct communication between Rome and Capua, an ancient town to the north of Naples. A revolution in road construction, the road was paved with close-fitting slabs of dressed basalt, ensuring it remained passable in all weather conditions, plus it was a public, toll-free road. Community Perspective: Hubert describes a visit to the Via Appia Antica by bike from Rome, while Matejicek visited the end of the road at Brindisi, and Clyde hiked to the sights close to Rome. |
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Rhaetian Railway |
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The Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes consists of the Albula and Bernina transalpine railway lines, noted for their technical quality.
The lines were built from 1908-1910. The Albula line leads from Chur to St. Mortiz, and the Bernina line leads from St. Moritz to Tirano across the border in Italy. Along the way, numerous tunnels, viaducts and bridges had to be built. The railway was designed to follow an existing mountain road.
Community Perspective: You obviously have to do this by riding the train – it still is an active railway line. The structures of interest (viaducts, bridges) however are difficult to see from the train; among these, the Landwasserviaduct is a highlight. |
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Dolomites |
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The Dolomites comprise a limestone mountain range of exceptional beauty that is an object of scientific study for its geomorphological and geological values.
The attraction of its “dolomitic landscape” lies in the great diversity of colours and dramatic landforms such as steep cliffs, pinnacles and ravines. Geologists value its “fossilized atolls” from the Mesozoic when this was an area full of marine life.
Community Perspective: The Dolomites are unique among the alpine landscapes and most of the 9 included areas are popular tourist attractions. Hubert has highlighted some of the rewarding hiking tours you can do here. Driving around and stopping for the views, like John did, can be rewarding as well. |
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Longobards in Italy |
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"Longobards in Italy. Places of the Power (568-774 A.D.)" marks the transition between Antiquity and the European Middle Ages.
This heritage was left behind by the Longobard / Lombard elite, a people of Germanic origin who converted to Christianity. They supported the monastic movement but also were instrumental in transferring literary, architectural and other works from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Their built structures show stylistic diversity.
Community Perspective: The serial site comprises 7 groups of monuments spread across Italy, of which you’d need to visit a couple to get the idea. Reviewed are Monte Sant'Angelo (Klaus, Matejicek), San Salvatore-Santa Giulia in Brescia (the best place to start; John, Els, Nan), Cividale del Friuli (Ian, Tom, Claire), Tempietto del Clitunno and San Salvatore in Spoleto (Clyde, Els, Tom, Nan), Castelseprio-Torba (Els), and the Santa Sofia Complex in Benevento (Aspasia). |
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Prehistoric Pile Dwellings |
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The Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps are the remains of prehistoric agrarian lake shore communities.
Rising water levels since prehistory led to the abandonment of these stilt house settlements. Covered by lake and river sediments, organic materials such as wooden structures have been preserved. Archeological findings further include the oldest textiles discovered in Europe, dugout canoes and wooden wheels. About 30 different cultural groups were responsible for creating these pile dwellings.
Community Perspective: only at very few of the 111 locations can original remains be seen, at the others, you will be staring “intently at the water trying to spot the merest hint of some buried rotten wood”. Molina di Ledro and Fiave in Italy are your best bets. Solivagant contemplates what a visit to the Pile Dwellings entails, and Hubert has visited multiple locations. |
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Mount Etna |
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Mount Etna is of great scientific significance as it is one of the most active volcanoes in the world.
Its almost continuous series of eruptions have been documented since ancient times, making it an important destination for the study of volcanology. Etna’s top is a conical stratovolcano with four summit craters. Various volcanic phenomena such as craters, lava caves, lava flows and cinder cones are clearly visible.
Community Perspective: Although the volcano can be seen from afar, the core zone is limited to the most strictly protected areas. For most components except the lower remains of lava flows, you need to do some serious hiking (as done by Els, Nan and Aspasia) or take a guided jeep tour (as Jay and Ilya did). Also, have a look at Joël’s video of what it looks like in bad weather. |
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Medici Villas and Gardens |
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The Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany are a group of residences in the countryside built by the Medici family.
They are illustrative of their patronage of the arts during the Italian Renaissance. The Medici’s used their rural villas for leisure and dedicated time to the arts and knowledge. The villas were built in harmony with their gardens and the surrounding environment.
Community Perspective: Around Florence, the Villa della Petraia, the garden of the Villa di Castello and the Giardino di Boboli provide a good introduction, while the Villa di Poggio a Caiano (20km away) is recommended as well for its interior. As per Hubert’s review, who has tried to visit all 14 locations, many of the villas are not open to the public or accessible by special appointment only. |
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Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont |
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The Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato is a harmonious landscape of cultivated hillsides, hilltop villages and other built elements.
It is one of the most ancient wine-producing regions in the world and the winemaking tradition has slowly evolved over time. Since the 19th century, it has become one of the main centers of the international wine trade, producing well-known wines such as Barolo, Barbaresco, Barbera, Asti Spumante and Canelli Spumante.
Community Perspective: Clyde has written the ultimate review of this site, having visited all 6 locations in quite some detail. Other reviewers don’t appreciate these vineyards that much. Don’t bother only going to the town of Nizza Monferrato, as Els and Nan discovered. |
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Arab-Norman Palermo |
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Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale show an exceptional exchange between Western, Islamic, and Byzantine cultures.
The monuments date from the era of the Norman kingdom of Sicily (1130-1194). Muslim, Byzantine, Latin, Jewish, Lombard, and French elements were combined into a new architectural and artistic style. It is characterized by rich decorations such as mosaics, paintings and fittings.
Community Perspective: It’s hard to name highlights, as the component sites are all good and every reviewer seems to have his or her own favourite. Clyde and Matejicek managed to visit all 9 locations; it will take you 2-3 days. |
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Evaporitic Karst and Caves |
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The Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines comprise well-studied examples of karst phenomena in gypsum and anhydrite in a humid sub-tropical climate.
They consist of two different deposits from different periods: Triassic anhydrites and Messinian gypsum. The caves include the world's largest epigenetic cave and the largest karst salt spring in Europe. Over 900 caves have been explored and mapped so far, moreover, the discipline of speleology was born in this area.
Community Perspective: the nine components can be safely watched from a distance or by joining one of the cave tours. Tsunami describes a harrowing experience at the Spipola Cave. |
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Ivrea |
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Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century, was designed as a modern industrial city showing the transition from mechanical to digitalised industrial technologies.
Ivrea was the base of operations for Olivetti, a manufacturer of typewriters, mechanical calculators and, later, computers. Especially Adriano Olivetti in the 1930s developed an interest in architecture and urban planning, and he worked with the best-known Italian architects and town planners of his time. This resulted in industrial and public buildings and a housing plan for workers.
Community Perspective: the state of preservation is far from great and you’ll encounter no-trespassing signs, but there’s a signposted trail with information panels around town. Recently (2023) a new visitor center opened, that has a map of all historic buildings. |
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The Prosecco Hills |
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Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene form a viticultural landscape in challenging, mountainous terrain.
The highest quality Prosecco, an extra dry sparkling white wine, has been produced here since the 18th century. The vineyards had to be managed on steep slopes; it was done by using grassy terraces (ciglioni) and applying the bellussera method to get the maximum out of the lands.
Community Perspective: We can count on Clyde and Hubert to seriously investigate these sparkling white wines. They both named Rolle as the best place to see the steep terraces. |
Jamaica |
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Blue and John Crow Mountains |
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The Blue and John Crow Mountains are a remote mountainous region known for its biodiversity and relevance to the history of Jamaican Maroons.
The region provided refuge to escaped indigenous slaves, the traces of which can be seen at Maroon archaeological sites such as hiding places and a network of trails. They lived in and around the settlement of Nanny Town. The area is limited to the Preservation Zone of the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains NP. These mountain ranges are covered with dense tropical, montane rainforest. A wide variety of endangered and/or endemic plant, frog and bird species is found here.
Community Perspective: the Blue Mountains and its coffee history are well on the Jamaican tourist trail, but visiting the rather limited core zone of old forest is another cup of tea. Els has described the options for a rewarding visit. |
Japan |
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Horyu-ji Area |
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The Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, masterpieces of wooden architecture, are the earliest of their kind in Japan
Horyu-ji was founded by Prince Shotoku who was the first patron of Buddhism in Japan. Here elements of Chinese Buddhist architecture were adapted into a distinctly Japanese style, which became influential in the rest of Japan. The 48 monuments are spread across two temple sites, Horyu-ji and Hokki-ji.
Community Perspective: more austere than other temples in the Kyoto-Nara area, but these are superbly constructed, most important due to their age and not as busy with tourists. Horyu-ji is the main location of the two. |
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Himeji-jo |
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Himeji-jo is a well-preserved example of Japanese wooden castle architecture, combining both functional use and aesthetic appeal.
This hill-top castle consists of 83 buildings and has a highly developed defence system. The wooden walls are covered with fireproof white plaster. There are openings for firing guns and shooting arrows, and also for pouring boiling water or oil on unwelcome visitors. The multiple roof layers are visible from almost anywhere in the city.
Community Perspective: “You may think of Himeji-jo as that beautiful white tower, but the castle is much bigger than that.” GabLabCebu and Hubert provide the most extensive, recent coverage. The castle is easily accessed by a 1h train ride from Kyoto. |
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Ancient Kyoto |
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The Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) formed the center of Japanese culture for a thousand years.
Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan from 794 to 1869. Its wealth and importance are reflected in the religious wooden architecture and the landscaped gardens. Especially its garden architecture has had a profound influence worldwide.
Community Perspective: opinions differ about which temple is the ‘best’, although Byôdô-in Uji and the Golden Temple are often named. Every temple also has a spectacular garden and Kyoto overall is a perfect introduction to Japanese culture, architecture and food. Consider renting a bike if you want to do a fair number of the 17 inscribed sites in a day. |
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Shirakawa-go and Gokayama |
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The Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama are traditional Japanese settlements.
The three villages lie in isolated valleys, with the inhabitants growing mulberry trees and rearing silkworms. Their characteristic farmhouses, Gassho-zukuri, have triangular-shaped roofs so snow can slide off easily. They are also large enough to store silk products.
Community Perspective: the best time to visit is in winter, with the thick layers of snow on the roofs. From the 3 included villages most reviewers visited Ogimachi in Shirakawa-go, which sees a lot of tourists in general. Hubert describes Ainokura, where he also stayed the night. |
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Genbaku Dome |
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The Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) is a symbol of world peace after the destruction created by the first atomic bomb.
The building, a former industrial promotion site, was the only one left standing near the centre of the explosion on 6 August 1945 and it has been preserved as a ruin. It symbolizes the hope for the ultimate elimination of all nuclear weapons. The surrounding Peace Memorial Park (in the buffer zone) holds various smaller monuments, to honor special groups of victims and there is also a museum.
Community Perspective: a moving site to visit, although the interpretation could be more balanced. Hiroshima overall nowadays is perhaps Japan’s most friendly and pleasant city. |
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Itsukushima Shrine |
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The Itsukushima Shinto Shrine is a traditional Shinto religious centre set as an artistic creation in its natural environment.
Itsukushima Island is known as a holy place for Shintoism and it includes two shrine complexes. With the sea in the foreground and the mountains in the background, they have become recognized as a Japanese standard of beauty. They follow the tradition of Japanese Shinto architecture centered on the worship of nature.
Community Perspective: An easy day trip from Hiroshima. Visit when the tide is high so the O-Torii Gate appears to float above the sea. Look at Frederik’s review for a bit of additional history and GabLabCebu’s for a take on Momijidani Park and Senjokaku Pavillion. |
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Ancient Nara |
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The Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara comprise the former Imperial Palace and Buddhist and Shinto religious buildings that show the evolution of Japanese architecture.
From 710-784, Nara blossomed as the capital of Japan. The city was planned according to geomantic principles. Its architecture profited from cultural links with China and Korea. The palace not only was the imperial residence but also had a large number of official buildings used for political and religious ceremonies.
Community Perspective: more manageable than nearby Kyoto, but it still is recommended to stay the night as there is lots to see. The main highlight is the oversized Todai-ji. Hubert has described all 8 inscribed locations. |
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Nikko |
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The Shrines and Temples of Nikko are a traditional Japanese religious centre with Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples harmoniously integrated in their natural surroundings.
The richly decorated buildings originate from the 17th century and form a perfect illustration of the Edo style of architecture. They lie in the forest and on mountain slopes, both of which hold sacred meaning in the Shinto belief.
Community Perspective: An easy day trip from Tokyo, but count on spending the whole day here as it is a highlight of Japan for most. Hubert has well-described a selection of the shrines you'll see. |
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Gusuku of Ryukyu |
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The Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu are a group of nine stone monuments and archeological sites on the island of Okinawa.
They are the remains of the ancient Ryukyu kingdom, which flourished between 1429 and 1609. The “Gusuku” were walled compounds, which evolved into forts and castles of local chieftains. They were both political and religious centres. Some are still used for traditional religious rituals such as nature worship. The unique Ryukyu culture was heavily influenced by the economic and cultural interchange with Japan, China, Korea and Southeast Asia.
Community Perspective: A good excuse to come to Okinawa, you’ll find a different version of Japan. It is also a must for anybody interested in visiting castles or even haunted places. Four of the components are located in the capital Nara, so they are easy to access. Randi has described the ones in northern Okinawa. |
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Yakushima |
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Yakushima contains the remains of a warm-temperate ancient rainforest and it is the last ecosystem dominated by the Japanese cedar.
This small and very wet island has high peaks up to 2,000m, all covered in dense forest. It includes a primeval forest of the Japanese cedar or Yakusugi, an evergreen tree that can grow very large in height and diameter. Some of the trees are over 1,000 years old.
Community Perspective: this lovely island can be reached by ferry from Kagoshima, but be aware that the core zone only covers the higher altitude central part, with arms stretching south, east and west to the coast. The hardcore option is to do the hike to Jomon Sugi (8-10hrs; Aovana, Randi & Svein and Zoë did so); an alternative, easier way is to take the Seibu Rindon Forest Path near the coast. |
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Shirakami-Sanchi |
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Shirakami-Sanchi is a mountain range covered with a virgin forest of Siebold's beech trees.
It is the remaining stand of a kind of forest that once covered all of North Japan; furthermore, it is a rare undisturbed wilderness in Japan. The landscape features deep valleys with steep slopes and sees heavy snow during the winter months, something against which the beech trees are extremely resistant. The rare Japanese black bear can be found in the forest, as well as the Japanese serow and many species of birds and insects.
Community Perspective: glimpses of this mighty forest can be had from the train that runs along the narrow coastal strip from Fukaura south to Noshiro. There are ample visitor centers in the buffer zone, and most people will make do with a ‘from-the-outside-looking-in’ visit as the core zone requires a permit. Popular places in the buffer zone include Anmon-no-taki Falls and certain trails starting from Juniko. |
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Kii Mountain Range |
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The Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range are testimony to the indigenous Shinto belief and its fusion into Shinto-Buddhism.
These three sacred sites with Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples lie in the forests of the sacred Kii Mountains. They have attracted pilgrims since the 11th century. Their architecture has had a profound influence on the building of temples and shrines elsewhere in Japan.
Community Perspective: Koyasan is the most visited component, and one can easily arrange a temple stay here. John went to all three main sites, and Frederik, Hubert and Nan ‘did’ Yoshino which lies close to Nara. |
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Shiretoko |
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Shiretoko holds rich, correlated terrestrial and marine ecosystems that are influenced by seasonal ice in its sea waters.
The peninsula’s forests are home to a variety of wildlife, including brown bears, deer and foxes. Its biodiversity is very important for salmon, migratory birds and sea mammals, including sea lions. Life in the sea, rivers and forests interacts via salmonid species swimming upstream to spawn and becoming food resources for terrestrial animals.
Community Perspective: Utoro is the tourist hub for this park, from here you can take a cruise along the coast or a bus ride to the Five Lakes. Be aware that the season lasts only until late September (and essentially starts only in July), and that it can get very cold afterward. |
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Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine |
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Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape is a relict mining landscape that used to produce large amounts of silver and led to an exchange of ideas and trade with East Asia and Europe.
The silver production to shipment process was based on small-scale, manual operations. The well-preserved remains include mines, smelting and refining sites, settlements and ports.
Community Perspective: the site is centered around the remote town of Omori, but it can be reached by a 2.5h bus from Hiroshima. It is well-equipped to receive visitors and foreigners get a reduction on the entrance fee! None of the reviewers were in awe, and Peter has a conspiracy theory to share on how this got inscribed. Philipp managed to visit 13 of the 14 components. |
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Ogasawara Islands |
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The Ogasawara Islands are a group of oceanic islands that display the evolution process since the birth of the islands.
The forested landscape holds plant species of both Southeast Asian and Northeast Asian origin. It is a habitat for endemic and endangered species, including the Bonin Flying Fox, a critically endangered bat. Also remarkable are its 134 species of land snails and its variety of vascular plants.
Community Perspective: Zoë has been the only reviewer so far, and she reports back on an expensive group of islands with ample opportunities for hiking and sea-based activities such as diving and snorkeling. |
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Hiraizumi |
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Hiraizumi –Temples, Gardens, Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land comprises the ensemble of four gardens and a sacred mountain that is seen as a unique and influential example of planning and garden design.
Hiraizumi blossomed as a rival to Kyoto as the political and administrative centre of northern Japan in the early 12th century. These monuments were built by the ruling clan during this short-lived period. They mix indigenous Japanese concepts of nature worship with the ideals of Pure Land Buddhism, a branch of Mahayana Buddhism.
Community Perspective: “a mix of Kyoto temples in the location of Nikko, in a region with a lack of significant cultural sites compared to other parts of Japan”. Motsuji is deemed the highlight among the inscribed locations. |
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Fujisan |
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Fujisan is a majestic stratovolcano that is revered as sacred and inspirational in the Shinto belief.
Pilgrims have climbed this often snow-capped volcano since ancient times to worship the mountain. At the foot of the mountain, Buddhist temples, Shinto shrines and lodging houses were built. Mt. Fuji also has been an inspiration for artists and these interpretations made the mountain gain fame globally.
Community Perspective: This site has 25 components, so the reviews are scattered around between them with only 2 people having climbed it. Among the lower areas, the Fuji Five Lakes region (Frederik, Hubert) is a good choice, as well as Fujinomiya (Els, Nan). Both Tsunami and Nan also describe festivals. |
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Tomioka Silk Mill |
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The Tomioka Silk Mill is an early industrial complex that represents the spreading of Western technologies during Japan's Meiji period and Japan’s entry into the modern industrialised world.
The mill was dedicated to the mass production of raw silk and – due to the import of French machinery and industrial expertise – played an important role in the renewal of sericulture and the Japanese silk industry. Its industrial architectural ensemble combines both foreign and local elements.
Community Perspective: this former factory is well-geared to receive visitors, most of the original equipment was preserved and the machines are even covered by plastic. It’s an easy day trip from Tokyo, but be aware that the railway line from Takasaki to Tomioka is private and thus not covered by the Japan Rail Pass. With a car, you can also reach the sub-sites. |
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Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution |
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The 'Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining' are industrial heritage sites that reflect Japan’s rapid industrialisation between 1853 and 1912.
The success in the field of heavy industry was based on the adaptation of Western technology and further local innovation to meet specific Japanese needs. The 23 locations, mostly in southwest Japan, include shipyards, mines, and furnaces, but also public and residential buildings in a mix of Japanese and European architectural styles.
Community Perspective: Glover House in Nagasaki is the easiest location to access, while Gunkanjima (a.k.a. Battleship Island) may be the strongest. Locations covered include Town of Hagi (Els), Shuseikan (Frederik), Gunkanjima (Frederik, Anthony, Michael, Daniel), and Nirayama Reverbatory Furnace (Alexander, Hubert). |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
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Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region |
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The Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region reflect the period from the 17th-19th century when Christianity had to be practiced in secret.
After the introduction of the religion by a Jesuit priest in 1549, many people in the region converted. The Japanese rulers followed with a ban on Christianity (and foreign missionaries), that lasted until 1873. The religious practice however survived in a distinct vernacular version in remote communities.
Community Perspective: Oura Church is an easy ‘tick’ in the center of Nagasaki, and there are more components to be visited in the same general area. Frederik reports on a trip to two coastal communities that hold Ono Church and Shisu Church. |
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Okinoshima Island |
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The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region is an early ritual site associated with maritime safety.
From the 4th century, votive offerings were made here to pray for safety for boats heading to Korea and China to trade. There are several taboos and restrictions on visiting Okinoshima, including a ban on women and the prohibition “to speak of anything they have seen or heard on the Island”. The site includes three nearby islets, Koyajima, Mikadobashira and Tenguiwa, and four living places of worship on Kyushu.
Community Perspective: as the entrance to Okinoshima Island is almost fully barred, the reviewers focused on the associated mainland temples. Hetsu-miya Shrine near Fukuoka is the easiest to visit: Thomas provides public transport info and Frederik details what's to see. AC covered two additional locations and got a glimpse of Okinoshima Island from a distance. |
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Amami-Oshima Island |
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Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island are part of an isolated archipelago that is characterized by high proportions of endemic and rare species.
The area became separated from the Eurasian continent after the formation of the Okinawa Trough in the Miocene, and species further evolved independently. It has a warm and humid subtropical climate and is covered with subtropical rainforests that harbour diverse fauna and flora such as the endemic Amami rabbit, the flightless Okinawa Rail and the critically endangered Iriomote leopard cat.
Community Perspective: Matejicek and Svein visited Yambaru NP in Northern Okinawa, and Zoë did Iriomote Island on a day trip from Ishigaki by ferry. |
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Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun |
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Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan comprises 49 distinctive, often keyhole-shaped earthen burial mounds.
The tombs were made for kings and their associates and date from the peak of the Kofun period (4th-5th century). The geometric terraced mounds are surrounded by moats. A rich selection of grave goods and clay figures that used to stand on top of the mounds have been preserved as well.
Community Perspective: the keyhole shape is best seen from the air, and you can do so shortly after the departure from Kansai Airport westwards. Hubert also describes a number of tombs in the Mozu cluster that he visited at street level, GabLabCebu and Tsunami both visited Nintoku-tenno-ryo (a.k.a. Daisen Kofun) which seems to be one of the main ones. The Furuichi cluster so far has been unreviewed. |
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Jomon Prehistoric Sites |
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The Jômon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan represent the culture of a sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherer society.
The Jomon people continuously occupied the Japanese archipelago for over 10,000 years. They did not transition to an agricultural society but continued to live off the land (nuts, berries) and the sea (shellfish) and rivers (fish). Their archeological heritage includes settlements, burial areas, ritual and ceremonial sites and artifacts such as the famous goggle-eyed dogu figurines.
Community Perspective: despite their age and obscurity, these are well-managed sites from a visitor's perspective. Els and Caspar both visited Sannai-Maruyama in Tohoku. Svein added the long-awaited review of the sites on Hokkaido … |
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Sado Island Gold Mines |
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The Sado Island Gold Mines, on the island of Sado, represent the gold and silver mining techniques and methods that were constantly being introduced here from both home and abroad and then further developed at the Sado Mines.
This led to the formation of a cultural tradition based on an evolving set of mining technologies and mine management systems.
Community Perspective: Zoë recommends renting a car and visiting 'Mine B'. Philipp visited right after inscription and reported back on all 3 components. |
Jordan |
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Petra |
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Petra is the archaeological site of an ancient Nabatean caravan city renowned for its elaborate tomb and temple architecture.
The city developed as an important caravan centre between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea between the first centuries BCE and CE. The Nabateans blended ancient Eastern traditions with Hellenistic architecture, while partly cutting their buildings into the red sandstone rock. Petra also held an extensive water engineering system.
Community Perspective: This is one of the highest-ranked WHS and the 20 reviewers so far have left hardly anything but praise, although a few were annoyed by the ubiquitous touts and donkeys. Solivagant has visited in 1964, 1999 and 2012 and lists the changes he has seen. Squiffy has described the must-sees. General tips given: allow at least two days, don’t go with a group on a short visit and don’t go in the heat of summer. |
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Quseir Amra |
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Quseir Amra is an early 8th-century Umayyad building known for its well-preserved wall paintings.
This Desert Castle with a triple-vaulted ceiling was used as a princely retreat. It comprises a reception hall and a hammam, both decorated with extensive figurative frescoes. The castle represents early Islamic art and architecture, still showing links with classical and Byzantine precedents.
Community Perspective: This is one of the castles on the so-called Desert Castle Loop, and it is worth taking in some of the others as well (Qasr al-Kharanah is recommended) to make the detour worth it. |
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Um er-Rasas |
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Um er-Rasas (Kastron Mefa'a) is the archeological site of an important Christian monastic and pilgrimage center.
In the 8th century, there were at least 16 churches here, and pilgrims travelled from afar to see and consult the Stylite monks that lived on stone towers. One of those towers (14m high) is still standing. Noteworthy also is the mosaic floor of the Byzantine Church of Saint Stephen with its representation of towns in the region.
Community Perspective: You’d come here for the mosaics, which are well-preserved and protected from the sunlight by a kind of “hangar”, and the one remaining Stylite tower which lies about a kilometre away. Squiffy has written a comprehensive review about what you may expect. |
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Wadi Rum |
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The Wadi Rum Protected Area is a true desert landscape with iconic landforms and traces of ancient human habitation.
The landscape was created by tectonic activity and further shaped by erosion, resulting in natural arches, mushroom rocks, narrow gorges and spectacular networks of honeycomb weathering features. The area has been inhabited by many human cultures since prehistoric times, including the Nabateans. They left rock art and ancient Arabian inscriptions.
Community Perspective: Some reviewers have resented the persistent Bedouins selling 4x4 tours of the area, but you have to succumb to one to get a rewarding visit (look up an agency with good reviews beforehand). A day tour (as described by Els) will bring you to a circuit of sights including both petroglyphs and natural features such as arches, an overnight stay (as done by Jay and Squiffy) will add hikes, camel rides, Bedouin hospitality and a starry sky. |
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Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" |
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The Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas) is a Christian pilgrimage site commemorating the location where Jesus of Nazareth was baptised by John the Baptist.
It also represents the Christian important tradition of Baptism - archaeological evidence of the practice of baptism here dates back to the 4th century and baptism rituals are still held at this site. The site, located on the eastern banks of the Jordan River, has been a place of pilgrimage for millennia
Community Perspective: The main focus of the obligatory tours is the Jordan River, where you can watch others being baptised (also on the Israeli side) or immerse yourself, and the actual spot where Jesus was baptized which is quite far from today's river. Stanislaw also covered the associated site of Jabal (Tell) Mar Elias. |
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Umm Al-Jimāl |
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Umm al-Jimal comprises a ruined town from the Nabatean, Late Roman and Byzantine-Umayyad periods. The settlement was built in an arid basaltic landscape. It held 16 churches from its heydays as a trading town in the 5th – 7th centuries.
Community Perspective: Wojciech visited in 2017 and found a huge site that takes 2-3 hours to explore. |
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As-Salt |
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As-Salt - The Place of Tolerance and Urban Hospitality represents the city’s ‘Golden Age’ period (1860s to 1920s).
In the late Ottoman period the town saw an influx of traders from Nablus, Syria and Lebanon and it transformed into a thriving trade city. Architecturally elegant buildings were constructed, built in a mix of Ottoman tradition and the Nablusi style with honey-coloured local stone. Both Christian and Muslim communities lived here.
Community Perspective: The best place to start is the Historical Old Salt Museum in Abu Jaber House, which is probably the most famous expression of the new architectural style. Overall, As-Salt with its parked cars and open cables certainly isn’t a photogenic city. Both reviewers found it hard to understand the OUV. On its long way to the inscription, the focus moved from the Arab eclectic architecture (as described by Wojciech) to “urban hospitality”. |
Kazakhstan |
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Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi |
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The mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is an influential Islamic religious monument built in the Timurid architectural style.
Khodja Ahmed Yasawi was a prominent Sufi poet and philosopher. In the 12th century, he was buried in a small mausoleum that attracted many pilgrims. It was Timur who erected the current immense mausoleum over his burial vault in the late 14th century. The design (conical domes, decoration such as muqarnas and glazed tiles) became a model for other major buildings of the Timurid period. The mausoleum is a multi-purpose structure, as it also serves as a mosque.
Community Perspective: of an impressive size, this is one of the highlights in Central Asia. Juha describes visiting by public transport, Clyde advises revisiting at different times of the day and Solivagant tackles the place of religion in contemporary Kazakhstan and the way in which the UNESCO site has been defined and presented. |
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Tanbaly |
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The Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tanbaly testify to the lives and beliefs of the people of the Central Asian steppe since the Bronze Age.
Tanbaly holds large petroglyphs, mostly cut into unsheltered rock faces, that are unique in their iconography. Over 5,000 images across 48 locations have been found. The site also includes ancient settlements, burial sites and sacred sites.
Community Perspective: situated in a remote location, only accessible via private transport. Make sure you or your driver/tour company doesn't confuse it with Tamgaly Tas. The rock engravings are signposted in 7 groups (not all might be open), and can be easily visited in 2 hours. Solivagant’s review zooms in on the cultic complex that they allegedly were part of. Els has provided the most recent overview of what you may expect to find on site. |
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Saryarka |
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"Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan" protects largely undisturbed steppe and wetland areas that are essential for migratory waterbirds.
The site comprises Naurzum State Nature Reserve and Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve, which includes the vast Korgalzhyn-Tengiz lake system where millions of birds feed annually on their way from Africa to Siberia. The steppe is the habitat of the formerly critically endangered Saiga antelope.
Community Perspective: Stanislaw describes an overnight visit to Korgalzhyn in winter (with sightings of Saiga and Wolf), Solivagant visited the same reserve in May and found the Steppe landscape with its flowering tulips the highlight, Clyde did so in June and saw many birds and foxes, as did Els who also managed to find a Saiga. The second location, Naurzum, stays unreviewed. |
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Silk Roads Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor |
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Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor comprises a heritage route of some 5,000 km linking Chang'an in central China with the heartland of Central Asia.
The network facilitated extensive cultural and economic exchange, resulting in the development of towns, forts, water management systems, caravanserai, and Buddhist and other religious buildings. It functioned between the 2nd century BCE and the 16th century CE.
Community Perspective: as a serial site with 35 locations spread wide across 3 countries, the main ‘problem’ is which one to choose. The easiest are in Xi’an, as well as the double-inscribed sites Longmen Grottoes and Mogao Caves. Alternative locations covered by reviewers are Yumen Pass, Burana, Talgar and Suyab - Ak Beshim, and Yar City. |
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Western Tien-Shan |
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The Western Tien-Shan is a Central Asian mountain range known for its plant biodiversity.
Especially its wild fruit and walnut forest are among the largest remaining in the world, thus providing a genetic resource for domestic fruit species. Furthermore, mammals such as Snow Leopard, Wild Sheep and Argali live in these mountains. The site consists of 13 parks and nature reserves, divided over Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
Community Perspective: Come here for some moderate mountain hiking, see flora such as the wild tulip and purple and yellow iris, and taste wild apples and plums. Solivagant covered Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve (Kazakhstan), Jarek and Els Sary Chelek Nature Reserve (Kyrgyzstan), and Clyde the Bashkizilsay area of the Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve (Uzbekistan). |
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Cold winter deserts of Turan |
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The Cold Winter Deserts of Turan testify to the survival of flora and fauna in an arid cold winter climate.
The 14 components across three countries span diverse desert ecosystems across more than 1,500 kilometres. They are important for both breeding and migrating bird species, and provide habitat for globally threatened mammals, such as Goitered Gazelle, Saiga and Urial.
Community Perspective: This site has received two reviews of drive-thru visits so far: Zoë covered Altyn Emel and its singing dunes in Kazakhstan, while Els 'did' Repetek in Turkmenistan. |
Kenya |
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Mount Kenya |
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Mount Kenya National Park / Natural Forest protects the afro-alpine region surrounding Mount Kenya, the second-highest mountain in Africa at 5,199 m.
The mountain is an extinct volcano with 12 remnant glaciers on its slopes, which are retreating rapidly. Also, there are several small lakes and it is the main water catchment area for two large rivers in Kenya; the Tana and the Ewaso Ng'iso North. The site also comprises the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy and Ngare Ndare Forest Reserve in the foothills, which are within the African elephant migration route.
Community Perspective: This site requires an up-to-date review. |
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Lake Turkana |
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The Lake Turkana National Parks provide an important stopping point for migratory birds and holds fossil and geological records that have brought an understanding of its paleo-environment.
The parks consist of Sibiloi National Park and two islands on Lake Turkana (South Island and Central Island). They contain both animal and hominid fossils in the Koobi Fora deposits which are unique in the world. The parks also are a breeding ground for the Nile crocodile, hippopotamus, and snakes.
Community Perspective: more romantically known as the Jade Sea, the area is characterized by a constant fight for survival against drought and starvation. |
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Thimlich Ohinga |
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Thimlich Ohinga archaeological site comprises 4 larger fortified settlements that are the best-preserved examples of pure dry stone building in the Lake Victoria Basin.
The dry stone wall enclosures incorporated shared communal settlements (Ohingni) with homesteads, livestock and craft industries. They were founded by the early pastoral communities of the Lake Victoria Basin from the 16th century CE onward.
Community Perspective: “The effort of reaching the site may be greater than the payoff”, but Michael did so anyway – on his bike. |
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Lamu Old Town |
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Lamu Old Town is the oldest and best-preserved example of Swahili settlement in East Africa.
The town has retained its authentic building fabric up to the present day, with cultural influences from Europe, Arabia, and India. As a conservative and closed society, Lamu has an important religious function with annual celebrations and is also a significant centre for education in Islamic and Swahili culture.
Community Perspective: aimlessly wandering around the old town seems the thing to do. |
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Mijikenda Kaya Forests |
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The Mijikenda Kaya Forests comprise the remains of numerous fortified villages (kayas) considered sacred by the Mijikenda people.
The kayas, created in the 16th century but abandoned by the 1940s, are now regarded as the abodes of ancestors and are revered as sacred sites and, as such, are maintained by councils of elders. Access is restricted, which has had a positive impact on the biodiversity of the forests.
Community Perspective: these consist of 10 kayas across 8 components, spread over some 200 km along the coast. Local tour operators from Mombasa can take you to a nearby kaya, such as Kaya Kinondo. |
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Kenya Lake System |
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The Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley consists of three soda lakes in the valley basin, known for their high concentration of Lesser Flamingo.
Lake Elementaita, Lake Nakuru and Lake Bogoria are shallow, alkaline, and are hydro-geologically connected through sub-surface seepage of water. The alkalinity of the three lakes supports the abundant growth of the green algae which is the food of the Lesser Flamingoes which congregate in the lakes in great numbers, and also attract breeding Great White Pelicans and migratory birds.
Community Perspective: try to find out beforehand which lakes have flamingoes at that time. The active and regular geysers and volcanic fumaroles are worth visiting too. Lake Elementaita is the easiest of the lakes to visit without a 4WD/with public transport. |
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Fort Jesus |
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Fort Jesus, Mombasa is a fort built by the Portuguese to control the Indian Ocean trade.
The fortress was the first European-style fort constructed outside of Europe designed to resist cannon fire. Today, it is one of the finest examples of 16th-century Portuguese military architecture, which has been influenced and changed by both the Omani Arabs and the British.
Community Perspective: Worth about an hour. Your only choice to make is whether to hire a guide or not. |
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Gedi |
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The Historic Town and Archaeological Site of Gedi comprise the remains of a 15th-century Swahili coastal trade center. The town had an inner and outer wall; also pillar tombs, the palace and a great mosque were excavated. The surviving buildings were made of coral stone from the Indian Ocean.
Community Perspective; Go and see these atmospheric overgrown ruins. |
Kiribati |
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Phoenix Islands |
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area is a remote marine ecosystem known for its high biodiversity and exceptional beauty.
The site has experienced minimal human impact and profits from outstanding underwater clarity. The oceanscape consists of numerous large submerged volcanoes (seamounts), eight atolls which are important refuges for seabirds, and two submerged coral reefs. The property is also of crucial importance for the scientific study of marine ecosystems of the Pacific.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
Korea (DPR) |
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Koguryo Tombs |
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The Complex of Koguryo Tombs with its beautiful wall paintings represents the burial customs of the Koguryo Kingdom.
The monumental stone tombs were built under earthen mounds. Different types existed, varying in the number of burial chambers inside. The richest were decorated with wall paintings, showing scenes of Koguryu culture such as food, costumes and religious practices. The Koguryo Kingdom stretched from the northeast of China to the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula from ca. 37 BCE – 668 CE.
Community Perspective: Although tombs may be a staple on standard North Korean itineraries, seeing one of these specific examples may require putting in a “special request”. Solivagant and AC both visited the heavily reconstructed Tomb of King Tongmyung and were not allowed inside. |
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Kaesong |
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The Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong represent the capital of the Koryo dynasty with its associated tombs and set of beliefs.
The Koryo (918-1392) unified Korea and during their reign, Buddhism was replaced by Confucianism as the main religion. Kaesong was developed in a geomantic setting, using the surrounding mountain tops as markers. The designated area covers 12 remaining Koryo monuments and sites, including parts of the city walls, former educational institutions, memorial sites and mausolea.
Community Perspective: Kaesong usually features on the itineraries of the standard guided tours of North Korea, but which parts you get to see is a matter of luck. Solivagant was led to King Kongmin’s Tomb and had some views of old-looking buildings from afar. AC went to Sonjuk Bridge, the Namdaemum, the Koryo Museum and the tomb of King Wang Gon. |
Kyrgyzstan |
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Sulaiman-Too |
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Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain is a sacred mountain originating from pre-Islamic times.
The cult practices for mountain worship have been continuing here for thousands of years, and have been absorbed by Islam. The mountain has a height of ca. 200m and overshadows the city of Osh. On it, Stone and Bronze Age settlements, petroglyphs, ritual sites and Islamic buildings can be found.
Community Perspective: the walk on the network of traditional pilgrim paths is considered enjoyable, and you will meet many locals doing their daily rounds and seek for blessings. However, the Soviet-style museum carved into the mountain is disturbing and the petroglyphs are damaged by graffiti. |
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Silk Roads Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor |
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Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor comprises a heritage route of some 5,000 km linking Chang'an in central China with the heartland of Central Asia.
The network facilitated extensive cultural and economic exchange, resulting in the development of towns, forts, water management systems, caravanserai, and Buddhist and other religious buildings. It functioned between the 2nd century BCE and the 16th century CE.
Community Perspective: as a serial site with 35 locations spread wide across 3 countries, the main ‘problem’ is which one to choose. The easiest are in Xi’an, as well as the double-inscribed sites Longmen Grottoes and Mogao Caves. Alternative locations covered by reviewers are Yumen Pass, Burana, Talgar and Suyab - Ak Beshim, and Yar City. |
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Western Tien-Shan |
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The Western Tien-Shan is a Central Asian mountain range known for its plant biodiversity.
Especially its wild fruit and walnut forest are among the largest remaining in the world, thus providing a genetic resource for domestic fruit species. Furthermore, mammals such as Snow Leopard, Wild Sheep and Argali live in these mountains. The site consists of 13 parks and nature reserves, divided over Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
Community Perspective: Come here for some moderate mountain hiking, see flora such as the wild tulip and purple and yellow iris, and taste wild apples and plums. Solivagant covered Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve (Kazakhstan), Jarek and Els Sary Chelek Nature Reserve (Kyrgyzstan), and Clyde the Bashkizilsay area of the Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve (Uzbekistan). |
Laos |
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Luang Prabang |
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The Town of Luang Prabang is an urban landscape that is partly traditional Lao and partly colonial.
Luang Prabang originated as a defended royal administrative complex, with adjacent temples and monasteries. It was the royal capital and seat of government of the Kingdom of Laos and its predecessors, and also the centre of Buddhism in the region. The fusion of Lao and 19th and 20th-century colonial art and architecture can be seen in the town’s religious buildings (richly decorated wooden pagodas), vernacular buildings (also in wood) and colonial buildings (in brick).
Community Perspective: “Luang Prabang is maybe the last bastion of this region that still can perfectly keep its bygone age atmosphere of Indochina” as Frederik puts it. But it is a bit low on outstanding sights: the Wat Xieng Thong temple probably is the best of them. |
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Vat Phou |
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Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape comprise a ruined Khmer Hindu temple complex integrated with its natural surroundings.
The whole was created within a geometric framework linking man-made works with natural phenomena, notably the summit of Phou Kao and the river Mekong. The temple has a unique structure, in which the elements lead to a shrine where a linga was bathed in water from a mountain spring. The site later became a centre of Theravada Buddhist worship, which it remains today.
Community Perspective: this site may be disappointing if you’ve visited major Khmer sites before, but the old processional walkway is impressive. The area also has a surprisingly serene and holy atmosphere. Frederik puts the site in Khmer context, Els visited it on public transport (difficult!) and Nan with a car+driver from Pakse. Randi in 2020 reported the arrival of an electric bus to get around the archeological site. |
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Plain of Jars |
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The Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang – Plain of Jars are testimony to Iron Age funerary practices.
The sites include 1,325 large sandstone jars, crafted by a civilization that lived in the area from 500 BCE – 500 CE. The densest location holds 400 jars plus associated stone objects such as lids and discs. They are spread across 15 locations which also cover quarries and places where the jars were manufactured.
Community Perspective: This site had been sitting on the Tentative List for (too) long, possibly due to the presence of unexploded ordnances. “Enigmatic” still describes it best and reviewers continue to ponder about the use of the jars, although the OUV description firmly states that it was for burials. |
Latvia |
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Riga |
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The Historic Centre of Riga comprises a medieval and later-period European urban landscape.
The city has the largest and finest collection of Art Nouveau buildings in the world, dating from 1896 -1913 when the city expanded and a housing boom followed. Also of note is the 19th-century wooden architecture. Riga has been highly influential in the Baltic region in architecture, monumental sculpture and garden design.
Community Perspective: While the medieval Old Town is pleasant enough, the real outstanding parts of Riga are the Art Nouveau treats concentrated in Elizabetes iela, Alberta iela and Strelnieku iela in the new town, culminating in the small and pleasant Art Nouveau museum. The 19th-century wooden buildings lie quite a distance away but are well worth the effort to see yet another district of Riga that is not so touristy. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
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Kuldiga |
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The Old town of Kuldiga is a well-preserved and harmonious townscape with traditional Baltic architecture.
The town, previously known as Goldingen, developed between the 13th and 20th centuries under the influence of the Hanse Towns, the Duchy of Courland and Russia. It has a scenic location at the intersection of two rivers.
Community Perspective: a romantic town with the remarkably wide Ventas Rumba waterfall as its natural landmark. It lies deep into the Latvian countryside and is best accessed by car. |
Lebanon |
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Anjar |
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Anjar encompasses the ruins of an Umayyad trading city.
The city was founded in the early 8th century in a strategic location in the Bekaa Valley on the route between Baalbek and Damascus. It was abandoned and destroyed only some 40 years later. Its design was influenced by Roman urban planning and also shows the transition from protobyzantine styles towards Islamic art and architecture.
Community Perspective: its location close to the Syrian border and in the infamous Bekaa Valley has raised red flags over the past decades, but several reviewers made it there anyhow. It’s a low-key but interesting site that can be done as a day trip from Beirut, in combination with Baalbek. |
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Baalbek |
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Baalbek comprises the well-preserved remains of a Roman sanctuary.
With its colossal monuments and detailed stonework, it is considered one of the finest examples of Imperial Roman architecture. At the sanctuary, called Heliopolis at the time, Phoenician beliefs and the Greco-Roman pantheon were brought together. The site attracted many pilgrims.
Community Perspective: the most stunning WHS of Lebanon, very impressive for the height and solidity of the remains and its fine setting below the snow-capped mountains. |
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Byblos |
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Byblos was an early Phoenician settlement and maritime commercial city, associated with the history of the diffusion of the Phoenician alphabet.
The town is believed to have been founded around 5,000 BCE, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the world. Phoenician remains on-site include the Great Temple, the Temple of Baalat Gebal, and the Temple of the Obelisks. The archeological site holds successive layers of remains from the neolithic, chalcolithic, Assyrian, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim, and Crusader periods. The site also includes the current town of medieval and Ottoman origin.
Community Perspective: Byblos is the most touristy of Lebanon’s WHS and it has a pleasant coastal Mediterranean setting. The Crusader Castle is the dominant feature. |
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Tyre |
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Tyre comprises the remains of the largest mercantile city of the Phoenicians.
In its commercial heyday around 1,000 BCE, the people of Tyre founded colonies from Greece to Carthage and Cadiz. The city was particularly known for the production of a rare and expensive sort of purple dye. The city over the ages saw Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Crusader, and Mameluk conquerors, of which the remains from Roman and Crusader times are the most prominent.
Community Perspective: The Hippodrome and necropolis are especially recommended. Tyre lies close to the border with Israel, so security warnings are often in place. |
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Qadisha Valley |
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The Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab) is a cultural landscape encompassing early Christian monastic settlements and a rare forest of Cedar trees.
The valley has been a place of meditation and refuge since the earliest years of Christianity. The current communal and eremitic monastic complexes are mostly Maronite and are supported by terraces used for cultivation. The nearby Cedar Forest is seen as a sacred forest. It holds the remaining specimens of a great forest that supplied prized building materials and gave Lebanon its fame in Antiquity.
Community Perspective: best visited on a day tour or using private transport, as it is in a remote mountainous location. Juha hiked through the area and visited a number of its monasteries and chapels along the way. |
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Rachid Karami International Fair-Tripoli |
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The Rachid Karameh International Fair in Tripoli is a large-scale modernist exhibition complex.
It was designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and built between 1967 and 1975. It was a symbol of national pride and modernisation after independence. The fairground’s main structure, the curved Grand Canopy, is 70m wide and 620m long. The whole project wasn’t yet fully finished when the Lebanese Civil War broke out in 1975, and a new use hasn’t been found.
Community Perspective: all concrete structures are still there and appear to be undamaged. The entrance is free. |
Lesotho |
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Maloti-Drakensberg Park |
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Maloti-Drakensberg Park is renowned for its density of rock art and mountain landscape.
The Drakensberg Mountains are the highest mountain range in Southern Africa. Its natural beauty derives from the rolling high-altitude grasslands and the pristine steep-sided river valleys and rocky gorges. It is an important habitat for plants (Drakensberg Alpine Region of South Africa) and a globally important endemic bird area. The diverse rock art was left behind by the San people who lived in the area for more than four millennia.
Community Perspective: this large area (one can easily spend 3 days) is good for hiking, seeing elands, and viewing the rock art at Game Pass Shelter in the Kamberg, Main Cave at Giant’s Castle and Battle Cave at Injasuti. Another highlight is the drive up the Sani Pass to Lesotho. |
Libya |
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Leptis Magna |
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The Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna comprises the remains of the Phoenician port Lpgy, which was integrated into the Roman Empire in 46 BCE.
When Septimus Severus, who was born here, became Roman emperor in 193 CE, he remodeled the urban plan of Leptis Magna. He added major monuments in a style influenced by African and Eastern traditions. It subsequentially became one of the most beautiful cities of the Roman world. Its Antique port is a fine example of Roman technology.
Community Perspective: Among the best of all “Roman ruins”, especially for its state of completeness. |
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Sabratha |
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The Archaeological Site of Sabratha comprises an originally Phoenician coastal trading post that was remodeled during its time as a Roman colony.
After the Punic Wars, Sabratha became incorporated in the Roman Province of Africa under Julius Caesar. This brought new prosperity, resulting in the construction of public monuments such as the Forum, the Temple of Jupiter and the Theatre. There is also a Christian basilica with remains of mosaic floors.
Community Perspective: not as large as the Leptis Magna site, and its well-preserved Roman theatre is its main attraction. |
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Cyrene |
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The Archaeological Site of Cyrene represents a Greek colony that was one of the principal cities in the Hellenic world.
Later in its history, it became a Roman city. The impressive remains include the sanctuary of Apollo, the Acropolis, and the Agora. Cyrene was known all across the Mediterranean in its heydays and played a role in myths and legends. It was destroyed by an earthquake and a tidal wave in 365. The rediscovery of its ruins in 1705-1706 has been very influential on the development of Neoclassicism.
Community Perspective: it’s a long way east along the coast to get there and you could spend a long time wandering. Solivagant has been the only reviewer so far. |
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Tadrart Acacus |
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The Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus hold thousands of cave paintings that reflect the way of life of different Saharan civilizations.
The mountain massif of Tadrart Acacus is located in the desert area of western Libya. The paintings and engravings were done on its rock walls and in rock shelters. They date from 12,000 BCE to 100 CE and reflect cultural and natural changes in the area. They depict animals such as giraffes, elephants, ostriches and camels, but also men and horses.
Community Perspective: it borders the very similar Algerian WHS Tassili n'Ajjer, and according to Zoë you can hop across to set foot in both parts. |
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Ghadames |
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The Old Town of Ghadamès is one of the oldest oasis towns just north of the Sahara.
It has played an important role in the trans-Saharan trade network for over 2,000 years. The old part of the town has a circular shape and is surrounded by a wall. It has its own unique architecture adapted to the local arid climate.
Community Perspective: Thomas has been the only reviewer so far, and enjoyed the renovated and beautifully decorated buildings.
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Lithuania |
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Vilnius |
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The Vilnius Historic Centre represents a diverse and well-preserved medieval trading town.
The capital city flourished during a time that the Grand Duchy of Lithuania stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. It attracted people from within the duchy with different cultures and religions, such as Jews and Crimean Karaites. Its circular town plan is dominated by three castles. The historic buildings are built in the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Classical styles, which influenced developments in Eastern Europe over the next centuries.
Community Perspective: not spectacular in terms of individual sights (although the brick-gothic Church of St.Anne comes recommended), but a great atmosphere and wandering aimlessly around the old town’s cobbled streets is rewarding. |
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Curonian Spit |
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The Curonian Spit is a narrow sand dune peninsula, preserved from erosion through human efforts since the 19th century.
After earlier settlements were buried by encroaching sand that came to the surface due to logging, the Great Dune Ridge that shapes this land was reinforced with trees and shrubs to prevent it from moving inland. The peninsula still is home to small Curonian lagoon fishing communities and there are archaeological sites such as buried villages to be found.
Community Perspective: most reviewers covered the Lithuanian side: Clyde hiked through the reserve, Jakob did it by bike, and Nan describes the area’s German links. Jarek visited it from the Russian side, which has a pine forest and a bird observation station. |
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Kernavė |
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Kernavė Archeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė) comprises the remains of human settlements, burial sites and five hill forts from the late Palaeolithic Period to the Middle Ages.
The findings show evidence of the pre-Christian heritage of the region (especially its funeral traditions) and the subsequent conversion to Christianity. The hill forts were a 14th-century addition and made use of the earlier mounds for the defense system.
Community Perspective: there’s an on-site museum and you can climb the unexcavated hills, but don't expect to see any grand ruins. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
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Modernist Kaunas |
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Modernist Kaunas: Architecture of Optimism, 1919-1939, represents the redevelopment of its urban landscape as Lithuania’s new capital.
Naujamiestis (New Town) and the adjacent Žaliakalnis (Green Hill) contain numerous examples of early Modernist architecture, adapted to its small scale and local character. Notable buildings include the Central Post Office, the Officers’ Club, the Bank of Lithuania, and the former Bank of Agriculture.
Community Perspective: the nominated area can be easily found on maps of Kaunas for its rigid plan and is easy to explore on foot; only the recommended Christ Resurrection church takes a detour. |
Luxembourg |
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City of Luxembourg |
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City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications includes the remains of a fortified city that played an important role in European history for centuries.
The rocky environment provides a natural fortress, which has been further fortified over the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries by Spanish, Austrian, French, and Prussian rulers. The majority of the fortifications were demolished after 1867, but many of the gates, forts, bastions, redoubts and casemates remain visible.
Community Perspective: while US/UK reviewers seem to fall in love with its “almost perfect” setting, cobbled streets, and Christmas markets incorporated within the military vestiges, those of neighbouring countries find it “somewhat dull”. Be aware that its core zone covers a really small part of the city. |
Madagascar |
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Andrefana Dry Forests |
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The Andrefana Dry Forests represent centres of endemism within its western dry forests and southwestern dry thorny forests.
The habitat in the four national parks and two special reserves evolved in isolation. The dry forests are known for their baobabs and many endemic species of fauna. In addition, Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve covers a spectacular landscape of limestone karst pinnacles.
Community Perspective: this is a hard site to reach, "an “adventure,” and not for everybody". Practical details on how to get to Tsingy de Bemaraha for example can be found in the review by Els. Randi & Svein did the 6-7 hour long Grand Tour at Grand Tsingy and reported that in 2024 there is no armed escort necessary anymore to reach the site. |
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Ambohimanga |
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The Royal Hill of Ambohimanga is an archeological site that contains a ruined city, burial sites, and various sacred places.
Ambohimanga dates from the 16th century and developed into the capital city in the 18th century. The walled city, with stone gates, three palaces, cemeteries and holy places, combines Malagasy and European architectural styles. The hill is also covered with sacred groves, a sacred lake and agricultural terraces. It is still a place of pilgrimage for the local population for the worship of kings and ancestors.
Community Perspective: The site is an easy half-day trip from the capital and is "beautifully set in green countryside looking over a rice paddy filled plain reaching back to Tana". The standard visit includes a guided tour of the royal compound, but it is possible to do a separate 2-hour tour of the sacred forest as well. |
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Rainforests of the Atsinanana |
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The Rainforests of the Atsinanana are recognized for their very high biodiversity and high level of endemism in both plants and animals.
These are the remaining forests in which Madagascar's unique biodiversity survives. Most of the island's plant and animal life has evolved in isolation over the past 60 million years; up to 90% of the species found here are endemic. At least 25 species of the wholly endemic Malagasy primates, the lemurs, can be found in the forests. The rainforests are spread across six national parks on steep terrain in the east of the country.
Community Perspective: All reviewers so far have described their visits to Ranomafana NP, the most accessible of the included parks at about a day's drive from the capital. The typical itinerary consists of an evening/night visit (for the nocturnal species), followed by a forest walk the next day for the diurnal ones. Lemur and chameleon sightings will be abundant. |
Malawi |
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Lake Malawi |
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Lake Malawi National Park holds over 500 fish species (over 90% endemic), which makes it a key example of specialized evolution.
Most noteworthy among the fish are the cichlids (rockfish), with 345 species endemic to the park, which are an object for scientific study because of their rapid increase in species diversity. With its Rift Valley escarpment backdrop, this freshwater lake also is of exceptional beauty. The lake is the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa.
Community Perspective: for starters, the core zone only covers the southern part of Lake Malawi, including Cape Maclear Peninsula. From Cape Maclear you can arrange snorkeling trips “to see the beautiful variety of fish that gather in the rocks just off the nearby islands as well as Otter Point at the far end of the park”. Catamaran trips to see the rockfish and diving excursions are also on offer. The lodge on remote Mumbo Island comes recommended. |
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Chongoni Rock Art |
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The Chongoni Rock Art Area consists of a cluster of 127 sites that feature the richest concentration of rock art in Central Africa.
The paintings are found in rock shelters within granite formations. They reflect both the traditions of rock art of the BaTwa hunter-gathers and of Chewa agriculturalists from the Late Stone Age til the 20th century. The paintings are connected to living traditions: funeral rites, girls' initiation and rainmaking.
Community Perspective: the site can fairly easily be reached from the hub of Dedza, but it needs a drive on bad roads to access the paintings and a guide to explain them. Only a few panels are open to tourists: Joseph visited Chentcherere and Mphunzi in 2014, while Randi in 2022 only was allowed access to the latter. |
Malaysia |
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Kinabalu Park |
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Kinabalu Park comprises an array of flora-rich ecosystems across different altitudes and diverse geology.
The park is dominated by Mount Kinabalu, one of the highest mountains in Southeast Asia at 4,095 meters. It is known for its many carnivorous plant and orchid species. It is also home to a multitude of endemic animal species, including the Kinabalu Giant Red Leech and Kinabalu Giant Earthworm.
Community Perspective: the site seems under-reviewed though it is visited regularly. Els describes a disappointing day trip, while birder Frédéric enjoyed himself better across two days. Both visits were restricted to the bottom of the mountain. Nafis was the first one to describe a climb of the mountain. |
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Gunung Mulu |
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Gunung Mulu National Park is renowned for its natural beauty, biodiversity and its karst features that hold some of the largest cave systems in the world.
The Sarawak Chamber is one of the largest in the world, the Deer Cave is the largest cave passage and the Clearwater Cave System is the longest mapped cave in Asia. Deer Cave also has one of the largest colonies in the world of free-tailed bats. All caves are rich in specific cave fauna and feature fine examples of speleothems and other karst features. The park is also rich in flora species with a high percentage in endemism.
Community Perspective: located in a remote part of Malaysian Sarawak and realistically only accessible by plane, this outstandingly managed park (the visitor experience has improved a lot since 2010) warrants a visit of at least 3 days. You can take part in a variety of guided (cave) tours and watch the spectacular Exodus of the Bats. Be aware that afternoons often are rained out. |
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Melaka and George Town |
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Melaka and George Town, historic cities of the Straits of Malacca, are renowned for their multicultural heritage.
These ports were located at a strategic position for the 15th-to-18th-century trade between Europe and Asia. Their culture and townscapes evolved after being colonized by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, and Malay, Chinese, and Indian cultures became incorporated. The cities include a great variety of religious buildings of different faiths, ethnic quarters, shophouses and townhouses.
Community Perspective: Another often-visited but under-reviewed Malaysian WHS. This may be because people find the monuments lacking in appeal – but, as Frederik states, it is not the old town or its history, but the unity of different cultures and colorful people that make this a place to remember. Bernard provides a good comparison between Melaka and George Town. |
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Lenggong Valley |
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The Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley comprises four cave and open-air sites related to the stages of early human occupation of this area.
Paleolithic workshops and stone tools have been preserved when they were abandoned due to meteorite impact and volcanic ash. One human skeleton from that period has been found – an Australomelanesoid known as Perak Man, South-East Asia’s oldest most complete human skeleton which is radiocarbon dated to 10,120 BP.
Community Perspective: “the most disappointing of the three early man sites I have visited”. The only place that provides any understanding of this site is the Archeological Museum in Bukit Bunuh, which seems to be in a permanent state of refurbishment. The area is quite hard to visit on public transport, tips are provided by Jarek and Frédéric. Tours with local guides can give you access to the archeological sites and provide more background, but good tours are hard to come by. |
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Niah Caves |
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The Archaeological Heritage of Niah National Park’s Caves Complex highlights the adaptation of very early humans to living in the tropical rainforest. The limestone caves hold the remains of prehistoric human burials, stone tools and cave wall paintings. Evidence for the transition from foraging to farming has also been found. The caves have been used by humans from at least 50,000 years ago. Its ca. 40,000 year-old “Deep Skull” is regarded as the oldest anatomically modern human recovered from the Island Southeast Asia.
Community Perspective: Solivagant wrote about the site's history, while Els (by public transport) and Randi (by rental car) focused on the visitor experience in 2023. |
Mali |
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Djenné |
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The Old Towns of Djenné comprise the city of Djenné with its typical architecture and the archeological sites of four pre-Islamic towns.
Djenné, situated on an island in the Bani-river, was a prospering city from the 14th til the 16th century as an important station on the Trans-Sahara route. Its Grand Mosque, originally dating from the 13th century, fell into decay but was rebuilt in the early 20th century. It is replastered yearly in a festival-like event in Spring. The associated archeological sites are Djenné-Djeno, Hambarketolo, Tonomba and Kaniana. They hold remains of traditional brick structures and have produced a wealth of terra cotta artifacts and metal.
Community Perspective: the Old Town is appreciated for its photogenic mud-covered mosque and old two-story houses. Solivagant also visited the archeological site of Djenné-Djeno. |
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Timbuktu |
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Timbuktu was an important commercial, spiritual and cultural centre on the southern trans-Saharan trading route.
It profited from the booming gold and salt trade in the Sahara region from the 15th century onwards. Housing a famous university, three large mosques and several madrassas, Timbuktu also played an important role in the early spread of Islam in Africa. The inscription actually narrows down to the three large mosques and sixteen cemeteries and mausoleums of Timbuktu. The buildings show traditional characteristic construction techniques.
Community Perspective: those who managed to visit found sand-covered streets and souvenir-selling Touareg. Due to terrorist/kidnapping threats, it nowadays is only accessible by flying in. |
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Cliff of Bandiagara |
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The Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) is an eroded landscape of tablelands, gorges and plains that is inhabited by the traditionally living Dogon people.
The Dogon have withdrawn themselves to caves and rock shelters in this rocky area. They built their villages with distinct clay architecture. Sacred rituals from their traditional religion are closely connected to the landscape. The beautiful natural environment provides the Dogon also with medicinal plants.
Community Perspective: "undoubtedly one of the great sites of Africa". It is best seen as part of a multi-day trek, to enjoy village life, the Dogon way of greeting, the traditional woodwork of the doors, and the mask dances. Solivagant wonders about how inevitable change will affect this way of life, but we haven’t received another review for almost 20 years. |
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Tomb of Askia |
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The fifteenth-century Tomb of Askia in Gao is a fine example of the monumental mud-building traditions of the West African Sahel.
It is believed to be the burial place of Askia Mohammad I, the first Emperor of the Songhai Empire, which once controlled the lucrative trans-Saharan trade from West Africa. The complex includes the pyramidal tomb, two mosques, a cemetery and an assembly ground. It receives a regular renewal of the layer of plaster, which erodes each winter.
Community Perspective: located in a region with long-standing security issues, the site has only been reviewed once so far. Werner visited on a day trip in 2011. |
Malta |
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Hal Saflieni Hypogeum |
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The Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum is a subterranean structure testifying to the artistic and architectural accomplishments of Malta's Neolithic society.
The underground cemetery was cut into the rock and resembles the architecture used in the temples above ground. It was in use from around 4000 BC to 2500 BCE. The remains of 7000 people have been found inside, as well as pottery and stone and clay figurines.
Community Perspective: “It's a pretty large temple and taking into account how extremely old it is (3rd Millenia BCE), it's plain stunning.” Be aware that its access is very restricted, and the entrance fee has risen to 35 EUR nowadays. Ralf has described how you can get Last Minute tickets. |
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Valletta |
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The City of Valletta is an ideal Renaissance city founded by the Knights Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
The Order ruled from here from 1565 on for over two centuries and created a late Renaissance city within city walls to withstand the Turks. Hundreds of civil, religious and military monuments from the 16th century remain, as does the uniform urban plan.
Community Perspective: Valletta is an easy city to walk around, but it does have hills. Highlights include St John’s Co-Cathedral and the Upper Barakka Gardens, which overlook one of the greatest natural harbours of Europe. James recommends the recently opened underground tour of the tunnels that lie beneath the city. |
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Megalithic Temples of Malta |
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The Megalithic Temples of Malta are amongst the earliest free-standing stone buildings in the world.
Each of the monuments is different and all are massive, which would have required significant technical skill. Some are decorated with bas-reliefs with various motifs. They date from ca. 3000 BCE. Hagar Qin, Mnajdra, Tarxien, Ta'Hagrat and Skorba are on the main island, while the Gigantija temples can be found on Gozo island.
Community Perspective: Ġgantija temple comes out as the most impressive, while Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra have the most scenic locations. |
Marshall Islands |
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Bikini Atoll |
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The Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site comprises the terrestrial and underwater remains of a military system that characterized the Cold War.
Between 1946 and 1958, 23 nuclear devices were detonated at Bikini Atoll by the USA. The local inhabitants were displaced and the tests had major consequences on the geology and natural environment of Bikini Atoll and on the health of those who were exposed to radiation. It was the start of the ‘nuclear era’, the race to develop increasingly powerful nuclear weapons and it gave rise to international movements advocating nuclear disarmament.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far, but it can be reached by live-aboard shipwreck dive trips. |
Mauritania |
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Ancient Ksour |
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The Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata are trading and religious centres that developed along the ancient Sahara caravan trade routes.
These four towns, located at the southern limits of the desert, started to blossom in the 12th century. Their medieval town centers are characterized by narrow streets, houses built around central courtyards and decorative stone architecture. Chinguetti, centered around its old Friday Mosque, became a principal gathering place for pilgrims of the Maghrib to gather on the way to Mecca.
Community Perspective: Solivagant visited Chinguetti and Oudane, and he found them “much smaller than Timbuctoo and I perhaps felt the “call of the desert” and closeness to the days of camel trains supporting Saharan trade, pilgrimages to Mecca and Islamic scholarship, more than I did in Mali”. |
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Banc d'Arguin |
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Banc d'Arguin National Park is renowned for its high number of nesting and migrating birds.
The park covers a rich marine and coastal ecosystem, located between the Sahara and the Atlantic Ocean. Its mudflats and sandbanks provide resting places for over two million migrant shorebirds from northern Europe, Siberia and Greenland. The surrounding waters are some of the richest fishing waters in western Africa due to the permanent upwelling off Cap Blanc.
Community Perspective: it’s a huge park and the general bird-viewing conditions seem disappointing. Solivagant describes his visit in March 2007, which included a 4x4 seashore drive and a boat ride. |
Mauritius |
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Aapravasi Ghat |
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Aapravasi Ghat comprises the remains of the Immigration Depot where indentured labourers disembarked and were processed before being sent to work on the sugar estates of Mauritius.
It is the most important surviving manifestation of the indentured labour system from the 19th and 20th centuries. Only 3 structures of the original site remain. It includes sheds for immigrants, quarters for officers, a hospital and offices. All immigrants were registered and photographed after disembarkation. After the end of the indentured labour system in the 1920s, parts of the depot were gradually destroyed by the government and by Cyclone Carol in 1960.
Community Perspective: the remains of the site are small (“You can see it in about 5 minutes”), and it is closed on Saturday afternoons and Sundays. The museum exhibition comes recommended for a better understanding of the place. |
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Le Morne |
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Le Morne Cultural Landscape encompasses a natural fortress that was used as a retreat for escaping slaves in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
These escapees (the maroons) took shelter in caves and on the slopes of Le Morne Brabant, a steep mountain located on a peninsula. Now it is a spiritual sanctuary, with high symbolic value and oral traditions about the resistance to slavery. Its dramatic visual dimension is a crucial part of its importance.
Community Perspective: easy to see but hard to visit, as few traces of maroon life remain and none of the reviewers so far has managed to comment on any cultural aspects. Climbing the peak is quite tough unless you’re a Swiss mountain goat. |
Mexico |
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Palenque |
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The Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque is a well-preserved example of Mayan art and architecture of the Classic period.
Palenque was at its height between 500 and 700 CE. Its civic and ceremonial stone buildings stand out for their innovative, refined architectural features. The palaces and temples are decorated with reliefs showing Mayan mythology, writing and calendric systems.
Community Perspective: It’s a bit out of the way, but it’s one of the top Mayan sites which “has probably found the best balance between restoration and jungle setting, protection and letting you climb/explore”. The museum is recommended as well. |
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Teotihuacan |
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The Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan comprises the ruins of one of the first great classic Mesoamerican civilizations.
The city was an important ceremonial center and had about 125,000 inhabitants in its heyday around 500 CE. It is characterized by the enormous size of its monuments, such as the Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon (71 and 43 meters high respectively). All in Teotihuacan is centered around the Avenue of the Dead, the long and wide road that connects La Ciudadela with the Moon Pyramid.
Community Perspective: A favourite site of many (“the sheer size of the remaining repetitive structures of this WHS is really mind-boggling”) and the no1. day trip from Mexico City. The on-site information is really bad so do your homework. The Temple of the Feathered Serpent has the best decorations. To get away from the crowds, have a look at the Tepantitla Palace. Since Covid, the two main Pyramids cannot be climbed anymore. |
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Oaxaca and Monte Alban |
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The Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán are a 16th-century colonial town and a nearby pre-Columbian ceremonial centre.
Oaxaca is a typical 16th-century Spanish colonial town with a zocalo (central square), a cathedral and a strict grid building pattern. The old Zapotec site of Monte Alban dates from 300-900 when about 25.000 people lived here. Tombs, a field for ballgames and several buildings are still in good shape.
Community Perspective: Oaxaca is a pleasant city (see Clyde’s review for tips on what to see) and Monte Albán has a fine setting on the top of a flattened hill. Solivagant goes into detail about why these two sites were combined into one nomination. |
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Sian Ka'an |
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Sian Ka'an is a biosphere reserve in the coastal lowland of Yucatan, with land that is frequently inundated.
Part of the reserve is on land (beaches, dunes, mangroves) and part is in the Caribbean Sea, including a section of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef and seagrass beds. The landscape features Cenotes (water-filled sinkholes) and Petenes (tree islands) along underground freshwater systems. Five species of cat are found in the reserve, including the jaguar and puma, as well as a wide range of bird species.
Community Perspective: It lies fairly close to the coastal resort of Tulum, from where a terrible road to Punta Allen brings you to the entrance of the reserve (as described by Randi, who also stayed overnight). An easier choice is to hike the boardwalk to the archaeological site of Mujil, or try to find a boat (all are noisy) that will take you out to the sea. |
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Mexico City and Xochimilco |
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The Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco represents the historical continuity from the city as Aztec capital to the capital of New Spain.
The area in the Centro Historico includes an Aztec archeological site, Spanish colonial constructions and 19th and 20th century public buildings. Mexico City was built on top of the ruins of an old Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, of which the Templo Mayor remains. The Spanish added their own colonial churches and public buildings on a checkerboard street plan. At Xochimolco, a network of canals and artificial islands can be found built by the Aztecs.
Community Perspective: There is plenty to see in Mexico City, where the Templo Mayor and the Palacio Bellas Artes are among the highlights. A trip to Xochimilco nowadays is mostly an encounter with “Mexican Kitsch”, although Frédéric and Els found ways to experience the canals of the Aztecs and the floating gardens that are still in use. |
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Puebla |
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The Historic Centre of Puebla is one of the oldest colonial cities in the continent and among the best-preserved in Mexico.
The city of Puebla was the first city in central Mexico founded by the Spanish conquerors that was not built upon the ruins of a conquered Amerindian settlement. It held a strategic location halfway between the port of Veracruz and Mexico City. The original checkerboard street plan holds many fine buildings in the local Baroque style and houses whose walls are covered with coloured tiles.
Community Perspective: It’s a huge city nowadays, and particularly notable for its food. Architectural highlights include the Rosary Chapel in the Santo Domingo church, the façade of the San Francisco church, the Cathedral and the random colourful buildings. |
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Guanajuato |
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The Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines is an example of an influential mining town, with its technological innovations and Baroque architecture.
It became the world's leading silver-extraction centre in the 18th century after the decline of Potosi. It had a 600m deep mine shaft and major hydraulic works. The wealth that resulted from this can be seen in monuments like the church La Valenciana with its monumental Churrigueresque portal.
Community Perspective: Possibly the best of the Mexican colonial towns. Highlights include the Monumental al Pipila viewpoint, the Teatro Juarez, the cathedral, and the Universidad de Guanajuato. Try to catch a Callejoneada performance when you stay for the night, as suggested by Ian. |
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Chichen-Itza |
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The Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza comprises the archaeological remains of a city built by the Maya-Toltec civilization.
Originally a Classic Mayan city, it boasted monuments in the Puuc-style. In the 10th century, Toltecs migrated here from Central Mexico and their architectural style blended with that of the Maya. From this period date the Caracol observatory, the Great Ball Court, and the Temple of Kukulkan.
Community Perspective: This sees high numbers of tourists and all is fenced off nowadays so you cannot get close let alone climb anything. It’s best to visit early in the morning. Allow some 3 hours to see it all. |
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Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino |
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The Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino comprises the breeding grounds for the North Pacific Grey Whale and also protects other important species.
The Grey Whale yearly travels in small groups between feeding and breeding grounds over a distance of 16,000-22,000 km. They use the shallow, well-protected lagoons of Ojo de Liebre and San Ignacio to mate, breed and calve. The area also is productive for fish and sees an abundance of wintering bird species.
Community Perspective: The season lasts from January to mid-March. You can choose between Guerrero Negro (for Ojo de Liebre) or San Ignacio (for San Ignacio Lagoon) to use as a base: from there, trips on small boats will be on offer to view the whales. |
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Paquimé |
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The Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes is an archaeological site of a settlement of the Pueblo culture.
The remains show the connection between the adobe architecture of the Southwestern United States and the more complex structures of Central American cultures. Paquimé developed between 1200 and 1400 into an important commercial center with about 10,000 inhabitants. It had a complex water control system.
Community Perspective: Easier to visit on a US road trip (see Randi’s description) than from Central Mexico (Els did so via Chihuahua). It lacks grand monuments but it is an interesting and calm place with a good on-site museum. |
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Morelia |
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The Historic Centre of Morelia comprises a Spanish-Mesoamerican urban townscape from the 17th and 18th centuries.
The centre contains over 200 historical buildings, all made out of characteristic pink stone and with many Baroque facades and azulejo cupolas. During the colonial period, a number of religious orders established themselves in the city and it was the birthplace of important personalities of independent Mexico, allowing it to take an important place in the history of art and culture in the country.
Community Perspective: A very Spanish-looking city, with the Aqueduct and the Santuario de Guadalupe as its highlights. |
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El Tajin |
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El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City comprises an archaeological site along Mexico’s Gulf Coast that was at its height between 800 and 1200.
It is the best preserved and most thoroughly excavated pre-Hispanic town of its period, after Teotihuacan fell into decline and before the rise of the Aztecs. Numerous structures including ball courts, temples, houses and public buildings have been preserved. They are decorated with reliefs and paintings.
Community Perspective: This site recently has been through rough times during Hurricane Grace and COVID-19. Solivagant provides a view from before that era, while Shandos and Els had to make do with more limited access. Highlights include the Pyramid of the Niches and the panels on the side of the Juego de Pelota Sur depicting an imminent beheading. |
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Zacatecas |
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The Historic Centre of Zacatecas comprises a well-preserved Spanish colonial mining town.
Silver was discovered here in the mid-16th century and the city soon became one of the chief mining centres of Mexico. Its original urban design has been preserved, with many of its streets being steep or at different levels due to the mountainous setting. Its notable religious and secular buildings mostly date from the 18th and 19th centuries.
Community Perspective: The pink Cathedral with its Churrigueresque façade is the highlight. You can get good views of the city from the Teleferico to El Eden mine, which can be visited underground as well. Jay’s review has more tips on what to see and do. |
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Popocatepetl monasteries |
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The Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl were instrumental to the evangelisation and colonisation of central and northern Mexico.
They were built by the first missionaries of the Franciscan, Dominican and Augustinian orders. They are characterized by their open spaces for worship. Their model was later used to expand to the north via “missions”.
Community Perspective: The ones in Tepotzlan (murals), Huejotzingo (fortified structure), Tlayacapan (huge with many chapels), Yecapixtla (Isabelline interior) and Atlatlahucan (vibrantly coloured murals) are recommended. |
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Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco |
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The Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco comprises prehistoric rock art found in the harsh climate of Baja California, Mexico.
They are representations of what was once the life of the Cochimi or Guachimis, who lived relatively isolated and developed their own rock art tradition. The paintings were made on the roofs of rock shelters and on the walls of the Sierra de San Francisco mountain range. Around 250 rock art sites have been discovered, including huge panels, the so-called Great Murals.
Community Perspective: this large site is rarely visited. Els has described what a one-day-visit on a day tour involves and enjoyed the scenery the most, while Jarek visited 2 locations by rental car (getting his own permit). |
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Uxmal |
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The Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal comprises the remains of the Late Mayan centers of Uxmal, Kabah, Labná and Sayil.
Uxmal grew into a major political and urban centre in the 10th century. It was the heart of the Puuc region. At these sites, cosmology was used to determine the urban layout and the characteristic Puuc architecture with richly decorated building facades was developed. Most show representations of the head of Chaac, the rain god.
Community Perspective: Try to visit some of the other included sites as well in addition to the main site of Uxmal, although these may come across as “a bit over-the-top with the repetitive Chaac carvings”. |
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Querétaro |
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The Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro comprises a well-preserved Spanish colonial town.
It has a specific 17th-century street plan and a number of 18th-century rich post-Baroque monuments. The layout of the town was split in two: a rectilinear street plan for the Spanish settlers, and small winding streets for the quarters of the indigenous population. The most prominent feature of the city is its enormous aqueduct.
Community Perspective: This is among the Mexican WH cities that reviewers enjoy the least. Highlights include the Santa Rosa de Viterbo church, the cloister of the Art Museum and the Aqueduct. |
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Hospicio Cabañas |
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Hospicio Cabañas was an institution for the poor, the sick, and the elderly in the Mexican city of Guadalajara.
It was founded by Franciscan friars in 1821 as one of the first of its kind in the New World. The building was specifically designed by Manuel Tolsá, a renowned architect from Mexico City, for this purpose: it is single-storey and has wide open spaces to provide air and light. A monumental series of murals by the Mexican artist Orozco were added to its chapel in the 1930s.
Community Perspective: An impressively sized building, but most of the attention goes out to the murals. Be sure to participate in a guided tour (which comes free with your entrance ticket nowadays) or download an audio guide to better understand them.
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Tlacotalpan |
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The Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan represents the townscape of a Spanish colonial river port.
The buildings are mostly single-storey and in Caribbean style, with exuberant use of colour. The town was laid out in the checkerboard style with many open spaces and trees. It contained separate quarters for the Spanish and natives.
Community Perspective: Nowadays it’s a sleepy backwater and you will mostly remember the long sugar cane "tractor trains" on the road while getting there. Clyde recommends doing a riverboat trip. |
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Campeche |
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The Historic Fortified Town of Campeche retains many of its old colonial Spanish city walls and fortifications which protected the seaport from pirates and buccaneers.
It was the most important seaport in the Gulf of Mexico. To protect the goods that had to be shipped to Spain, a series of fortifications were built in the 17th and 18th centuries. The walled city was laid out to a chequerboard plan with many Baroque religious and secular buildings.
Community Perspective: Known for its colourful houses and (sometimes overly-restored) bastions, most reviewers find it relatively uninspiring for a Spanish-colonial WHS. |
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Xochicalco |
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The Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco comprises a pre-Hispanic fortified city from the transitional Epiclassic Period.
The newer societies after the fall of Teotihuacán, Palenque and Tikal were much more militaristic and their cities were usually located in elevated defensive positions. Xochicalco is a well-preserved example of such a fortified settlement based on terraces, retaining walls and ramps. The buildings show cultural influences from various Mesoamerican regions.
Community Perspective: The site is quite spread out and needs about 2 hours to visit. It has a fine hilltop setting with the Pyramid of the Feather Serpent as its highlight. Nan and Frédéric have provided instructions for those who may wish to visit on a public bus. |
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Calakmul |
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The Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche comprises Mayan sites from the Late Classic period, located at the core of the second-largest expanse of tropical forests in America.
Calakmul was the seat of one of the most powerful Maya dynasties and developed over the period from ca. 500 BCE to 1000 CE. It was surrounded by numerous other settlements, roads, water management features and agricultural terraces. Monumental architecture was built in two different traditions. Many objects like stelae, murals and burial tombs are still in situ and show hieroglyphic inscriptions. The forests are abundant in wildlife and are part of the ecological corridor of the Selva Maya.
Community Perspective: Long before it was extended to include natural criteria as well, our reviewers were taken by the site’s jungle setting and the abundance of monkeys. Climbing on some of the pyramids is still allowed here, and the carved stelae are a highlight. Read Jarek’s warning if you plan on arriving without your own (rental) car. |
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Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda |
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The Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro are examples of the mid-18th century second phase of evangelization of Mexico.
They were founded by missionaries of the Franciscan Order on their way to northern Mexico. The churches are known for their richly decorated façades, which were the joint creative efforts of the missionaries and the local indigenous groups.
Community Perspective: Set in the beautiful surroundings of the Sierra Gorda, all 5 missions are worth a visit for their ornate decoration and the village of Tancoyol gets an extra thumbs up for its traditional way of life. Els has described getting to the missions on public transport. |
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Luis Barragán House and Studio |
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The Luis Barragán House and Studio represents the late phase of the International Modern Movement in architecture, where these ideas were applied regionally.
Luis Barragán created an innovative architectural style that combined Modernism with the colonial and prehispanic architecture of Mexico and with that of the Mediterranean. His work has influenced the design of gardens and urban architecture in the Americas in the 20th century. His house and studio were built in 1948 in Mexico City.
Community Perspective: This site gets mixed reviews – some really love it (Ian), for others, it didn’t live up to the hype or it raised essential questions (Solivagant). A visit however never seems to leave the visitor untouched; just read through all the reviews. You have to pay significantly extra to take pictures inside: Clyde’s review gives a taste of what it looks like. |
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Gulf of California |
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The Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California comprise a stunning coastal and marine landscape.
The areas include 244 islands and 9 further protected terrestrial and marine areas, located between Baja California and the Mexican State of Sonora. It is home to a third of the world's marine mammal species, including the endemic and critically endangered Vaquita. There are also impressive numbers of resident and migratory birds on the islands such as Blue-footed Booby and Black Storm Petrel.
Community Perspective: As this is a vast area spanning both sides of the Gulf, you need to make a choice of which component to visit and reserve some kind of boat tour. Clyde has covered Islas Marietas (hub: Puerto Vallarta), Els Bahia de Loreto (hub: Loreto), and Kyle Cabo Pulmo, Islands of the Gulf of California, Cabo San Lucas and Balandra (hub: Cabo San Lucas or La Paz). |
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Tequila |
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The Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila is an area that shows agave cultivation and represents the growth of tequila distillation since the 17th century.
Tequila is the liquor produced from the blue agave, using a mix of pre-Hispanic and European methods. Its growing production over the past 250 years has led to a distinctive, working landscape of blue agave fields, with distilleries, factories, towns and haciendas. Today, the agave culture is seen as part of Mexico's national identity and is known worldwide.
Community Perspective: To discover more about the history and manufacture of Tequila, you can do a guided tour of one of the distilleries in Tequila (a very touristy affair) and see the large agave fields near El Arenal. Clyde recommends the more intimate setting of the Tres Mujeres distillery and also managed to visit the pre-Columbian archaeological site of Guachimontones, which is also part of the core zone though unrelated to the liquor. |
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Central University City Campus of the UNAM |
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The Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) is a prominent example of 20th century modernism.
It encompasses university buildings, sports facilities such as the Olympic Stadium, Cultural Center, and Central Library. They are surrounded by vast open spaces, esplanades, and gardens. Modernist elements such as reinforced concrete were combined with local volcanic stone that is also prominent in pre-Hispanic structures. Murals on the main campus were painted by Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros.
Community Perspective: The UNAM is easily accessed by metro from Mexico City Center and it is still bustling with students. Expect no signboards so come prepared. The mural arts are the highlight. |
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Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve |
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The Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve was created to protect the wintering habitat of the Monarch Butterfly.
The Monarch is famous for its southward migration starting in August until the first frost and northward return in summer in the Americas which spans the life of three to four generations of the butterfly. The millions of butterflies land in close-packed clusters on the tree branches, providing a natural spectacle.
Community Perspective: This is so unique and world-class. The most visited location is El Rosario, where accompanied by a guide you can see them waking up in the heat of the sun. Entomologist Frédéric found it was just made for him and he visited two locations in depth. Be aware that the butterflies only are present in Mexico from November to March and only start moving around when it’s not too cold. |
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San Miguel de Allende |
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The Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús de Nazareno de Atotonilco represent the cultural exchange between European and Latin American cultures in a specific regional context.
San Miguel de Allende was founded in 1542. It was an important stopover on the Antiguo Camino Real, part of the silver route from Zacatecas. The Sanctuary of Jesús de Nazareno de Atotonilco is a Jesuit sanctuary located 14 km from San Miguel. It is renowned for its Baroque art and architecture.
Community Perspective: San Miguel is a bit upmarket nowadays due to the influx of American and Canadian "snowbirds". Its attraction lies in the bright primary colours of the buildings. The Sanctuary in Atotonilico provides a more sleepy Mexican experience and has good mural paintings. |
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Camino Real |
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The Camino Real de Tierra Adentro is a 1400km section of the Silver Route stretching from Mexico City to New Mexico in the US.
The route was actively used from the mid-16th to the 19th centuries, mainly for transporting silver extracted from the mines of Zacatecas, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí, and mercury imported from Europe. The site comprises 60 different locations, including bridges, haciendas, chapels, temples, a hospital and several cities.
Community Perspective: This is an annoying WHS as it repeats 5 components that are already inscribed on their own merits and it lacks the extension into what is now the USA - but local Sinuhe tries to refute these complaints. Among the smaller components, Tepotzotlán, Guadalupe and the Hacienda de San Blas are recommended. |
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Caves of Yagul and Mitla |
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The Prehistoric caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca are archaeological sites associated with the domestication of plants in North America
Findings in caves and shelters show the transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. In Guilá Naquitz, a wide range of plant food was recovered within the cave deposits, including wild forms of bottle gourd, squash and beans. In other caves, stone tools have been uncovered.
Community Perspective: The main caves are near Yagul (confusingly, the archeological site of Mitla is not part of the WHS). To get into one of the caves you have to hire a local guide. Yagul itself is an interesting archaeological site of the Zapotec civilization. |
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El Pinacate |
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El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar National Biosphere Reserve represent a large and pristine desert landscape with a rich biodiversity.
The site located in the Sonoran Desert comprises the Pinacate shield, a dormant volcanic area, and Gran Altar Desert with its active sand dunes that can reach 200m in height. The dark-coloured volcanic area forms a stark visual contrast to the sea of dunes. Among the many endemic plants and mammals is the Sonoran Pronghorn.
Community Perspective: Start your visit at the excellent Schuk Toak visitor center, from where you can walk into the dunes or drive your car on the unpaved roads (better with high clearance) into the volcanic part of the park as described by Kyle. Els visited as part of an overnight camping tour. |
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Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque |
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The 'Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System' encompasses a 16th-century canal system that is unique in the Americas.
The system was initiated by Franciscan friars. It carried water from the Tecajete volcano near Zempoala to the city of Otumba, over a distance of 48 km. Spanish engineers and local craftsmen worked on the construction, using European and indigenous techniques.
Community Perspective: To see the aqueduct above ground you’ll need a car. A good viewpoint lies just outside the town of Santiago Tepeyahualco. It can be combined with a trip to Teotihuacan but beware of bad roads. An alternative visit can be made to the towns of Otumba and Zempoala, the endpoints of the system. |
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Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley |
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Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica is a semi-arid area recognized for its remarkable level of biological diversity and precolonial water management system.
Botanically it is of special significance for its 86 species of cacti and the existence of ‘cacti-forests’. The diverse fauna includes threatened amphibian and bird species such as the threatened Green Macaw. The arid conditions led to early plant domestication and the development of water management features.
Community Perspective: The easiest component to visit is the Botanical Garden "Helia Bravo Hollis", where you can see many species of cacti (and even stay overnight, as Clyde did). The surrounding area also shows the ‘cacti-forests’. Sinuhe has described other possibilities as well, and Frédéric did a recommended 3-day tour. |
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Archipiélago de Revillagigedo |
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The Archipiélago de Revillagigedo comprises four remote Pacific islands known for their biodiversity and geological features.
The area is a transition zone, provides important stepping-stones for migratory species and has a high level of endemism. The islands are of volcanic origin and uninhabited apart from two small naval bases. The site also includes the surrounding waters with their largely undisturbed marine ecosystems.
Community Perspective: this is virtually a ‘divers-only’ WHS as it needs a liveaboard cruise to reach. Zoë has written about a dive trip to what is known as Socorro, marveled at the giant oceanic mantas and found it overall a truly unique experience. |
Micronesia |
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Nan Madol |
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'Nan Madol: Ceremonial Center of Eastern Micronesia' covers megalithic monuments on nearly 100 artificial islets on a coral reef offshore of Pohnpei Island.
It was the ceremonial centre of the Saudeleur Dynasty (ca. 1200-1500 AD), who were the first to unify the people of Pohnpei and introduce a tribute system. The complex consisted of royal and commoners' residences, tombs and temples. Massive columnar basalt stones, transported from quarries elsewhere on the island, were used in its construction. The islands were linked by a network of canals. Nan Madol is still owned and managed by a traditional Pacific system of governance.
Community Perspective: a one-of-a-kind cultural masterpiece and the top attraction in the Pacific, perhaps even surpassing Easter Island. The site is easily accessed by boat or land tour (via the Pohnpei Surf Club) or by taxi from Kolonia. Be prepared that at the end of the trail, you have to wade to the ruins. |
Moldova |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
Mongolia |
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Uvs Nuur Basin |
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The Uvs Nuur Basin covers a range of diverse ecosystems within the closed catchment of the saline Uvs Nuur lake system.
The landscapes include desert, steppe, forests, wetlands, tundra and high mountain peaks with glaciers. This diversity, combined with the absence of major human impact, is also reflected in a rich variety of plant and animal species. It supports both resident waterfowl and migrating birds. Mammal species found here include snow leopard, mountain sheep (argali), Pallas’s cat and the Siberian ibex.
Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. It consists of 12 strictly protected areas in Russia’s Tuva Republic and Mongolia. |
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Orkhon Valley |
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The Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape is a tribute to Mongolia's culture of nomadic pastoralism and the way it eventually supported trade networks and empires.
The Valley’s steppe landscape has been home to a succession of nomadic cultures since Prehistory. The area includes the remains of Kharakhorum, the 13th and 14th-century capital of Chinggis Khaan's vast Mongolian Empire, Buddhist monasteries like Erdene Zuu where Mongolia’s form of Buddhism developed, and Khar Balgas, a former capital of the Uighur Empire.
Community Perspective: probably more memorable for its landscape dotted with “gers (yurts) and the herds of horses, yak and camels of nomad families” than its archeological remains. The restored Erdene Zuu however is one of Mongolia’s major tourist attractions, and it has been visited by all reviewers. Michael managed to fit in the Uygur site of Khar Balgas and the relatively new Karakorum Museum as well. |
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Petroglyphs of the Mongolian Altai |
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The Petroglyphs of the Mongolian Altai comprise the largest, oldest and least damaged concentrations of rock art at the intersection of Central and North Asia.
The petroglyphs are spread out across three components over a large area in mountain valleys at the remote western edge of the Altai mountains. The earliest images date from the Late Pleistocene (11,000 years BP). They extend into the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Turkic period (9th century). The images evoke historical cultural landscapes and lead to a better understanding of pre-historic communities in this area of Asia.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain |
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The Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape represent the formalised mountain worship by Chinggis Khan which helped to unify the Mongolian Empire.
The permanently snow-capped Burkhan Khaldun is one of four sacred mountains of that period when official status was given to the long-standing shamanic traditions of mountain worship by the nomadic peoples. It also is the reputed burial site of Chinggis Khan. The landscape further holds a pilgrimage path and three major stone ovoo-s. The mountain and its history is described in the epic 'The Secret History of the Mongols'.
Community Perspective: Michael is the first and only reviewer so far: he was able to reach the site in wintery circumstances and enjoyed the remote, wide-open, mountain scenery. He has described his visit in detail, with both practical information (there is an entrance fee!) and an interpretation of the site’s meaning. |
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Landscapes of Dauria |
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The Landscapes of Dauria comprise undisturbed and diverse examples of Eurasian steppe with their characteristic wildlife.
The area, which is composed of four reserves in Russia and Mongolia, holds many lakes and wetlands. It is an important breeding ground for three crane species and a breeding and resting place for millions of migrating birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. It also supports the annual migration route of the Mongolian Gazelle.
Community Perspective: Martina has been the only one to review this so far, describing a visit to Adon Chelon. She approached from the Russian side, where most parts need a permit secured well in advance. |
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Deer Stone Monuments |
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The Deer Stone Monuments and Related sites of the Bronze Age are beautiful examples of Bronze Age megalithic monumental art made by nomad cultures.
The four sites in Central Mongolia together hold more than 160 elaborately decorated deer stones and numerous burial mounds and petroglyphs. The standing stones can reach up to 4 meters. Together they show the religion, sacrificial ritual, and funeral practice of the Central and Northern Asian Bronze Age nomads.
Community Perspective: Astraftis visited a deer stone field near Uushgiin övör and appreciated their artistic value. Christravelblog drove to the one in the Khoid Tamir Valley in winter. |
Montenegro |
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Durmitor National Park |
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Durmitor National Park comprises a scenic mountain range including the Tara River Canyon.
The Durmitor massif has high peaks, glacial lakes, rivers, underground streams and spectacular canyons. At 82 km long and 1,300 m deep, Tara River Canyon is the deepest in Europe. Over 200 karst caves have been found, including an Ice Cave with frozen stalactites and stalagmites. The Park also contains one of the last virgin forests of very old, tall Black Pine in Europe.
Community Perspective: The reviewers have not been kind to Durmitor: “one of those sites that were inscribed early on, but would have a somewhat harder time achieving inscription today” and “The scenery is pleasant but not outstanding in World or even European terms.“ Crno and Zeminje Lakes are easy destinations for a hike from Zabljak. |
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Kotor |
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The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor encompasses the cultural heritage around the Bay of Kotor.
The Bay has been inhabited since Antiquity and has some well-preserved medieval towns such as Kotor, Risan, and Perast. In the late 14th century, Kotor was seized by the Venetian Republic, and its 4.5km long city walls received their current structure. It represents one of the most important examples of defensive Venetian military architecture.
Community Perspective: Kotor's assets are its natural setting and its impressive city walls, but you'll need to share those with cruise ship loads of tourists. The nearby town of Perast offers more of the same but in a more laidback atmosphere, while Risan has some Roman mosaics. Tsunami has a story to share about his hike to the “Top of the Old Kotor Trail". |
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Venetian Works of Defence |
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The Venetian Works of Defence Between 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar represent a defensive network in the Adriatic dating from the historic Republic of Venice.
The bastioned system (‘alla moderna’) was introduced after the increased use of firearms. It protected the Venetian commercial network. The site consists of six components located in Italy, Croatia and Montenegro and spans more than 1000 km.
Community Perspective: all 6 included forts have received a review, they are Palmanova (Els, Ian), Peschiera del Garda (Clyde, Ralf), Sibenik (Alexander, Ilya), Kotor (Jay, Ilya), Bergamo (Ilya, Ralf), and Zadar (Ilya). |
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Stećci |
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The 'Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards' are 28 medieval Christian cemeteries with richly decorated tombstones that have strong cultural and historical meaning.
The reliefs and inscriptions on the mostly limestone monolithic tombstones represent a specific tradition of the area. They include Christian religious symbols, dancing and hunting scenes, geometric shapes and Cyrillic inscriptions. The inscribed tombstones have been selected from the surviving 70,000 or so still standing in the region.
Community Perspective: the Radimlja necropolis near Stolac in Bosnia is considered the ‘main’ location with the most important and best-preserved tombs. Since 2019 it reportedly even has a visitor center and charges a small entrance fee. Other locations are more low-key: Juha visited Stećci in Serbia, and Solivagant one each in Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. |
Morocco |
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Medina of Fez |
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The Medina of Fez is a walled city with madrasas, fondouks, mosques and palaces dating from the 12th-15th centuries.
At that period, Fez replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. Its architecture and town planning have been influential on other Arab-Muslim cities in the Maghreb and Sub-Sahara. Its unpaved urban street network has largely preserved its original functions.
Community Perspective: Its “working” atmosphere (don’t miss the tanneries) makes it stand out among other, more sanitized medinas. There are coloured navigation routes to make sense of its confusing layout. The numerous mosques and shrines are only accessible to Muslims. |
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Medina of Marrakesh |
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The Medina of Marrakesh is an old Islamic capital originating from the 11th century, enclosed by 16km of ramparts and gates.
The city owes its original splendour to the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties (11th - 13th centuries), who made Marrakesh their capital. The Medina has several architectural and artistic masterpieces from different periods in history.
Community Perspective: It has massive charm, especially at the Djema-El-Fna. There are numerous sights of architectural interest as well, such as the Koutoubia Mosque, Medersa Ben Youssef and the Bahia Palace. One can easily spend 3 days in this city, also taking in the more outlying gardens. |
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Ksar of Aït Ben Haddou |
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The Ksar of Aït Ben Haddou is a communal housing compound, typical of a type of earthen construction that is traditional to the Maghreb.
The buildings lie in a strategic position against a mountain. They have angle towers and are surrounded by steep defensive walls. The Ksar consists of larger and smaller private houses, but also communal areas like a marketplace and a mosque. All are made from moulded earth and clay brick. The walls and towers are often ornamented with decorative motifs.
Community Perspective: This is a great day trip from Marrakech and a striking sight, also due to its location in the foothills of the High Atlas mountains. |
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Meknes |
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The Historic City of Meknes was the capital city of the 17th-century Alaouite dynasty.
Sultan Moulay Ismaïl redesigned the city in Hispano-Moorish style. It is enclosed by 25 km long walls that are pierced by monumental gates like the Bab Mansour. Over 80 monuments are enlisted, including mosques, madrassas, hammams and fondouks.
Community Perspective: This has less of an active, maze-like medina feel than others on Morocco’s list. The main gate “Bab el Mansour” is its architectural highlight, and the granaries and the labyrinthine Kara prison are worth a visit too. |
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Volubilis |
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The Archaeological Site of Volubilis encompasses the remains of a Roman city that was the capital of 'Mauritania Tingitana'.
It has a favourable location, due to fertile grounds, for the cultivation of olives. In its heyday, the city probably had 20,000 inhabitants. Most of its large monuments such as the triumphal arch and capitol date from the 2nd and 3rd century CE. It is notable for its high number of mosaic floors. Volubilis also had a special place in the Islamic period via the founding of the dynasty of the Idrissids.
Community Perspective: The best things about Volubilis are its beautiful natural setting and its mosaics. |
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Medina of Tétouan |
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The medina of Tétouan was rebuilt by the end of the 15th century by refugees from the Reconquista when the Andalusian Moors first reared the walls and then filled the enclosure with houses.
The city is situated in the area of Morocco which was formerly ruled by Spain. Tétouan has also been home to an important Sephardi Jewish community, which immigrated from Spain. Many of the houses belonging to aristocratic families, descendants of those expelled from Al-Andalus by the Spanish Reconquista, have Hispano-Moresque decorative designs.
Community Perspective: A pleasant, authentic but tourist-friendly medina without lavish or iconic sights. It can be visited as a day trip from Algeciras (Spain). |
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Medina of Essaouira |
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The Medina of Essaouira (formerly "Mogador") is an example of a late 18th-century fortified town, as transferred to North Africa.
Sultan Sidi Mohamed ben Abdellah decided to build a port that would open Morocco up to the outside world and assist in developing commercial relations with Europe. He hired a French architect (Nicholas Théodore Cornut) who had been profoundly influenced by the work of Vauban at Saint-Malo.
Community Perspective: “Morocco-for-beginners”, it’s a touristy but pleasant place. Check out the remains of the Jewish quarter and the sea-facing ramparts. |
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Mazagan |
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The Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) is a fortified port city on the Atlantic coast that was designed by the Portuguese on their way to India.
The Portuguese built a citadel here in 1514 and enlarged it into a fortification in 1541. They also constructed 4 churches within the fortification. The remaining buildings from the Portuguese period are the cistern and the Manueline Church of the Assumption. After the departure of the Portuguese, the city remained uninhabited until the mid-19th century.
Community Perspective: It’s a small, compact area with no spectacular sights, but a walk on the walls and the underground cistern are worth it. |
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Rabat |
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"Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage" shows different construction phases from the Almohad period (12th century) up to the present day.
The city was substantially modernized by the French from 1912 on when it became the capital of their Protectorate, resulting in the Ville Nouvelle. The modern town planning drew inspiration from the earlier Arabo-Muslim heritage. The site also includes older parts of the city such as the Oudaïa Kasbah, the Almohad ramparts and gates and the archaeological site of Chellah.
Community Perspective: The city overall has a living, cosmopolitan atmosphere. The Chellah, with the mixture of Roman and Islamic ruins, is worth seeing, as well as the Tour Hassan and adjacent Mausoleum. |
Mozambique |
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Island of Mozambique |
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The Island of Mozambique was a trading post on the maritime route to India.
The towns on this Indian Ocean island show a mix of Arab, Indian and European influences, while also traditional African architecture has been preserved. Arab traders had settled here from the 10th century onwards, the Portuguese established a port and naval base as early as 1507 and left fortresses and churches. The site also comprises the neighbouring Sao Lorenco Island.
Community Perspective: “Natural beauty and incomprehensible squalor coexist side-by-side on this tiny island.” However, all reviewers seem to have enjoyed their stay and recommend visiting the fortress, the church, the governor’s palace and the neoclassical hospital. |
Myanmar |
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Pyu Ancient Cities |
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The Pyu Ancient Cities comprise the archaeological remains of a group of city-states, founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people.
Their cities of Halin, Beikthano and Sri Ksetra are stretched out alongside the River Ayeyarwady. The settlements were fortified and central palace citadels were constructed. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts. Each of the cities had imposing brick memorial stupas and extensive monastic quarters.
Community Perspective: Clyde describes Sri Ksetra (with one stupa "having the shape of a woman's breast"), while Alexander (he found “the site staff in 'UNESCO preparation mode”) and Els (“low heaps of brick in farmland will get few people excited”) visited Halin. |
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Bagan |
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Bagan is a landscape of monumental Buddhist architecture, covering almost 3,600 stupas, temples, monasteries and associated structures.
The site represents the core of the largest Buddhist empire of its time (11-13th centuries). The city, located on a bend in the Ayeyarwady River, was the capital of the Bagan Kingdom that unified the regions that would later constitute Myanmar. It is still in active religious use and is especially related to the practice of merit-making.
Community Perspective: this awe-inspiring site takes days to explore, especially to visit the numerous smaller structures. Solivagant visited the site 1977 and 2012, and compares the two experiences. Els reports from a much more touristy period (2015). |
Namibia |
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Twyfelfontein |
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Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes contains over 2,000 rock art figures that relate to ritual and economic practices by San hunter-gatherer communities.
The petroglyphs and pictographs were created over a couple of thousand years until the arrival of nomadic pastoralists. They depict rhinoceroses, elephants, ostriches and giraffes as well as human and animal footprints. Their locations are related to reliable water sources.
Community Perspective: Although it lies deep in a barren valley, it sees a fair number of visitors and facilities are adequate. Els did the Lion Man circular trail with a guide and stayed overnight in the controversial Twyfelfontein Country Lodge. |
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Namib Sand Sea |
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The Namib Sand Sea is a coastal fog desert with extensive dune fields of high natural beauty.
Sand is carried and deposited here from afar, resulting in numerous coloured dune fields with massive shifting dunes. It is the habitat of several endemic invertebrate animals that have adapted to life in a hyper-arid desert environment and use fog as their primary source of water. The Namib Sand Sea is part of Namib-Naukluft Park.
Community Perspective: This is where the gecko licked its own eyeballs in David Attenborough’s ‘Planet Earth II: Deserts’. It’s the number 1 attraction of Namibia, best known for the spectacular beauty of the Sossusvlei and Dead Vlei. |
Nepal |
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Kathmandu Valley |
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The Kathmandu Valley comprises seven groups of urban monuments that showcase the Newari culture and the coexistence of Hinduism, Buddhism and animist rituals.
Its palace complexes, temples and stupas, dating from the 16th-18th century, have been built in the typical architecture using brick, stone, timber and bronze. They include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Changu Narayan, Syambhunath Stupa, Pashupatinath and Bouddhanath Stupa.
Community Perspective: Some call it “the worst example of uncontrolled urban sprawl and air pollution that I have ever seen”, while others praise the active religious use of Pashupatinath and Bouddhanath, the daily life and frequent festivals. The site is best explored on a slow pace and a visit will take multiple days. |
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Chitwan National Park |
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Chitwan National Park covers a riverine landscape that is home to the second-largest population of Great One-horned Rhinoceros in the world.
Its Siwalik and inner Terai ecosystems are the last major surviving examples of the natural ecosystems of the Terai. They comprise a river valley basin covered with a mix of riverine forests and alluvial flood plains. This proves to be an excellent habitat for the Rhinoceros, as well as for the Bengal Tiger and over 350 bird species.
Community Perspective: You’re guaranteed to see the Rhinos here, but you should not go to Chitwan with the prime objective of seeing a tiger. Also, the overall Safari experience is considered less good than in Africa; some even call it ‘boring’. |
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Lumbini |
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Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha, is the most holy Buddhist religious site.
The archaeological site shows evidence of its long existence as a pilgrimage center, in the form of monasteries and stupas that were erected early on. An inscription on the so-called Ashoka pillar (dating from 249 BCE) identifies the place as the birthplace of the Buddha several centuries earlier - the exact year of his birth is strongly disputed.
Community Perspective: Lumbini lies in the plains of the Terai, where between June and October it can become very hot. The original site is calm and quiet, in a rural setting. It is surrounded by modern temples and monasteries that were constructed as part of the late 20th-century ‘Lumbini Master Plan’ by Kenzo Tange. While most reviewers find a visit spiritual or at least serene, Zoë wonders why the site has been inscribed at all. |
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Sagarmatha National Park |
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Sagarmatha National Park covers a dramatic mountain landscape that holds the highest peak in the world, Mount Everest at 8,848 m.
Geologically, it is a young area covered with high peaks, deep valleys and glaciers. The park holds flora and fauna specific to this altitude, including the snow leopard and red panda. The Dudh Kosi River originates here, while Gokyo Valley (a RAMSAR site) has a number of lakes.
Community Perspective: No one here has described a visit to the summit yet, but Solivagant got closest after reaching Everest Base Camp on foot in 1976. Els did a multi-day hike in the park from Lukla with good views of Everest, Ama Dablam, Lhotse and other 7000-ers, while Clyde went on a 1hr Mt. Everest sightseeing flight. |
Netherlands |
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Kinderdijk |
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The Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout is a complex system of hydraulic works set up for drainage and protection against the inundation of the polder.
The system consists of windmills, pumping stations, sluices and Water Board Assembly Houses. The 19 windmills, built around 1740, are well-preserved and in working condition. The drainage techniques used here have been influential in many parts of the world.
Community Perspective: the walk along this row of iconic windmills is an easy stroll that can be done in every season. Some can be entered as well and have a small exhibition or show their use. |
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Schokland |
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Schokland and Surroundings comprise a former island, including its prehistorical archeological sites, that has been reclaimed from the sea.
The earliest settlement on Schokland goes back to prehistory when it was a peninsula. Due to rising sea levels, it became an island that was eventually too dangerous to live on in 1859. However, as part of the impoldering program of the Noordoostpolder in the 1940s, it became part of the mainland again and now four mounds (terps) rise from the surrounding flat agricultural lands. The site protects both the prehistoric remains and the later structures on the terps such as the church, former harbour and dykes.
Community Perspective: The Museum Schokland on the terp of Middelbuurt is the logical first stop of a visit (be aware that it opens only at 11 am). Beyond that only hiking in the polders remains. David did a comprehensive review that also includes the other terps beyond Middelbuurt. Tsunami has the most recent public transport update. |
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Dutch Water Defence Lines |
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The Dutch Water Defence Lines were a system of military fortifications based on the control of water.
The fortifications consisted of a network of forts combined with temporary flooding of polders via a system of canals and locks that originally were built for civil use. The two major defence lines were the New Dutch Waterline and the Defence Line of Amsterdam, built in the 19th century and early 20th century to protect the economic center of the country and the capital.
Community Perspective: “As a casual tourist I wouldn’t suggest the sites themselves are really worth trekking out to see..” is Ian’s verdict. Many of the forts now have a different use (restaurant, art centre) and are in various states of repair. It is hard to recommend a specific component for a satisfying visit. Just pick 1 or 2 near Amsterdam, Utrecht or Haarlem. Be aware that many more forts are inscribed than the 20 officially named locations since it is a linear inscription. |
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Willemstad |
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The Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao is a colonial urban landscape where Dutch-European architecture was combined with tropical models.
Willemstad was established as a trading post, port and settlement by the Dutch West India Company in the early 17th century. Most of its original urban structure remains, as do the colourful buildings from the 19th century. The designated area contains four historic districts around a natural harbour.
Community Perspective: Solivagant and Zoë in their reviews 8 years apart agreed on finding the city too commercialized while the architecture isn’t exactly outstanding. When you spend a bit more time, however, Willemstad does start to grow on you and Els even designed her own City Walk as a result. And Kyle discovered three museums of interest and a lively music scene. |
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Ir. D.F. Woudagemaal |
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The Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station) is the largest steam-pumping station ever built and is still in operation.
Opened in 1920, it used the most advanced steam technology for water management. It was developed to prevent flooding in the low-lying areas of Friesland. The site consists of the pumping station, in- and outlet sluices, the drainage canal, and a series of sea dykes. It set the standards for hydraulic engineering around the world.
Community Perspective: the machinery is kept in excellent condition by volunteers, who also act as enthousiastic, detail-oriented, and not-always-perfect-English-speaking guides. There’s a visitor center with a good introduction video as well, and you can admire the large engine hall which is a fine example of the Amsterdam School of Architecture. |
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Beemster Polder |
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Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder) was constructed in 1612 as one of the first experiments in the Netherlands in reclaiming agricultural grounds from the water.
The polder was laid out in a rational geometric pattern based on the ideals of the Renaissance. The area is split by roads into squares of 1800 meters, with canals, farmland and farmhouses. The new land was not only used for farming, the wealthy people from Amsterdam built their country residences here.
Community Perspective: There is no real monument or place where you can ‘see’ this site – it is by its very essence featureless, just flat and featureless. However, Ian found the town of Middenbeemster quite a nice place and Echwel tried the philosophical approach. |
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Rietveld Schröderhuis |
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The Rietveld Schröderhuis is considered an icon of the Modern Movement in architecture.
The house was constructed in 1924 by the famous artist Gerrit Rietveld. It was his first attempt at designing a complete house. He got the assignment from Mrs. Schröder, and together they developed this unique house. It was built according to the architectural principles of the "Stijl"-movement: only the typical colours red, blue and yellow are used, in combination with the non-colours white, grey and black. The furniture inside was also made by Rietveld, in the same style and colours.
Community Perspective: quite expensive to visit (19 EUR in 2023) and incredibly small. But “even if you are not a big devote of Modernist architecture it is worth the time to see inside, the huge amount of ingenious small details are enough to keep most people entertained.” Read Ian’s review for more about De Stijl movement. Recently (2022), they’ve eased visitor conditions by allowing photography and providing access with an audio guide instead of a tour. |
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Lower German Limes |
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The Lower German Limes formed the north-eastern border of the Roman province Germania Inferior along the Rhine between the North Sea coast in the Netherlands and the Rhine south of Bonn where the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes starts.
They include the traces of military fortifications, roads, settlements, an aqueduct and canals, often now buried in wetland. The long linear frontier made the Roman army adapt to the use of smaller military installations instead of big operational bases. The frontier was far from impregnable and allowed for trade and cultural exchange.
Community Perspective: Most of the structures only have been preserved underground. Original remains are visible at the Archaeological Park Xanten (“Roman Disneyland”: “It's a bit strange to reconstruct a temple as a ruin, isn't it?”), the Haus Bürgel in Monheim, the Cologne Praetorium, and in Iversheim. In the Netherlands, you can visit some remains under the Dom Square in Utrecht. |
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Eisinga Planetarium |
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The Eisinga Planetarium in Franeker holds a mechanical model of the Solar System that contributed to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge to a wider audience.
Dating from the late 18th century, it is the oldest continuously operating orrery in the world realistically showing all planets known at the time. The model mechanically is in fine condition, still works perfectly and continues to be used for educational purposes.
Community Perspective: the highlight and OUV of this small site lies in the living room literally converted into a fully working solar system model; its workings will be shown to you during a 15-minute explanation after a small group has gathered. Do check availability beforehand on the official website. |
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Wadden Sea |
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The Wadden Sea is a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands, rich in biological diversity
The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal creeks and the transitional zones between the sea, the freshwater environment and the surrounding (is)lands. Its coastal wetlands are considered one of the most important areas for migratory birds in the world, with an average of 10-12 million passing through it each year.
Community Perspective: the site comprises 7 components and different national parks (the bigger islands mostly aren’t included). Reviews are available for places in the Netherlands (John, Clyde, Chris, Els), Germany (John, Ian, Michael, Nan) and Denmark (John). The ‘proper’ way of exploring the Wadden is via a mud hike like the ones Kbecq, Assif and Nan reported on. |
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Amsterdam Canal Ring |
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The Seventeenth-century canal ring area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht comprises an urban landscape that is a masterpiece of hydraulic engineering, town planning, and bourgeois architecture.
The port city is centered around a half-moon-shaped network of canals that were dug to extend the medieval city center. The city was expanded at the most in the 17th century when Amsterdam had become a wealthy maritime trade metropolis. The nucleus of the nomination lies along the Singel, Keizersgracht, Herengracht, and Prinsengracht. The residences here are known for their variety of gabled facades.
Community Perspective: The best time for a visit to Amsterdam is early Sunday morning and then just soak up the unique atmosphere of the city by walking along its canals. The best views of its architecture are to be had from a canal cruise boat. Hubert has recommended some canal houses that are open to visitors. |
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Van Nellefabriek |
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The Van Nellefabriek is an industrial complex that has become an icon of Modernism and symbolizes the commercial history of the international trade port of Rotterdam.
Designed in the late 1920s as an 'Ideal Factory', its main components are steel and glass to create an environment of light, air, and space. The complex lies on the banks of a canal. The former factory was used for the processing, packaging, and dispatching of transported goods coming from all over the world. There are three main buildings at the site: the tobacco factory, tea factory, and coffee factory, plus a series of smaller functional buildings.
Community Perspective: best viewed from the outside to take in its architectural value, and the architect-guides do a good job explaining the history. The interior is practically empty and has lost its factory feel - nothing reminds us of the actual tea, coffee, and tobacco production, the smells, the working conditions. If you have not managed to secure a guided tour, you may be able to sneak in to have a closer look at the exterior. |
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Colonies of Benevolence |
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The Colonies of Benevolence comprise a relict cultural landscape of isolated peat and heath wastelands that were colonized in the 19th century in a model for pauper relief.
As part of an Enlightenment experiment (lasting from 1818 to 1918), agricultural colonies were founded in rural areas to transform the colonists into ideal citizens and make the land productive. There were free colonies, founded by the Society of Benevolence to help poor citizens, and unfree colonies, where people were sent by the State and had to live under a more strict regime.
Community Perspective: “If you’re looking for perfect photo opportunities, this is not the site for you.” Expect to see farmland, rural school buildings and small protestant churches. For a quick visit, Frederiksoord-Wilhelminaoord may be the best bet with its recent (2019) visitor center. Brendan visited all three components and his review even comes with hiking and drinking recommendations! And Clyde almost ended up imprisoned… |
New Zealand |
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Tongariro National Park |
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Tongariro National Park is an associative cultural landscape of volcanoes that hold spiritual connections for the Maori.
The active volcanic mountains Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, and Tongariro are located at the centre of this park on the North Island of New Zealand, and show a range of volcanic features. The mountain summits are of great significance for the cultural identity of the local Maori people.
Community Perspective: hiking the Tongariro Alpine Crossing is a fantastic way to see the park. Nan has described what this involves. |
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Te Wahipounamu |
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Te Wahipounamu - South West New Zealand consists of four national parks renowned for the scenic beauty of their wild mountain landscapes.
The area was shaped by tectonic, climatic, and glacial processes, resulting in fjords, glacial lakes, glaciers and moraines. It contains some of the best modern representations of the original flora and fauna present in Gondwanaland, such as kiwis, ‘bush’ moas, carnivorous Powelliphanta land snails and the endangered takahe.
Community Perspective: Comprising Aoraki/Mt Cook, Fiordland, Mt Aspiring, and Westland NP’s, “it could easily be split into a few different World Heritage Sites, because each area has such unique aspects”. Among the highlights, Squiffy has described Doubtful Sound, GabLabCebu and Nan the Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers, and Carlo Milford Sound and the Kepler and Routeburn hikes. |
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Sub-Antarctic Islands |
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The New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands comprise some of the world’s least-modified islands and the surrounding marine area.
As a group, they hold an outstanding diversity of endemic and threatened species among its marine fauna, land birds, and invertebrates. It’s an important area for research into island dynamics and ecology, such as the study of the loss of flight in birds. It also has the most diverse community of seabirds in the world with eight species endemic to the region
Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. The included islands are: Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island group, and The Snares. |
Nicaragua |
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Ruins of León Viejo |
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The Ruins of León Viejo comprise an archaeological site that holds one of the oldest Spanish colonial settlements in the Americas (1524).
It has been uniquely preserved because it didn't develop further after it had been hit by a volcanic eruption in 1578 and an earthquake in 1610. The ruins have become a valuable source of information about life in the early stages of the Spanish colonial period. It had a simple cathedral, church and convent, and an exact square layout with a plaza located in its center.
Community Perspective: Well-maintained and worth a detour, as long as you keep in mind that the remains are just the rough layouts of the exterior walls/room. You can get here on public transport from the city of Leon as well, see the description by Els. |
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León Cathedral |
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León Cathedral shows a regional interpretation of different church-building traditions.
The monument reflects the transition from Baroque to new architectural and artistic expressions typical of the 19th century, with Antigua Guatemalan touches. It is the largest Cathedral in Central America and, since 1531, one of the oldest dioceses in the Americas. Because of the strength of its walls, it has survived earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and wars.
Community Perspective: It’s a massive landmark covered in stucco plaster, with a sober interior. Two of the more interesting aspects can only be visited with a separate ticket: the roof and the cloister. |
Niger |
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Air and Téneré |
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The Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves comprises a large protected area that includes the Saharan desert of Ténéré and the volcanic massif of the Aïr Mountains, a Sahelian ‘island’ within the desert.
The landscape with its blue marble mountains and sand dunes is of outstanding beauty. Due to its isolation, numerous Saharo-Sahelion wildlife species that are rare elsewhere have managed to survive in the Aïr. One-sixth of the reserve is a sanctuary for Addax, a critically endangered species of antelope.
Community Perspective: This site is rarely visited due to the safety situation and remote location. |
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W-Arly-Pendjari Complex |
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The W-Arly-Pendjari Complex comprises a savanna landscape recognized for its biodiversity of birds, fish and plants.
These three contiguous parks are located within the Volta River basin at a transition zone between savannah and woodlands, with both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The area is a refuge for species that have mostly disappeared from the rest of West Africa, such as elephants, wild dogs, lion, leopard, cheetah and manatee.
Community Perspective: you won’t find wildlife in the innumerable quantities of the East African parks, but at least in visible herds. The facilities suffer from underinvestment and the border area with and in Burkina Faso is considered unsafe. Tamas made an adventurous approach to the part in Niger (Park ‘W’) as did Michael, while Solivagant and Chris focused on Pendjari in Benin. |
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Agadez |
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The Historic Centre of Agadez comprises an original mudbrick urban landscape that developed when the Sultanate of Aïr started a process of sedentarisation.
Agadez was an important centre in the trans-Saharan caravan trade from the 15th century onward. The town was built based on the structure of existing Tuareg encampments. Notable buildings, next to many traditional houses, include the Palace of the Sultan of Aïr, the Grand Mosque including its 27 metre tall minaret (the world’s tallest minaret made entirely of mudbrick), and Hotel de l’Aïr, originally a palace.
Community Perspective: the common thread here is overcoming the non-stop red travel warnings that have been in place for this Tuareg stronghold since 2007. Thomas managed to reach it by bus in 2011, while Wojciech did so by domestic flight in 2019: “It is really authentic and gives an impression of how Saharan cities looked like a couple of hundred years ago”. |
Nigeria |
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Sukur |
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The Sukur Cultural Landscape comprises a hilltop settlement that has survived unchanged for centuries.
The landscape includes the dry stone palace of the Hidi, the head of the community. On the lower ground lie villages with mud-walled houses, wells and terraced agricultural fields that also have ritual use. Remains of iron smelting furnaces have been preserved too.
Community Perspective: The site lies in the far northeast of Nigeria, in an area coloured red in most travel advisories due to Boko Haram terrorist activity, and is rarely visited by non-locals. |
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Osun-Osogbo |
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The Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove is a primary forest that sustains living Yoruba cultural traditions.
This grove in Osogbo is the largest remaining shrine to Osun, the goddess of fertility, and other Yoruba deities. Many of these places of worship were revived in the second half of the 20th century when the ‘Movement of New Sacred Artists’ added sculptures and other works of art. The site is in active religious use and there's also an annual festival. The plants in the forest are used for traditional medicine.
Community Perspective: surprisingly, many of the reviewers visited long ago (as far back as 1968) and most highlight the role that Austrian Suzanne Wenger played in the conservation of the site. Solivagant visited as early as 1975 and provides a good overall overview of the site’s history and the ‘situation on the ground’. |
North Macedonia |
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Ohrid Region |
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The Natural and cultural heritage of the Ohrid Region comprises the ancient town of Ohrid and nearby Lake Ohrid, one of the deepest and oldest lakes in Europe.
Ohrid has been a cultural centre of great importance for the Balkan and the Slavonic language. Its Byzantine churches are renowned for their frescoes and icons. The lake, which is low in nutrients, holds many endemic species of fish, molluscs etc. The lakeshore reed beds and wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of wintering water birds.
Community Perspective: the site encompasses a large area and warrants multiple days to experience both its cultural and natural aspects. Visit outside of the summer months to avoid the tourist crowds. Clyde’s recent review focuses on the lesser-visited Albanian side. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
Norway |
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Røros |
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Røros Mining Town and the Circumference comprises a relict mining town and industrial landscape shaped by copper mining.
Within the Circumference, a privileged area within a 45km radius around town, Røros Copper Works held the monopoly to exploit the natural and human resources. The workers lived in Røros Town, which was fully made of wood. Work was done under severe climatic conditions, and ways were found to adapt to it for example via the 'Winter Transport Route' on frozen lakes and rivers.
Community Perspective: this still is a fairly remote site and on public transport, you will not be able to see the outlying components (no reviewer so far seems to have visited by private car). Els describes what a guided tour of the town entails and there are tantalizing videos by André and Joel. Be aware that in summer the site can get very busy with Norwegian daytrippers. |
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Urnes Stave Church |
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The Urnes Stave Church is an outstanding example of medieval Scandinavian wooden architecture.
From the original ca. 1,300 stave churches in Norway, only 28 remain and the Urnes church is one of the oldest of its kind. Romanesque stone architecture was emulated using Scandinavian construction techniques with wood. It further distinguishes itself by its decorative carvings. Those in the interior show the link between the pre-Christian Viking traditions and the transition to Christianity.
Community Perspective: a small but distinctly Norwegian church. Christer and Nan have described the long way of getting there on public transport. The church can be entered in summer when guides are present or by obtaining the key from the neighbour. |
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Bryggen |
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Bryggen comprises the remaining structures of a Hanseatic merchant quarter from 1350-1754.
The port city of Bergen was home to a kontor, one of four major trading posts of the Hanseatic League. From here they controlled the stockfish trade. This colony of bachelor German merchants lived and worked in a separate quarter with warehouses and small individual houses. Several fires have ravaged the wooden houses of Bryggen but its main structure and 62 buildings have been preserved.
Community Perspective: a very touristy place nowadays with colourful leaning wooden houses. |
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Rock Art of Alta |
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The Rock Art of Alta consists of more than 6,000 rock carvings and paintings that show aspects of life, the environment and the activities of hunter-gatherer societies in the Arctic in prehistoric times.
The rock art is found on five separate sites along Altafjord. The earliest carvings in the area date from around 5,000 BCE. The wide variety of imagery shows a culture of hunter-gatherers that was able to control herds of reindeer, was adept at boat building and fishing and practiced shamanistic rituals involving bear worship and other venerated animals.
Community Perspective: located at an atmospheric location way inside the Arctic Circle, with a well-equipped visitor center at Hjemmeluft (the only location officially open to visitors) 4km outside of Alta town. |
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Vegaøyan |
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Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago represents a cultural landscape near the Arctic Circle shaped by farmers and fishermen.
The Vega islands have been inhabited since the Stone Age. People make a living based on fishing and the unique practice of eider down harvesting, which has survived since the 9th century. The farmers built nests for the wild eider ducks that arrive in the breeding season and gather the valuable eiderdown in return after the birds leave.
Community Perspective: the eider ducks arrive in Spring, but tourists aren’t welcome then and the action is mostly on the remote islands which aren't accessible anyway. You’ll have to make do with the World Heritage Center in Gardsøy to get the idea. Nan has described the different ways to get to the archipelago, but look at the ferry schedule first before booking a flight! Also, be aware that the core zone of this site is limited to the west and some small coastal parts of the north of the main island, plus the surrounding seascape. |
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West Norwegian Fjords |
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The West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord are archetypical for fjord landscapes around the world.
They are also among the world's longest and deepest fjords, long inlets of the sea with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord offer outstanding scenery, with crystalline rock walls that rise up to 1,400 metres from the sea, forests, glaciers and high waterfalls. These fjords still display active geological processes.
Community Perspective: “among the very best scenic sights in Europe”, it can be seen by joining a (touristy) boat tour, hiking or driving to the scenic viewpoints. John describes a trip to both on public transport, while the Naeroyfjord features prominently on the 'Norway in a Nutshell'-tour that can be done from Bergen. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
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Rjukan / Notodden |
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The Rjukan / Notodden Industrial Heritage Site covers a former production complex that used revolutionary hydroelectric power plants in the Måna River and its waterfalls.
The complex was established by the private Norsk-Hydro company in the early 20th century to produce hydroelectricity and manufacture artificial fertilizer. It used the natural topography to generate the large amounts of power needed. The site includes both the technological components such as dams, tunnels and power plants, and the company towns of Rjukan and Notodden.
Community Perspective: located in a beautiful Norwegian landscape, but the site itself can be a bit hard to grasp and covers a stretch of some 80km. Juha recommends walking along the river Måna all the way from Rjukan to Vemork power station and Rjukanfossen waterfall. |
Oman |
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Land of Frankincense |
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The Land of Frankincense includes frankincense trees, the remains of a caravan oasis and two ports, which were crucial to the incense trade.
Frankincense was one of the most luxurious trade items in Antiquity and its production and trade flourished in this region for centuries. The products from Wadi Dawka were transported to the fortified ports of Khor Rori and Al Baleed and the desert outpost of Shisr. Al Baleed was a stop along the ´Silk Road to the Sea´. Frankincense is still harvested in Wadi Dawka.
Community Perspective: these sites lie in the far south of Oman, so require a domestic flight to Salalah or a 1,050km drive through the desert to reach from Muscat. Visiting them all will take several days by rental car. |
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Bahla Fort |
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Bahla Fort comprises the ruins of a typical Omani military fortress and oasis settlement from the medieval Islamic period.
The fort was built by the local Banu Nebhan tribe that ruled between the mid-12th and 15th centuries, its enormous size demonstrating their power. Its walls and towers were built in adobe, on a sandstone base. The walls enclose a mud brick settlement with vernacular houses, the Friday mosque, a falaj system and cultivated lands.
Community Perspective: the forts are among the highlights of Oman, but Bahla isn’t its best. There is little explanation and not much to see except for the fortification design. Clyde has provided the most comprehensive review so far. |
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Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn |
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The Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn comprise a settlement and a necropolis from the 3rd millennium BCE.
The area at the time was part of a long-distance trade economy, involving copper being transported from Oman to Mesopotamia. The settlement and necropolis of Bat are renowned for their Bronze Age funeral practices, with over 100 dry-stone beehive tombs. Associated sites nearby include the monumental tower of Al-Khutm and the group of beehive tombs of Qubur Juhhal at Al-Ayn.
Community Perspective: the chance of reaching these sites has improved over the years, also thanks to the directions provided in the reviews. The archeological site of Bat is fenced off so its contents stay mostly unreviewed (though Solivagant gained illegal entry), as is the case with the tower of Al Khutm. |
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Aflaj irrigation system |
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The Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman comprise five of the some 3,000 still functioning complete settlement irrigation systems in the country.
The sites represent a well-preserved form of traditional use of shared water resources in a desert environment. The Aflaj are mainly used to make the cultivation of date palms possible. They are managed by long-standing traditional systems within the communities they serve.
Community Perspective: Aflaj can be seen in many of Oman’s towns and villages, but of the inscribed five the one in Nizwa is the most convenient to visit. The aflaj in Birkat-al-Mouz has the benefit of introducing you to traditional village life. |
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Qalhat |
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The Ancient City of Qalhat was an important stopping point in the wider Indian Ocean trade network and the second city of the Kingdom of Hormuz.
The site blossomed between the 11th and 16th centuries. Its archaeological remains include the Friday Mosque (Bibi Maryam), necropolises, residences, and workshops. Evidence of trade with China and India has been uncovered.
Community Perspective: most early reviewers were restricted to a view from a parking place on the highway (as the site has been closed for renovation for ages). Clyde was brave and managed to get illegal entry to the remains. |
Pakistan |
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Fort and Shalamar Gardens |
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The Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore are masterpieces from the time of the Mughal civilization.
The 16th-century Lahore Fort is a large trapezoidal composition that holds 21 monumental sites, including the Sheesh Mahal (a white marble pavilion), Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid (a small mosque made of white marble). The Shalamar Gardens are Persian-style gardens built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The Gardens have been laid out from south to north in three descending terraces and are irrigated by a canal.
Community Perspective: this site hasn’t been visited much yet, but Solivagant provides a comprehensive overview of its visiting conditions in 2013 and the site’s conservation history. Els gave an update on the situation at both inscribed components 10 years later. |
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Moenjodaro |
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The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro are the remains of the most ancient planned city of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Moenjodaro was the most advanced city of its time (3rd millennium BCE), with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning. It had considerable influence on the urbanization of the rest of the Indian subcontinent. The city was divided into two sections: the acropolis with the major structures, and the lower town with private houses and commercial buildings.
Community Perspective: this was one of the major archaeological finds of the 20th century, Solivagant’s review details its history of discovery. For the modern-day visitor, it is more of an “archaeologist’s site” without the artistic or architectural “wow”. It is the most difficult to reach WHS in Pakistan because of its remote location – but Stanislaw explains how to reach it on public transport. |
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Taxila |
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Taxila is an archaeological site containing the ruins of four early settlements, Buddhist monasteries and a Muslim mosque.
The Gandhâran city of Takshashila was an important Vedic/Hindu and Buddhist centre of learning and pilgrimage site from the 6th century BCE to the 5th century CE. It was located on a branch of the Silk Road and was reached by Alexander the Great. The subsequent settlements of Saraikala, Bhir, Sirkap, and Sirsukh show the urban evolution on the Indian subcontinent through more than five centuries.
Community Perspective: this is one of those sites with “a bit of everything”, spread across 18 locations. Zoë considered Jaulian monastery a must-see, and Solivagant visited Sirkap city ruins and the Jaulian and Dhamarajika monasteries. It is recommended to go to the Taxila Museum first. A good visit to a couple of the components easily takes 5 hours. |
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Takht-i-Bahi |
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The "Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol" are the remains of an ancient Buddhist monastery and a fortified city.
The hilltop monastery of Takht-i-Bahi dates from the 1st century CE and was used until the 7th century. It consists of numerous stupas and monastic cells sticking to the high, rocky spurs. Much of the friezes and statuary were removed between 1907 and 1913. Sahr-i-Bahlol was a small fortified town from the same period.
Community Perspective: Solivagant visited it on a day trip by car from Islamabad and found “the many niches largely empty of statues”. He concluded that it has less detail to see but is more spectacular in location than the Buddhist ruins at Taxila. |
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Makli, Thatta |
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The Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta comprise a monumental necropolis that reflects the Sindh civilization.
Thatta was the capital of the southern region of Sindh from the 14th to the 18th centuries. On its Makli Hill, one of the largest necropolises in the world with over half a million tombs and graves was built. Different architectural styles were used and some of the stone tombs are lavishly decorated with glazed tiles.
Community Perspective: another little-visited Pakistani site. Shombob described how to visit it from nearby Karachi, while Els covered what you may expect to see. |
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Rohtas Fort |
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Rohtas Fort is an example of early Muslim military architecture in central and south Asia which influenced later Mughal architecture.
The garrison with massive walls was built in 1541 and blended architectural traditions from Turkey (to withstand gunpowder and cannon) and the Indian sub-continent. It includes walls, bastions, gates, a small mosque and a haveli (private mansion). Some of the buildings are decorated with relief carvings, calligraphic inscriptions and glazed tiles.
Community Perspective: A site much-loved by the locals. Solivagant’s visit in 2013 was limited due to security concerns, but based on research he answers the question “How special is it?”. Michael was assigned his own security detail in 2017. A.M.K. had a more full on-site experience in 2015: “Impressive. Big. Old. Scary”, and Els had a comprehensive visit in 2023. |
Palau |
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Rock Islands |
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Rock Islands Southern Lagoon is a marine landscape that includes hundreds of iconically dome-shaped, uninhabited islands of great beauty.
The archipelago is of volcanic origin. Abundant rainfall has created diverse habitats, including 52 marine lakes which are “natural laboratories” for the scientific study of evolution and speciation. It is also a critical area for fish and coral preservation. Some of the islands were periodically settled by Palauans in the past, and they continue to visit. Prehistoric cave burial sites, rock art and remains of later settlements on the island clusters of Ulong and Ngemelis and three islands (Ngeruktabel, Ngeanges, and Chomedokl) testify of that.
Community Perspective: all reviewers enjoyed the not (yet) overcrowded surroundings, with days of kayaking, snorkeling, the occasional scenic flight and a visit to the famous Jellyfish Lake for the lucky ones. None have reported back on the cultural aspects of the site yet. |
Palestine |
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Bethlehem |
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“Birthplace of Jesus: the Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage route, Bethlehem” is an early church and major Christian pilgrimage destination.
The Church of the Nativity was built over a cave that since the 2nd century is considered to have been the birthplace of Jesus. The present church dates from the mid-6th century and is the oldest Christian church still in daily use. The complex also consists of a number of Latin, Greek Orthodox, Franciscan and Armenian Convents and churches, and a small part of the Pilgrimage Route from Jerusalem, which is celebrated during the yearly Christmas ceremonies.
Community Perspective: Dozens of buses and tour groups visit this every day, so be ready to queue up to get a glimpse of the actual birthspot. The church itself is “not necessarily in the best state of preservation or aesthetics”. |
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Battir |
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Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines - Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir comprises a series of agricultural valleys with stone terraces.
The villagers of Battir use a traditional method of agriculture, focused on olives, vines and fruit. Their ancestors built an unique irrigation system that utilizes man-made terraces with dry-stone walls. Battir's eight main clans take turns each day to water the village's crops.
Community Perspective: the site is easy to access as it lies close to Bethlehem; expect to spend 30-60 minutes walking around the area of what essentially is an ordinary village. |
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Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town |
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Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town is a well-preserved urban fabric that developed during the Mamluk and early Ottoman periods.
The town developed around the Cave of the Patriarchs / Sanctuary of Abraham / Ibrahimi Mosque, a compound dating to over 2,000 years ago and associated with the Holy Books Torah, Bible and Quran. It is a site of pilgrimage for the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Community Perspective: This lies in an area under Israeli control. There are 2 entrances to the compound at opposite sides, one for Jews and one for Muslims. People from other religions are allowed to enter from both sides, and you’d do so “for religion or curiosity”, it’s not an “architectural experience”. The surrounding area “is as dead as an abandoned gold rush town on the West Coast”. |
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Ancient Jericho |
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Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan comprises the archeological remains of a prehistoric, permanent urban settlement.
The tell covers structures from the Neolithic and the Bronze Age and also includes the perennial spring that supplied the settlement with water during its long history. It shows the shift of populations in the Near East to a sedentary lifestyle and the level of social organization it required.
Community Perspective: Solivagant (re)visited in 2014 and found a severely neglected site. Nan did so in 2022, concluding "As a Neolithic site, this is probably as good as it gets".
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Tell Umm Amer |
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Tell Umm Amer is an archaeological site in the Gaza Strip that comprises the remains of the Monastery of Saint Hilarion. In the Byzantine period, it was one of the largest monastic complexes in the Levant. The oldest remains date from the fourth century and are attributed to Saint Hilarion, who is considered the founder of monasticism in Palestine. Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. |
Panama |
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Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves |
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Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/La Amistad National Park comprises a large mountain range covered with dense forests and marks of glacial activity.
Both the high mountains, the glacial features such as cirques and lakes and the natural forests are unique to Central America. It is also a land bridge connecting animal and plant species from North and South America. This is a vast contiguous and transboundary site comprising 8 parks: Barbilla, Chirripó, Hitoy Cerere, La Amistad (Costa Rica), La Amistad (Panama), Las Tablas, Rio Macho and Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte.
Community Perspective: It is quite hard to gain deep access to any of these parks; they are best for hiking and birding. In Costa Rica, Anthony visited La Amistad, Esteban and Patrik Chirripo National Park, and Els Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte. Jarek covered the Las Nubes section of La Amistad on the Panama side. |
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Portobelo-San Lorenzo |
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The Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo form part of the defence system built by the Spanish Crown to protect transatlantic trade.
They are magnificent examples of 17th- and 18th-century military architecture. The forts, castles, barracks and batteries of Portobelo created a defensive line around the bay and protected the harbour; the works at San Lorenzo guarded the mouth of the Chagres River.
Community Perspective: “It is the kind of place where nothing changes” sums it up nicely for Portobelo, or you may even call it neglect. Shandos covered the other component, San Lorenzo, which has recently become easier to reach due to the building of a new bridge north of Gatun. |
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Darien National Park |
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Darién National Park is a mostly undisturbed tropical rainforest that forms a bridge between two continents, which is reflected in its biodiversity.
It is crossed by many rivers that provide the main infrastructure for people and animals. A stretch of Pacific Coast with beaches, mangroves and swamps also belongs to the designated area. The park's fauna is rich and diverse, with 169 documented mammal species including Jaguar, Giant Anteater and Central American Tapir. Over 500 bird species have been recorded, most notably a large population of Harpy Eagles.
Community Perspective: a permit is needed to be allowed into the park. Jarek managed to visit Rancho Frio inside the park under his own steam, while Albert describes how he regularly visits the same ranch with groups of entomologists: “Getting there reminds me of a National Geographic video every time we go.“ |
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Panamá |
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The Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá represents the first European settlement on the Pacific coast of the Americas and its continuation as an important colonial city in a different location.
Panamá Viejo is an early example of colonial Spanish town planning. It was the starting point of the expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru and a stopover point of one of the most important silver and gold trade routes. The residents resettled in 1673 to the peninsula Panamá after an earthquake and a fire ravaged Panama Viejo. Its Casco Viejo features many architectural styles, from Spanish colonial buildings to French and Antillean townhouses built during the construction of the Panama Canal.
Community Perspective: The two sites lie about 11km from each other in different parts of Panama City. Solivagant has described Casco Viejo’s bad state of conservation in 2012, while Els in 2015 mentions improvements but also new threats. Overall, most reviewers find the Site of Panamá Viejo the most satisfying of the two to visit, though Ilya found Casco Viejo “pleasing to the eye”. |
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Coiba National Park |
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Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection comprise Coiba Island, 38 smaller islands and the surrounding marine areas that are important for the survival and study of many species of fish and marine mammals.
After Coiba got disconnected from the mainland (some 12,000 years ago), new fauna and flora species are being formed, turning the island into a scientific laboratory with a high level of endemism. Pelagic fish and marine mammals inhabit the reefs around the island.
Community Perspective: the park can only be reached with a day trip by boat that takes you surfing, snorkeling or diving. One reviewer calls it “nature at its finest and most untouched”, the other “a disappointing experience”. |
Papua New Guinea |
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Kuk |
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Kuk Early Agricultural Site represents the earliest evidence of the independent transformation towards domestication of plants in Oceania.
The site covers 116ha of swamp land systematically cultivated since 7,000 and possibly 10,000 years ago. Crops grown include taro, yam and bananas. Stone tools have been found, as well as ditches and drainage channels used to drain the wetland.
Community Perspective: located a short drive outside Mount Hagen, but to the casual visitor similar to most of the agricultural areas surrounding that city; one wonders if it is really “seeable”. Michael provided some practical tips (“The value-to-cost ratio of my visit to Kuk was probably the lowest of any of the WHS that I have visited”), and more are in this Forum Post. We also have a ‘review’ by one of the archeologists that worked on the site in 1977. |
Paraguay |
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Jesuit Missions of Trinidad and Jesus |
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The Jesuit Missions of La Santisima Trinidad de Parana and Jesus de Tavarangue are the remains of small colonies established by the Jesuits in Paraguay throughout the 17th and 18th century.
They were built as miniature city-states that integrated the indigenous Guarani populations with the Christian faith. The mission of Trinidad was originally constructed in 1706, the intended self-sufficient city came complete with a central meeting plaza, a large church meetinghouse, a school, several workshops, a museum and housing for the local Indian population. The nearby mission of Jesus de Tavarangue was created in 1685.
Community Perspective: Well-preserved, with stunning carvings done by the Indian craftsmen, and “no tour groups, no guides, no information signs, and no sound”. Trinidad is easily accessible by bus from the nearby city of Encarnacion, while Jesus de Tavarangue requires an additional taxi ride. It can also be done on a half-day trip from the Argentinian town of Posadas. See the reviews of Nan and Shandos for public transport logistics in this border region. |
Peru |
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Arequipa |
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The Historic Centre of the City of Arequipa is one of the most interesting examples of Latin American architecture and town planning.
Frequent earthquakes, the abundant presence of volcanic rock, known as silla, and the city’s geographical isolation lead to the development of a distinct local architecture. It is characterized by the robustness of its walls, extensive use of archways and vaults, courtyards and open spaces and baroque decoration of the facades. The artistic designs show the integration of European and native characteristics, resulting in some of the best mestizo Baroque buildings in the world.
Community Perspective: The convent of Santa Catalina and the ornate facade of La Compania are the highlights, but it is a pleasant city overall with a harmonious appearance. |
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Chan Chan |
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The Chan Chan Archaeological Zone covers the remains of the largest earthen city of pre-Columbian America and bears testimony to the Chimú Empire.
The extensive city, reaching its zenith in the 15th century, was skilfully planned with an independent unit for each of the nine Chimú chieftains. Each unit held structures such as temples and houses; their walls were often decorated with mud friezes. There were also industrial and agricultural sectors and a water management system.
Community Perspective: Most of the vast site is in complete ruins, and what you may find standing upright is likely a reconstruction of dubious authenticity. You can only visit Palacio Nik An, one of the nine units. Solivagant has deep-dived into its archeological value and conservation issues. |
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Cuzco |
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The City of Cuzco combines the cultures of the Inca capital and the Hispanic colony.
The Incas developed the city in the late 15th century for their imperial government that ruled over much of the Andes. They aimed to create an ideal town, with administrative and religious functions in the center and agriculture and industrial production in the outlying areas. The first Spaniards arrived in the city in 1533. They constructed their own buildings (catholic churches, mansions) on the demolished walls of the Inca buildings, but left the city layout intact. These buildings are of Spanish influence with a mix of Inca architecture.
Community Perspective: the “sense of history and the past resonates strongly as you walk the streets of Cuzco”. It’s also a major tourist hub. As it lies at an altitude of 3,400m: take it easy. |
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Machu Picchu |
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The History Sanctuary of Machu Picchu is the most renowned archeological site from the Inca Civilization.
The stunning complex is located 2,430 meters above sea level, on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley, between the two mountains Machu Picchu and Huayna Picchu. The Inca artistically "sculpted" the mountain and built a well-planned sanctuary in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls. Features of Inca archtecture that can be seen are platforms, ramps, stairways, trapezoidal windows and doors.
Community Perspective: the cost is high and the the access regulations can be frustrating (it makes no sense to repeat them here as they change frequently) - but do not let horror stories deter you from visiting this magnificent site. |
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Chavin |
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The archeological site of Chavin de Huantar was a sanctuary and pilgrimage site of the early pre-Columbian society of Chavin.
The cult complex is located in a high valley in the Andes. It consists of temples, a number of terraces and squares and a network of underground galleries. The Castillo is the main temple; it was decorated with sculptured cornerstones - the famous "Cabezas clavas" of which one is still in situ. Furthermore, there are zoomorphic bas-relief sculptures and sculpted megaliths.
Community Perspective: “Fresh mountain air, few tourists and, of course, a great site with a nice museum”. The underground galleries and chambers are the most fascinating aspects. Chavin can be reached from Huaraz on a public bus, with private transport, or on a tour. |
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Huascaran National Park |
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Huascaran National Park is renowned for its number of high snow-capped peaks, its glaciers and its high-altitude plateau.
The Park is located in the Cordillera Blanca range of the Andes and is the highest tropical mountain range in the world. Geologically it is complex, and strong seismic activity is recorded here. The park also has a wide range of vegetation, including the gigantic bromeliad Puya Raimondi. Spectacled bear, puma, vicuna, and condor are among its notable fauna species.
Community Perspective: The area has great hiking opportunities. Less active persons can opt for a guided tour of the glacial lakes Lagunas Llanganuco. Watkinstravel has described a few alternative day tours, while Frederic shares his experience with a number of day hikes. |
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Manu National Park |
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Manú National Park has a biodiversity that rarely can be found in any other place on Earth.
The isolated park comprises the catchment basin of the Manu River and part of that of the Alto Madre de Dios River. It holds an extremely broad range of ecosystems, resulting in high diversity and a high degree of endemism. Virtually all flora and fauna species are present in abundant numbers: more than 15,000 species of plants are found in Manú, up to 250 varieties of trees have been found in a single hectare and the park is home to over 800 species of birds. Furthermore, it’s a refuge for globally threatened mammal species such as Giant Otter, Giant Anteater, Ocelot and Jaguar.
Community Perspective: Philipp has well-explained the options for visiting; be aware that it at least takes a tour of multiple days. If you can afford it, go for a tour into the Reserved Zone, as described by Els. Memorable will be the enormous variety of trees, plants and monkeys. |
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Lima |
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The Historic Centre of Lima has been a leading city in the New World since its foundation in 1535 by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.
The centre covers both banks of the river Rimac and holds numerous religious and public buildings that date from the 17th and 18th centuries when Lima was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Its San Francisco de Lima is one of the most complete and outstanding convents of the colonial era.
Community Perspective: Lima gets a lot of mixed reviews: “There are colonial remnants if you look for them”, but it “lacks a truly iconic building, monument or landmark”. |
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Rio Abiseo National Park |
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Rio Abiseo National Park is home to a large number of species of flora and fauna, as well as over 30 pre-Columbian archaeological sites.
The park comprises an isolated river basin covered by forests, transitioning into a mountain landscape at higher elevations. The critically endangered Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey is known to live in the park and relies on it for its survival as a species. The most famous archaeological site in the park is Gran Pajatén, a ruined settlement that was occupied between 900 and 200 BCE, and 200 BCE to 600 CE.
Community Perspective: This is one of the most difficult to visit WHS in South America; Wojciech managed to set foot in the park after a harrowing drive, and also provides practical tips for future visitors. Timonator arrived from the North by boat. |
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Nasca Lines |
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The Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa are the most outstanding geoglyphs in the world due to their size, number, diversity and long period of development.
The lines, located in the arid coastal plain of Peru, testify to the magical-religious world of the ancient pre-Hispanic societies. The hundreds of individual figures range in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks, orcas, llamas, and lizards. Many have been superimposed on older ones, with erasures and overwritings complicating their interpretation.
Community Perspective: “One of the few truly unique sights in the world”. The reviewers seem mostly overcome with the experience of the nauseating scenic flight that they had to take to view these geoglyphs. Timonator tried out the new observation tower. |
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Caral-Supe |
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The Sacred City of Caral-Supe reflects the development of civilization in the Americas.
This archeological site of an urban settlement, constructed between 3000 and 1800 BCE, belonged to the complex and fully developed Supé-state. The structures were mostly made of stone, with some woodwork. The site consists of the upper half and lower half of the city with monumental platforms, the outlying sector with residential units and the archeological site of Chupacigarro.
Community Perspective: This is a huge complex in an impressive landscape. It is most often reached from the nearby city of Barranca, but allocate half a day to get there and enjoy the site in its full glory. |
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Qhapaq Ñan |
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Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System, is the communication and trade network developed by the Inca Empire.
The infrastructure needed exceptional technological and engineering skills in a difficult geographical setting in rural and remote parts of the Andes. The network supported the Inca Empire’s integration and was a symbol of its strength.
Community Perspective: As a serial transnational site comprising over 720km of road and 273 archaeological sites, it is hard to determine whether you have 'seen' it. Even more so as it is unclear whether the so-called Associated sites are inscribed as well. The latter include sites that are also WHS in their own right (Cusco, Tiwanaku). The main approach chosen is checking out a few locations near Lima or Cuzco and looking for traces of infrastructure (described well in Clyde’s review). Additionally, Allan has visited locations in Chile, and Els Ingapirca in Ecuador. |
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Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex |
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The Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex is an archaeological site from 250-200 BCE with ritual and astronomical functions.
The most outstanding construction is a series of 13 stone towers built on the crest of a hill, allowing the date to be known on any given day and to follow the movements of the sun throughout its annual cycle. Its innovative nature and precision testify to the culmination of a long historical evolution of astronomical practice in this region.
Community Perspective: going at sunset or sunrise will mean that you can see the calendrical instrument yourself (if it isn’t cloudy). Best visited from the town of Casma; it might be hard to find on your own and a guided tour will add the needed background info. |
Philippines |
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Tubbataha Reefs |
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Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park covers a pristine atoll reef ecosystem with a very high diversity of marine life.
The park, comprising the Tubbataha and Jessie Beazley Reefs, lies in the remote and undisturbed Sulu Sea. It protects over 360 species of coral. Animal species that inhabit the reefs include whales, manta rays, lionfish, turtle, clownfish, spotted dolphin and sharks. It also holds important nesting sites for seabirds.
Community Perspective: this is the territory of the liveaboard dive ships; Zoë describes such an experience. |
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Baroque Churches |
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The Baroque Churches of the Philippines represent a fusion of European church design and local construction techniques adapted to the physical conditions.
Their specific characteristics include a separate bell tower and strong buttresses to withstand the powers of earthquakes that are common in the region, giving them a squat appearance. Their interior designs are partly based on local folk iconography. The four included churches showing this Phillipine-Hispanic style across the country are San Agustin (Manila), La Asuncion (Santa Maria), San Agustin (Paoay), and Santo Tomas (Miag-ao).
Community Perspective: San Agustin in Manila should be visited for its interior (enter via the monastery), while the Miag-ao and Paoay churches show why it is called ‘Earthquake Baroque’. Filipinos Bernard, Anril Tiatco and GabLabCebu all have well-described the features of the four churches in their reviews. |
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Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |
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The Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras comprise a cultural landscape developed 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people.
The five included clusters of terraces are still in use, and are under continuous maintenance by the current Ifugao farmers who work together as a community. The terraces are located up to 1500 meters altitude and have steep slopes. A complex system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo pipes keeps whole groups of terraces adequately flooded by water coming from the mountaintops.
Community Perspective: Banaue is the main hub to see these rice terraces, but you have to take a separate day trip outside of town to reach one of the included components. Bernard, Riccardo and GabLabCebu all have visited multiple of the terraces over the course of 2-3 days. |
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Vigan |
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The Historic Town of Vigan is the best-preserved example of a planned Spanish colonial town in Asia, tempered by Chinese, Ilocano and Filipino influences.
Vigan was founded as a trading town in 1572. Its town plan is of the traditional Hispanic checkerboard type. Most of the existing two-storey structures were built in the 18th-19th centuries when the town centre was settled by affluent families of mixed Chinese-Ilocano origin who conducted their businesses from their houses.
Community Perspective: Vigan is quite a remarkable oasis in a country where not many historic buildings are left, after centuries of earthquakes, fires and WWII. Get away from the main tourist street Calle Crisologo and enjoy the old houses with their Filipino/Chinese touches. |
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Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River |
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The Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park features a limestone karst mountain landscape with an 8.2 km. navigable underground river.
The river winds through a cave before flowing directly into the South China Sea. It includes major formations of stalactites and stalagmites, and several large chambers. The lower portion of the river is subject to tidal influences. The park also contains a full mountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and has some of the most important old-growth forests in Asia.
Community Perspective: a very popular site with Filipinos, so you will be among the masses. “Key to appreciating this site is to have to good guide who can explain everything well; otherwise, it will just be one ordinary cave trip like others elsewhere.” |
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Mount Hamiguitan |
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The Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary is a diverse mountain ecosystem with a high number of endemic plant and animal species.
The mountain range is home to a number of globally threatened and endemic species, such as the critically endangered Philippine Eagle and the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes hamiguitanensis. It lies in a semi-isolated area in the south of Mindanao Island, which has led to a high level of endemicity.
Community Perspective: Hamiguitan’s visitor center can be visited as a day trip from Davao, the park itself is a strict reserve that only sparsely allows scientists and climbers (permit only). |
Poland |
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Krzemionki prehistoric flint mines |
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The Krzemionki prehistoric striped flint mining region is a group of 4 mining sites dating back to from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.
There are more than 4000 mine shafts known with depths of 9 meters deep with wells measuring from four to twelve metres in diameter. The striped flint was used mainly for axe-making: its products have been found as far as 660km away.
Community Perspective: Guided tours are the only way to enter, and they are conducted well (also in German and English). The museum has only signs in Polish though. Solivagant provides a comparison between Krzemionki and that other flint WHS, Spiennes. Jarek has shared details on how to visit on public transport (it’s ‘in the middle of nowhere’). |
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Białowieża Forest |
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Białowieża Forest is an ancient woodland, the only remaining part of the immense forest which once spread across the European Plain.
Pine, beech, oak, alder and spruce are found in the (partly) old-growth forests, and the many dead trees make it important for the conservation of fungi. These little disturbed forests are home to viable populations of large mammals such as wolf and lynx, and the European Bison was reintroduced here in 1929 and now forms the species’ largest free-roaming population.
Community Perspective: the site straddles the Polish-Belarusian border and crossing it here was relatively easy before the current crisis in diplomatic relations. The Polish side is covered by Solivagant, who clarifies which elements are part of the core zone and which aren’t, by Nan who describes a visit to the museum area and the Bison Reserve, and by Els and Clyde who entered the Strict Reserve with a guide. Tips for the Belarusian side are provided by Jakob, who cycled there from Poland, and Tamas who ended up at a “dodgy Sovjet era museum, with grey and brown displays of the local flora and fauna, and a gloomy zoo”. |
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Warsaw |
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The Historic Centre of Warsaw is a near-total reconstruction of a city center from the 13th to 20th centuries.
Warsaw was razed in August 1944 by Nazi occupation troops to repress Polish resistance. About 85% of the city was destroyed. After the war, a reconstruction campaign was started with the aim to recreate its late 18th-century appearance. This resulted in the rebuilding of monuments like the Cathedral of St John and the Town Market Square. The project contributed significantly to the conservation practice of European cities after World War II.
Community Perspective: The reviews by Ian, Clyde and James will give you a good overview of what to expect and what to see. All agree that the reconstruction was done in an outstanding manner. |
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Kraków |
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The Historic Centre of Kraków comprises three urban ensembles that illustrate its growth from the Middle Ages to the present day.
Kraków was founded in 1257 and grew harmoniously to encompass the medieval chartered City of Kraków, the Wawel Hill complex, and the town of Kazimierz. It has Europe's largest marketsquare and numerous medieval buildings. Its important role in Polish history is symbolized in the Royal Wawel Castle, a site of royal coronations and royal funerals. Kraków also has one of the world's oldest university buildings and the Kazimierz district contains many Jewish memorial sites.
Community Perspective: Kraków has many interesting places to visit, read the two most recent reviews of Hubert and Els to get some ideas. |
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Auschwitz Birkenau |
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Auschwitz Birkenau - German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) was the principal and largest of the concentration camps that were erected by Nazi Germany and today serves as a place of memory for the Holocaust.
Auschwitz I, the original concentration camp, was the administrative center for the whole complex, and the site of the deaths of mostly Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. Auschwitz II (Birkenau) was an extermination camp and the site of the deaths of over 1 million people. The highly authentic remains such as barbed wire, railway sidings, platforms, barracks, gas chambers and crematoria, in combination with the personal items left, are testimony to how the mass murder took place and to the lives of the victims.
Community Perspective: one of the most touching and horrific WHS. Make sure you visit both camps: the sheer size of Birkenau is overwhelming. |
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Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines |
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The Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines show the historic evolution of European mining techniques.
Connected to the same geological rock salt deposit, the two underground mines were active from the 13th century until the late 20th century. The mining of salt, an important economic commodity, was a government monopoly. Early galleries have been preserved that extend to great depths, as well as exhibits that reflect the miners’ social and religious traditions.
Community Perspective: The Wieliczka Salt Mine is a classic tourist destination in the Krakow area – some like it (for the sculptures made of salt, and the engineering feats), while others find it overrated (“tacky”, “tourist trap”). Nan reflects on the Bochnia mine, which is a recent extension of this WHS. |
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Zamość |
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The Old City of Zamość is a planned town from the Renaissance with blended Central European and Italian architecture.
The city was built in the late 16th century by the Paduan architect Bernando Morando, on the instructions of Chancellor Jan Zamoysky. The new town was populated by merchants from all nationalities, religious tolerance was shown to attract people and a university was founded. Its homogenous, ‘ideal’ town plan has been preserved, as well as the market square with merchants’ houses and parts of its encircling fortifications.
Community Perspective: Located in the Eastern border region of Poland, this city has survived remarkably well. The Rynek with the Town Hall is its major attraction, while a walk along the fortifications is worth doing as well. |
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Torun |
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The Medieval Town of Torun is a well-preserved example of a European trading city from the Middle Ages.
The town was an important element in the network of the Hanseatic League in the territories ruled by the Teutonic Order. The Teutonic Castle remains as ruins, while the town center has been preserved in an authentic manner with fine medieval brick townhouses.
Community Perspective: a pleasant city, though some find it disappointing. The panoramic views from the opposite river ban showing the broad sweep of the town walls are especially charming. It still is more a destination for Polish school trips than for foreign tourists. |
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Malbork Castle |
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The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork is a medieval Gothic castle complex built by the Teutonic Knights.
Malbork Castle was founded by the Teutonic Order after the conquest of Old Prussia and became a manifestation of the Crusades in Eastern Europe. From 1309 it was the Order's headquarters. Its Gothic brick design shows an independently evolved style. Following major damage during World War II, Malbork Castle was extensively restored and became a historic monument to conservation itself.
Community Perspective: a very impressive castle with an intriguing history, and unlike other castles here it is worth it to see the interior. Audio guides are available but they are way too detailed. Malbork is an easy daytrip from Gdansk. See Nan’s review for some additional Prussian history. |
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Kalwaria Zebrzydowska |
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Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park is a product of the Counter-Reformation that is still a pilgrimage site.
It's an example of a so-called Calvary: a man-made landscape symbolizing the stages that led up to Christ's crucifixion. Many were built in Europe in the 17th century after the Counter-Reformation. This outstanding example includes a total of 44 buildings, among them many diverse chapels, and set within a park with Renaissance, Baroque and Mannerist elements that use the natural topography.
Community Perspective: one of Poland's most famous and important religious sites, and a place more for worshippers and pilgrims than tourists. It is easy to reach by minibus from Krakow, although the bus stops in the town centre and then you have to walk up the mountain for around 30 minutes. On-site, you can follow one of the two Calvary paths. Tsunami visited during the famous Passion Play. |
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Churches of Peace |
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The Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica are the largest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe and a symbol of religious tolerance from the 17th century.
After the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the Protestants in Silesia were allowed by the Habsburg Roman Catholic emperor to build three churches. Restrictions were that they had to be constructed outside the city walls, made of wood or clay, and built in less than a year. Wooden buildings (of which one burned down) were erected that had never been seen before in complexity and size, with a capacity of 7,000 people each.
Community Perspective: Impressive churches with lavishly decorated interiors. It is hard to say which of the two churches is more beautiful. They are usually open daily except for Sunday mornings (when there is a service), but be aware that the church in Jawor has a seasonal closure (Nov-March) when you can visit by appointment only. |
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Wooden Churches of Southern Malopolska |
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The Wooden Churches of Southern Malopolska comprise six medieval Gothic churches built in the horizontal log technique.
They belong to the Roman Catholic tradition and their layout arose from liturgical requirements. The construction of the churches was funded by wealthy sponsors as a sign of prestige. They lie in the Carpathian foothills, often in picturesque valleys, and are still in use.
Community Perspective: One of the "treasure hunt" experiences on the List. These churches lie in a very scenic region and deserve all to be visited (best by car). Be prepared to make phone calls to “the ladies with the key” (their numbers are posted near the churches’ doors) to open them up for you. |
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Muskauer Park |
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Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski is a 19th-century landscape park that has been influential in landscape architecture.
The founder of the park was Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau, who developed the park initially on the grounds of its estate and then extended it to reach the town of Bad Muskau. He incorporated human-made architectural elements into a network of vistas along with natural components.
Community Perspective: The park now lies on both sides of the German/Polish border at the river Neisse in a fairly remote location. It requires a lot of walking to see it all, so it’s better to rent a bike. The buildings (Old and New Castle) are not that impressive. Pückler was a very avid early traveller, and he even has his own connection! |
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Centennial Hall |
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The Centennial Hall in Wrocław is a multi-purpose recreational building that is a landmark in the history of reinforced concrete architecture.
The Hall was built in 1911-1913 to the plans of Max Berg to commemorate the 100th anniversary of victory over Napoleon in the Liberation Wars of 1813-15. The Hall had the largest dome in the world of its time, with a diameter of 65 meters. The core area also includes the exhibition grounds of Wroclaw and therefore is an outstanding example of modern recreational architecture.
Community Perspective: A bit dull to modern visitors, but still a milestone of modern architecture. You can usually also enter and see the interior of the building, but it might be closed when the Hall is in use for a sports tournament or concert. The surrounding grounds are quite nice and worth exploring. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region |
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The Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine comprise wooden churches built by horizontal log construction.
The 16 churches are located in isolated parts of the Carpathian Mountains. They were built in the local architecture by communities of the Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic faiths in the 16th to 19th centuries. They can be divided into four groups of different ethnographic architectural traditions.
Community Perspective: “The sites are an amazing mixture of outstanding architecture, beautiful wall paintings and interior decorations, and a picturesque landscape.” The churches in Poland are covered by most reviewers, while those in Ukraine have been described by Ian and Els (Zhovkva) and Tsunami (Nyzhnii Verbizh). |
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Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine |
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Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System represent a historic mining landscape.
Tarnowskie Góry’s lead deposits were used in the smelting of silver gathered from sites in Europe and New Spain in the mid-16th century. A second phase started in the late 18th century during the process of industrialization of Prussia, when it produced mainly zinc. Its hydraulic system for water drainage, necessary because its ore lodes extended horizontally and tended to retain water, is seen as innovative for its time.
Community Perspective: The main guided tour will take you underground, where the excitement lies in a boat tour through the water system. Non-Polish visitors (usually captured on a Polish-speaking tour) often leave with mixed feelings, which are well-described by Solivagant. You can do an additional underground canal boat ride at ‘Black Trout Adit’ – Tsunami has reported on that. Els shared how to get there on public transport. |
Portugal |
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Oporto |
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The Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar comprise a continuously evolving European city with commercial and cultural links to the sea.
The city is situated on a steep hill along the estuary of the river Douro, which extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. It has developed based on a medieval town plan, with the use of totally different building styles. Its centre within the Fernandine walls is chock-full of churches, monasteries, public buildings, a bishop's palace and the cathedral.
Community Perspective: Oporto is built on several hills, so everything is a bit of a hike here. But “it just oozes character”. Don’t miss the Igreja de São Francisco and the Palacio da Bolsa. See Hubert’s review for more tips for a longer visit. |
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Bom Jesus do Monte |
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The Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga is a sacred mount typical of the Counter-Reformation.
The complex is renowned for its Viae Crucis including a monumental Baroque stairway with fountains and sculptures. The Roman Catholic sanctuary was built on a spot where hermits had settled from the 14th century on. It has been rebuilt and further extended during the following centuries.
Community Perspective: It's best to climb up via the classical stairs (a true pilgrim would do it on his/her knees) and return via the historical funicular. Look out for the granite fountains representing the five human senses. |
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Belem |
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The Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon represent the role of this harbour in the Portuguese Age of Discovery.
The two late 15th and early 16th century historical buildings at the shore of the Tagus were built on orders of King Manuel I. The monastery’s church became a house of prayer for seamen, and later was turned into the burial place for Portuguese royalty; the tombs of Vasco da Gama and Luís de Camões are also here. The nearby Tower of Belém commemorated the expedition of Da Gama and was part of the defense system of Lisbon.
Community Perspective: located in “one of Europe’s best capitals”, the monastery is a real gem of Lisbon built in the exuberant Manueline style. The best views of both the monastery and the tower can be enjoyed from the top of the nearby Monument to the Discoveries. Be aware that it all can be crowded with tourists. |
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Sintra |
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The Cultural Landscape of Sintra encompasses a mountainous strip with an ensemble of gardens, parks, and monuments built in the style of European Romantic architecture.
The Royal Court established itself here because of its cool temperatures. Villas and gardens were designed, reaching their height in the 19th century. Its most notable monument is the Pena Palace, the prototype of European Romanticism which was a blend of European and exotic styles.
Community Perspective: The Pena Palace is said to have inspired both Gaudi and Disney, and is considered to be one of the best sights in Portugal. Try to stay overnight in Sintra in order to avoid the tour buses from Lisbon that crowd the site between 11h and 16h. |
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Coa Valley and Siega Verde |
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The Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde are representations of Palaeolithic art and the life of our early ancestors.
The rock engravings were made on cliffs in the open air along the Côa and Águeda river valleys. They depict mainly animals. The oldest engravings date from the Upper Palaeolithic (22,000-10,000 BCE).
Community Perspective: Go in the cooler months as it can get hot out there. Some of the Portuguese and Spanish components can be reached via official guided tours, and good explanations are provided on those. The engravings are “hard to appreciate without a magnifying glass and good sunlight.” |
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Laurisilva of Madeira |
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The Laurisilva of Madeira is a relict of a previously widespread laurel forest type, that is important for biodiversity conservation.
This primary laurel forest within the Parque Natural da Madeira holds evergreen trees and bushes in very steep valleys. It is home to a variety of species endemic to Madeira, such as over 70 vascular plant species, 500 species of invertebrates, the Madeiran Laurel Pigeon and the Madeira Pipistrelle. Moss and lichen species, threatened elsewhere, are abundant.
Community Perspective: Be aware that this site is not equal to the National Park, but consists of patches of forest in the northern section. Recommended starting points to access the forest are in Ribeiro Frio (easy trail to the Balcoes panoramic viewpoint), Rabacal (hiking the Levada 25 Fontes or to the waterfall Cabo do Risco). |
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Angra do Heroismo |
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The "Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores" represents the age of maritime exploration of the Earth.
The town has been shaped by its role as a port-of-call for ships between Europe and America from the 15th-19th centuries. Its urban model was adapted to the prevailing winds. Among its principal buildings are the Sao Sebastiao and Sao Filipe fortresses, the Santissimo Salvador cathedral and the Franciscan and Jesuit convents.
Community Perspective: there is a clearly sign-posted UNESCO WHS trail covering 24 locations of interest, which can be easily covered in a day although walking Angra’s streets is exhausting due to its steep ascents. The colourful facades are its highlights, but there isn’t a real port atmosphere anymore. |
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Monastery of Batalha |
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The Monastery of Batalha is a Dominican convent that is a masterpiece of Gothic and Manueline art.
Its late Gothic architecture is intermingled with the Manueline style. The ornate convent has been put up in limestone, with a profusion of gables, spires, pinnacles and buttresses. The Monastery's Founder's Chapel became the first royal pantheon in Portugal.
Community Perspective: “Over-the-top” in its Manueline decorations. The Royal Cloister and Chapterhouse are among its highlights. |
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Convent of Christ in Tomar |
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The Convent of Christ in Tomar symbolizes both the Reconquest and the Age of Exploration.
The fortified convent was founded in 1160 on land given by the Portuguese King to the Knights Templar, in return for their support against the Moors. The centrepiece Rotunda dates from this period. In the 14th century they transformed into the Order of Christ, which would undertake an important role in Portuguese overseas expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries. They added various elements, including Gothic cloisters and the Manueline church.
Community Perspective: mystical and religious, with an unbelievable architectural richness. It warrants several hours of your time. Highlights include the octagon with its beautiful murals, the west façade of the church with the famous Manueline window and the Great Cloister with four spiral staircases. |
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Evora |
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The Historic Centre of Évora is exemplary for the Golden Age of Portugal and strongly influenced Portuguese architecture in Brazil.
The historic town evolved from the 15th century when Evora became the seat of the Portuguese royals. Many new churches, convents and palaces were built in the Manueline style. Some buildings of earlier periods, such as the Roman Temple of Diana and the medieval Cathedral, also remain.
Community Perspective: Évora gets very mixed reviews – from “the most neglected WHS in Portugal” and “overrated”, to people who love it. Read Ilya’s review for an overview of its highlights. |
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Monastery of Alcobaça |
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The Monastery of Alcobaça is a unique monastic establishment and a masterpiece of Gothic Cistercian art.
The monastery was founded by the first Portuguese King, Afonso Henriques, and maintained a close association with the Kings of Portugal throughout its history as it includes the Royal Tombs and the Royal Pantheon. The church and monastery were the first truly Gothic buildings in Portugal. Of further note is its 18th-century kitchen, where a hydraulic system brought water and fresh fish from the river Alcoa.
Community Perspective: overall characterized by a simple elegance, the best sights include the tombs of Inês de Castro and Dom Pedro, the Cloister of Silence, the refectory and the kitchen. |
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Alto Douro |
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The Alto Douro Wine Region comprises a landscape where the river banks and hillsides are transformed by viticulture.
The cultural landscape consists of terraced vineyards on large and small estates, white-walled villages, olive and almond crops, and the river Douro. Mainly Port wine, defined and regulated since 1756, is produced here. Because of the hot dry microclimate, growing conditions for grapes are ideal and winegrowing started as early as the 3rd century AD.
Community Perspective: although the landscape is generally pretty, it can be hard to visit something tangible related to the OUV. Echwel and Hubert recommend the area between Pinhao and Peso da Regua, with highlights such as the Museo Douro, a boat tour and Quinta do Bomfim visit. Ilya added a couple more quintas to consider. |
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Guimarães |
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The Historic Centre of Guimarães and Couros Zone are known for their medieval building techniques, which have been transmitted to the Portuguese colonies in Africa and the Americas.
The town’s early history (12th century) is tied to the Portuguese national identity and the Portuguese language. From the 15th to the 19th centuries, its typical traditional building technique using granite mixed with a timber-framed structure evolved.
Community Perspective: The castle is the town’s focal point; it also has a pretty medieval quarter with many colorful balconied houses and nice churches. |
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Pico Island |
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The Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture is the result of the agricultural practice of viniculture on a small volcanic island since the 15th century.
The area comprises two thin coastal strips that were adapted to growing vines on land unsuitable for other arable cultivation. The small-scale farmers created thousands of stone-walled fields for their crops. Cellars, distilleries and warehouses for wine production are also included.
Community Perspective: The pretty island of Pico is part of the Azores and can be reached by domestic flight. Visiting the site can be easily done by car or on walks from Magdalena. In Lajido de Santa Luzia you'll find the Vineyard Culture Interpretation Centre. |
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Elvas |
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The Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications comprise a frontier town that was strongly fortified from the 17th to 19th century.
Elvas guards a key border crossing between Lisbon and Madrid, demonstrating Portugal’s autonomy. The fortifications are of the bulwarked dry-ditched type: as such it is the largest surviving example in the world and it is considered a masterpiece of military architecture of its time. An aqueduct supplied the fortified town with water, so it would be self-reliant during a siege.
Community Perspective: a hidden gem showing remarkable authenticity and completeness. Tourists are almost absent - but this also means that not every building and every church is open to visitors. |
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University of Coimbra |
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The University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia represents an influential university from the medieval period till the modern times in the Portuguese-speaking world.
The University occupies its own districts around Sofia Street in the lower part of the city, and in the upper (Alta) part. Both hold a number of colleges and other institutions related to the University such as laboratories and the botanical garden.
Community Perspective: It’s the quintessential European University City. The main sight is the former Royal Palace of Alcaçova, with its Biblioteca Joanina. |
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Mafra |
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The Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park (Tapada) - is an 18th-century palace-monastery designed according to the ideological programme of the absolute monarch King João V.
The Baroque estate was meant for pleasure, study and religious life; it also served as a Franciscan friary. The palace was connected by an aqueduct to the royal hunting reserve via the Cerco Garden. The last king of Portugal left here in 1910.
Community Perspective: Impressive is the sheer size of the palace, oversized for the small town. Clyde’s review provides a fine overview of all 4 components of the inscription. |
Qatar |
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Al Zubarah |
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Al Zubarah Archaeological Site is a partly excavated fortified town that flourished due to pearling and trade.
The town on the coast of the Persian Gulf was newly built by Kuwaiti merchants and developed as a small independent state that flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was mostly destroyed after an attack by the Sultan of Oman in 1811 and subsequently were covered by desert sands. The area contains remains of the town walls, port, cemeteries, courtyard houses and fort.
Community Perspective: the fort is tiny and the excavations at the archeological site are mostly covered up again, but Els reported in Nov 2023 that it is worth taking the free guided tour along the site via the recently constructed boardwalk. |
Republic of Korea |
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Gyeongju |
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Gyeongju Historic Areas, comprising the former capital of the Silla Kingdom, is a repository of ancient Buddhist and secular treasures.
Numerous statues, reliefs, pagodas, the remains of temples and palaces, royal tombs and even an ancient astronomical observatory have been preserved in and around Gyeongju. They date from the Kingdom’s flowering period of the 7th - 10th centuries.
Community Perspective: Most find the sights overrated, except for the cute Cheomsongdae Observatory. Clyde has visited all (sub)locations and GabLabCebu highlights Mt. Namsan. |
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Gochang, Hwasun, and Ganghwa Dolmen |
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The Gochang, Hwasun, and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites comprise dense groups of megalithic funerary and ritual monuments.
The dolmens, usually two or more undressed stone slabs supporting a huge capstone, were Neolithic and Bronze Age burial chambers. These sites hold the most diversified examples worldwide. The surrounding areas have provided evidence of how the stones were quarried, transported and raised and generally about the prehistoric people who built them.
Community Perspective: The large dolmens at Ganghwa Island are often visited as they lie close to Seoul. Clyde has explained how to get there on public transport. Kyle and GabLabCebu have described the cluster in Gochang, which has the largest concentration of dolmens perhaps anywhere in the world, and Philipp added Hwasun. |
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Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple |
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Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple are masterpieces of East Asian Buddhist art and architecture.
Bulguksa is a wooden temple complex from the 8th century Silla Dynasty, raised on stone terraces. Its grounds hold the two fine stone pagodas Tabot'ap and Sokkat'ap. Seokguram Grotto is part of the same temple complex. The artificial cave holds some of the best Buddhist sculptures in the world, including the main Buddha carved from white granite.
Community Perspective: Easily visited from Gyeongju, this is one of South Korea’s most iconic WHS. Unfortunately, the Buddha statue at Seokguram is obscured by a reflecting glass cover. |
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Haeinsa Temple |
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Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks, preserves the most complete extant collection of Buddhist texts, laws and treaties.
The Janggyeong Panjeon comprises four buildings around a courtyard. They hold the 80,000 finely carved woodblocks from the 13th century in perfect climatic conditions. The Haeinsa Temple complex has become a famous Buddhist pilgrimage destination.
Community Perspective: Tucked away deep in the forest of Gayasan National Park, this is an impressive temple complex. Ian and Clyde were able to stay in the temple overnight as part of the Korean government's Temple stay programme. |
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Jongmyo Shrine |
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Jongmyo Shrine is the earliest surviving Confucian royal ancestral shrine.
The symbolic shrine, housing the original spirit tablets of the former kings and queens, was used for memorial services for the deceased members of the Joseon Dynasty. Ancestral worship rites are still carried out here. The complex was laid out according to traditional pungsu (geomantic) principles.
Community Perspective: a serene and austere site most of the year, but Frederik visited during the yearly Jongmyo Daeje ritual and found a chaotic spectacle. Solivagant suggests a visit to the “National Palace Museum of Korea” to get a better understanding of the site. Be aware that only on weekends you can visit without a guide and that the site is closed on Tuesdays, and opens on Mondays when many of Seoul’s other attractions close. |
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Changdeokgung Palace Complex |
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The Changdeokgung Palace Complex has been influential for its architecture and garden design.
Based on 'pungsu' (Korea's System of Geomancy or Feng Shui) and Confucian principles, the buildings are harmonized with the natural setting. This is the oldest of Seoul's Royal Palaces. Attached to the palace is the "Secret Garden", a beautiful landscape garden to be used by the Royal Family only. You can find especially imported trees, pavillions, pagodas, stone bridges and ponds.
Community Perspective: Considered one of South Korea's highlights, but also a bit sterile. Kyle addresses the authenticity questions it raises. The Secret Garden is limited to access by guided tour, which is best to reserve online a few days beforehand. |
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Hwaseong Fortress |
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Hwaseong Fortress is a highlight in 18th-century military architecture as it combines features from the East and West.
The fortress had defensive, administrative and commercial functions. The piled-stone and brick construction had a profound influence on urban planning, landscaping and architecture in Korea. It has four impressive main gates at the cardinal points.
Community Perspective: This is an easy day trip from Seoul, as it is accessible by metro about an hour away in Suwon. The 5.7km long circular wall still is pretty intact and can be entirely walked. Along the way, you will encounter some of its special defense structures. Inside the walls, you can visit the reconstructed Hwaseong Haenggung Palace. |
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Jeju |
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Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes comprise a rare, large shield volcano built over a hot spot on a stationary continental crust plate.
The site includes a system of lava tube caves that is considered the most impressive and significant in the world, with speleothems and multi-coloured carbonate decorations among its outstanding features. Furthermore, the Seongsan Ilchulbong tuff cone is a dramatic landscape element and an area of study of Surtseyan-type volcanic eruptions.
Community Perspective: Jeju Island is Korea’s tropical paradise and is well worth visiting overall. Most people visit on a day tour, but rent a car if you can so you have more time for the lava tubes and Seongsan Ilchulbong. |
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Royal Joseon Tombs |
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The Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty were built at scenic locations to honor the dynastic ancestors.
The tombs dating from the period 1408-1966 were used for Joseon Dynasty kings and their consorts. They lie in a setting shaped by the geomantic principles of pungsu and are part of a living tradition of ancestral worship. The tombs are all burial mounds with associated buildings such as wooden shrines, the royal kitchen and the guard's house.
Community Perspective: Dongguerung is an easy and lovely site to visit from Seoul and is ranked first by Kyle who has visited 13 out of the 18 inscribed clusters of tombs. The cluster near Seoul's Seollung subway station is an even easier ‘tick’. |
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Hahoe and Yangdong |
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Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong comprise the two most representative historic clan villages in Korea.
They preserve Joseon-style architecture, folk traditions, valuable books, and the old tradition of clan-based villages. The layout of the settlements followed strict Confucian ideals. They include residences for the head families, mud-walled and thatch-roofed commoners houses and Confucian academies for learning.
Community Perspective: These are peaceful and well-preserved living villages, “with many lovely thatched roof houses, paddy rice fields, lotus ponds and blooming flowers”. They aren’t tourist traps (yet) filled with souvenir shops and restaurants. Clyde managed to stay overnight at the largest hanok, Bukchondaek. |
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Namhansanseong |
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Namhansanseong is a mountain fortress that shows a synthesis of the new defensive military engineering concepts of the period.
The fortress was designed as an emergency capital for the Joseon dynasty in the early 17th century. Its architecture is a fusion of Korean, Chinese, Japanese and European military fortification concepts, designed for the use for the first time of Western firearms. Within the walls were military, civil and religious buildings, and it was manned by Buddhist monk-soldiers.
Community Perspective: it’s an easy day trip from Seoul by metro and bus, and you probably will meet “hundreds of fully equipped local hikers from all ages”. The lovely surroundings and views are the main reason to visit. Kyle hiked the entirety of the wall and visited the outer portions, Clyde visited the serene Buddhist temples of Mangwolsa and Janggyeongsa, and GabLabCebu the Yeonjubong Outwork, culminating in the watchtower at Yeonjubong Peak. The second location (“two Sinnam advanced defensive posts”) so far is unreviewed. |
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Baekje Historic Areas |
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The Baekje Historic Areas cover the archeological sites of three capital cities from the late Baekje Kingdom that represent its unique culture.
In the 5th-7th centuries, the Baekje implemented Chinese principles of city planning, construction technology, arts and religion into the subsequent capitals of their kingdom: Gongju, Buyeo and Sabi. They further refined them and spread them to Japan and the rest of East Asia.
Community Perspective: Els and Frederik have visited the remains of Gongju, while Clyde focused on Buyeo. The Iksan cluster however is the most remarkable one according to Philipp who visited all clusters. Kyle has shared the history of the Tomb of King Muyeong and Mireuksa Temple. GabLabCebu admired the stonework of the latter. |
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Seowon, Neo-Confucian Academies |
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Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies, are nine Academies that are relevant for their architectural types and their role in education and society.
In these 16th and 17th century Academies, Neo-Confucianism took its local Korean form and from there, it was spread across the country. Mainly aristocrats and future civil service administrators were educated here. Each Academy was associated with a venerated scholar and was built in a natural setting of mountains and water.
Community Perspective: 8 out of 9 Academies have been covered by our reviewers so far: Dosan (Els), Sosu (Kyle, Philipp), Byeongsan (Jarek, Clyde, Philipp), Donam (Philipp), Museong (Philipp), Namgye (Philipp), Oksan (GabLabCebu, Frederik), and Dodong (Frederik). Pilam Seowon is still unreviewed. |
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Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries |
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Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea, represents the earliest era of Korean Seon Buddhism and its distinctive spiritual practice.
The seven remote monasteries were established in the 7th to 9th centuries. They prospered during the Goryeo Dynasty which established Buddhism as a state religion. The monasteries are still in use as centers of meditation and Buddhist study and have preserved many of their historic structures, objects and documents.
Community Perspective: Five out of the seven included monasteries (all situated in the southern provinces) have been covered by our reviewers: Tongdosa (GabLabCebu), Buseoksa (Kyle), Beopjusa (Kyle, Frederik), Magoksa (Kyle), and Seonamsa (Clyde, Frederik). |
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Getbol, Korean Tidal Flats |
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The Getbol, Korean Tidal Flats comprise productive tidal ecosystems that support millions of migratory waterbirds.
The four protected coastal wetlands in the Yellow Sea support consist of islands, rocky shores, mud flats and beaches. In addition to the migratory birds such as Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Chinese Egret, the area is rich in marine invertebrate species.
Community Perspective: Suncheon Bay Wetland Reserve is the most accessible area (“like an Ecological Disneyland”) - it has elevated wooden walkways, boat tours and a museum. The small city of Suncheon is an excellent hub, also for other nearby sights. |
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Gaya Tumuli |
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The Gaya Tumuli are the monumental burial places of the leaders of the unique Gaya Confederacy.
Gaya existed independently for about 600 years (ending in 562) by binding together component polities with similar cultural characteristics, but never developing into a true unified state. The seven tumuli sites are located on hilltops in the southern reaches of the Korean Peninsula, each at the centre of the respective polity.
Community Perspective: Korea is starting to overdo it a bit with the Tombs WHS, although this one covers yet another cultural tradition. Two components have been reviewed so far: Goryeong Daegaya (Kyle, Frederik) and Gimhae Daeseong-dong (Zoë and GabLabCebu) in Gimhae, a satellite city of Busan. |
Romania |
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Brâncusi Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu |
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The Brâncusi Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu is the master work of sculptor Constantin Brancusi. It was created in 1937 in memory of the heroes who fell during the First World War. The ensemble comprises three sculptures, The Table of Silence, The Gate of the Kiss and the Endless Column, and the visual axis that connects them. Community Perspective: A divisive site, Els applauded the introduction of outdoor art to the List. Others had a harder time getting to grips with it, which was worsened by its earlier marketing as a Site of Memory. |
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Danube Delta |
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The Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshland in Europe and a critical site for bird conservation.
The Delta is on the flyway between central and eastern Europe and the Mediterranean and Middle East and Africa. It is also the major site for two threatened species, the pygmy cormorant and the red-breasted goose. The area consists of a low alluvial plain, mostly covered by wetlands and water, with an intricate pattern of marshes, channels, and lakes.
Community Perspective: to enjoy its OUV, it’s best to take a boat into the interior where the villages are not accessible by road. This can be easily organised from Tulcea. April-May is the best for birds; Clyde has provided birdwatching tips for this site. |
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Villages with Fortified Churches |
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The Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania are examples of defensive vernacular architecture made by Saxons and Szeklers.
Southern Transylvanian villages were often organised around a fortified church, to protect them from invading Mongols and Turks. This type of village was introduced by Saxon settlers and later spread to neighbouring Szekler communities. The homogenous settlements date from the 13th to the 16th century and have preserved their original layout.
Community Perspective: the Churches are the main attraction, and the ones in Viscri and Biertan are the most rewarding to visit. |
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Monastery of Horezu |
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The Monastery of Horezu is considered the masterpiece of the Brancovan style that influenced art across the region in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The monastery was founded in 1690 by Prince Constantin Brancovan, who let it be adorned with wall paintings and other rich decorations. The Brancovan style that developed under these circumstances is a synthesis of Byzantine and Northern Italian Renaissance architecture.
Community Perspective: it nowadays is in use as a nunnery, but can be visited freely. Behind the main church, through the gate and up the hill, there's another small chapel covered in paintings that should not be missed. |
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Churches of Moldavia |
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The Churches of Moldavia comprised eight Byzantine churches with painted exterior walls.
These paintings systematically cover all the facades with cycles of Orthodox Christian religious themes. The churches were built between ca. 1487 and 1532, as a protective barrier against the Muslim Ottoman conquerors from the East and during a period of cultural flowering of the newly independent state of Moldavia.
Community Perspective: these painted churches are in the highest category of WHS in Europe. You can easily spend a day or more driving between them. |
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Sighisoara |
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The Historic Centre of Sighisoara is a well-preserved small medieval city built by Saxon settlers.
The fortified city was strategically placed on a hill as protection against Tatars and other invaders from the steppes in the East. The city played an important commercial role due to its guilds of craftsmen and its position on the trade routes between Central Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
Community Perspective: the city, centering around the citadel, is easily explored on foot. The Clock Tower is considered a highlight (and Dracula’s house, if you’re into that). |
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Wooden Churches of Maramures |
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The Wooden Churches of Maramureş are examples of vernacular timber architecture.
The eight churches were (re)built in the 18th and 19th centuries after the last great Tatar invasions ended in 1717. They were a response to a Hungarian prohibition against stone Orthodox churches. The small churches are built from thick logs and are painted with rather 'naïve' Biblical scenes inside. The most characteristic features are the narrow, tall clock towers above the entrance.
Community Perspective: these churches require a scavenger hunt to reach them, but that is part of the fun in this Romanian backwater. Some can be done without your own car as well, as testified by John and Nan. |
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Dacian Fortresses |
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The Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains are Iron Age defense works built as protection against Roman conquest.
They were built by the Dacians, who lived in what is now Romania (between the Carpathians and the Danube). Sarmizegetusa Regia was the Dacian capital and the center of its political and religious power. It was built on a fortified hill. The other sites formed a system of defense works to defend the capital.
Community Perspective: the 6 locations are located in remote, mountainous areas. The most important among them is Sarmizegetusa Regia; the reviews are full of adventures in getting there, although the access road has reportedly since improved. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Roșia Montană |
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The Roșia Montană Mining Cultural Landscape comprises the archetypal example of Roman underground gold mining.
Archaeologists have discovered in the town of Alburnus Maior ancient dwellings, necropolises, mine galleries, mining tools, 25 wax tablets and many inscriptions in Greek and Latin. Precious metals have been extracted here since the Bronze Age and continued also from medieval to modern times.
Community Perspective: the dramatic landscape mostly stands out. Both Nan and Tsunami had difficulty in getting to the site – having a car is a clear advantage – and be aware that the village of Roșia Montană has very little tourist infrastructure. Clyde advises calling ahead to verify whether the mine is open and ready to receive English-speaking visitors. |
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Dacian Limes |
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The Dacian limes is the longest land Roman border sector of Europe, stretching over more than 1000 km. It comprises hundreds of Roman sites all across Romania. Various geographical conditions had to be overcome to create man-made barriers and fortifications. Community Perspective: Nan checked a few remnants here and there and finally settled on Alba Iulia, while Els visited Porolissum which is the main site in the Northwest and probably the best-preserved overall. |
Russia |
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Kremlin and Red Square |
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The Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow are associated with all major events in Russian history, and its monuments are great examples of Russian architecture.
The city of Moscow was founded in 1156 as a seat for the tsars. The current Kremlin dates from the 19th century. It consists of several buildings: churches, palaces and places in political use. A red brick wall surrounds the complex. The Red Square is a city square from which the major streets of Moscow radiate in all directions.
Community Perspective: Everybody marvels at St. Basil's Cathedral and the Assumption Cathedral, while Solivagant concentrated his review on Lenin’s tomb and Alexander managed to get into the State Kremlin Palace. Depending on how busy it is, it may be necessary to book tickets for the Kremlin in advance (as reported by Els). |
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St. Petersburg |
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The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments has a planned urban design with many baroque and neo-classical monumental buildings.
The shape of the city was developed by Peter the Great during the 18th century and exerted great influence on later city building in Russia and Finland. Its construction symbolized the opening of Russia to the Western world and a number of foreign architects worked on the great buildings. It also contains monuments related to the Bolshevik Revolution that led to the formation of the U.S.S.R.
Community Perspective: Try to visit this beautiful city in summer as it gets very cold and dark otherwise and you may even get snowed in. It can be explored well on foot. Highlights include the Hermitage, Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, Peterhof, and the Peter-Paul fortress. |
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Kizhi Pogost |
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Kizhi Pogost is an enclosure with religious buildings typical for sparsely populated Orthodox communities.
The two 18th-century wooden churches and an octagonal wooden bell tower from the 19th century are located on an island in Lake Onega in Karelia. One of the churches was used only in summer, the other only in winter. The fully wooden structures blend in perfectly with the surrounding landscape.
Community Perspective: “Iconic… Kizhi’s striking shapes, magnificent craftsmanship and wonderful location lift them way out”. It receives a lot of visitors and can be reached via a 75-minute hydrofoil journey from Petrozavodsk (see tips from Wojciech) or on a cruise (as Solivagant did). |
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Curonian Spit |
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The Curonian Spit is a narrow sand dune peninsula, preserved from erosion through human efforts since the 19th century.
After earlier settlements were buried by encroaching sand that came to the surface due to logging, the Great Dune Ridge that shapes this land was reinforced with trees and shrubs to prevent it from moving inland. The peninsula still is home to small Curonian lagoon fishing communities and there are archaeological sites such as buried villages to be found.
Community Perspective: most reviewers covered the Lithuanian side: Clyde hiked through the reserve, Jakob did it by bike, and Nan describes the area’s German links. Jarek visited it from the Russian side, which has a pine forest and a bird observation station. |
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Ferapontov Monastery |
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The Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery is a Russian-Orthodox monastic complex whose interior is considered one of the purest examples of Russian medieval art.
The monastery was built in the Rostov architectural style and blends in with the surrounding landscape. The wall paintings were made by Dionisy the Wise, the greatest Russian artist of the end of the 15th century, and are the only examples of his work remaining in full.
Community Perspective: The setting of the monastery is very picturesque and the frescoes are well-preserved. It is a bit hard to reach by public transport, but you can do so via taking a bus from Vologda (Wojciech) or joining a Russian day tour (Martina). |
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Kazan Kremlin |
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The Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin is the chief historic citadel of Tatarstan which shows historical continuity and cultural diversity.
A fortified Islamic settlement since the 10th century, it was further developed in the next centuries until being conquered by Ivan the Terrible who turned it into the Christian See of the region. The Kremlin includes several religious, political and administrative buildings in a fusion of Tatar and Russian architectural styles.
Community Perspective: Kazan is a handsome city with plenty of interest (and controversy, as Solivagant explains). The place has become much more tourist-friendly since about 2016, as is reflected in the reviews. Notable sights include the 16th-century Annunciation Cathedral, the leaning Söyembikä Tower and the 21st-century Qolşärif Mosque. |
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Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture |
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The Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture reflect the city’s Golden Age and are the best examples of this style.
The selected churches date mostly from the 16th and 17th centuries, when Pskov was an important trade partner of the Hanseatic League. The Pskov School of Architecture shows an adaptation of Byzantine influences, and uses stone buildings and vernacular decorative features.
Community Perspective: On any Russia trip you will visit dozens or maybe even hundreds of churches, but these are “special”: all white with really thick walls. Recommended are the Mirozhsky Monastery for its Byzantine-style wall paintings and the double church of Pokrova i Rozhdestva ot Proloma. |
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Western Caucasus |
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The Western Caucasus is one of only two large mountain areas in Europe that has not experienced significant human impact.
Its habitats are exceptionally varied for such a small area, ranging from lowlands to glaciers. It’s also a centre of plant diversity. Fauna includes wolf, bear, lynx, wild boar and the reintroduced European bison.
Community Perspective: Iain managed to enter two of the included parks, but did not get far. Martina visited the same two and recommended Adygea for a good local experience. The most accessible component lies near Sochi, and Alexander seems to have found the easiest way in. |
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Golden Mountains of Altai |
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The Golden Mountains of Altai is a region with high plant diversity in Southern Siberia.
The mountains have several undisturbed glaciers and provide the source of main rivers like the Ob. It also holds Teletskoye Lake, the second largest in Siberia after Lake Baikal. The mountains are the habitat of several globally endangered mammals, such as the snow leopard and the Altai argali.
Community Perspective: This is apparently a popular tourist place in summer, they mostly come for Teletskoye Lake. Alexander has described what there is to see. |
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Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
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The Volcanoes of Kamchatka represent one of the most outstanding volcanic regions in the world.
The Kamchatka Peninsula was shaped by tectonic and volcanic activity. It is the globally most active volcanic region, with a display of features such geysers, mudholes, and hot springs. The coastal landscapes and seascape are also notable and are home to salmon spawning areas and major seabird colonies.
Community Perspective: This covers a large area and requires at least a week of your time. Martina visited in 2016 and enjoyed the hikes and the helicopter tour of the Valley of Geysirs. Alexander did so in 2020 and added some rafting to the activities. The helicopter tours are highly recommended to see the best places of Kamchatka and to appreciate the wilderness of this place. |
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Lake Baikal |
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Lake Baikal is a freshwater ecosystem comprising the deepest and oldest lake in the world, surrounded by highly valued protected areas.
The lake contains over one-fifth of the world's liquid fresh surface water. Notable fauna in the lake includes the endemic Baikal seal and fish species like the omul and the Baikal oil fish. The lake is completely surrounded by mountains, located in 5 national parks where the Siberian taiga meets the Mongolian steppes.
Community Perspective: This site is huge and there are many ways to get a good visit: Jarek used the Cirkum-Baikal railway, Jay did an excursion from the Transsiberian railway, Martina travelled on the frozen lake in the winter, as did Solivagant, and Els visited Bajkalski Biosphere Reserve (one of the surrounding parks). |
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Virgin Komi Forests |
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The Virgin Komi Forests comprise a vast virgin boreal forest ecosystem, bordering the alpine tundra of the Ural mountains.
Its mountain structures such as columns and fossilized reefs provide models of ongoing geological processes. The boreal forest holds Siberian spruce, Siberian fir and Siberian larch. Brown bear, moose, wolf, otter, beaver, sable, wolverine and lynx are mammals that can be encountered here.
Community Perspective: The designated forests lie in two parks, which have both been covered by reviews. Jarek and Wojciech visited Yugyd-Va National Park on their own on foot and mostly reported back on the thousands of mosquitos. Martina and Alexander visited Pechoro Ilychsky Nature Reserve 3 years apart and went to Manpupuner Mountain by helicopter as part of a guided day tour. |
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Trinity Sergius Lavra |
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The Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad holds the most important Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The monastery was founded in 1345 by one of the most venerated Russian saints, Sergius of Radonezh, who built a wooden church in honour of the Holy Trinity at Makovets Hill. Over the centuries, an ensemble of over 50 buildings was added and the wooden buildings did not survive a great fire in 1746. The monastery also became more embedded within the town of Sergiev Posad. The active monastery is now a popular pilgrimage site.
Community Perspective: Another easy day trip from Moscow. Expect to encounter long queues of pilgrims and tourists (foreigners are automatically assumed to be the latter kind of visitors and have to pay an entrance fee). The interior of the small golden and colorful Trinity Cathedral is memorable. |
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Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye |
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The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye represents an innovative design in the architecture of Russian Orthodox churches.
It is one of the first stone churches in that tradition with a tent roof. The tower rises 41 meters from an octagonal base. The church dates from 1532 and was built in honor of the birth of a prince who later became known as Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
Community Perspective: An easy one, as it lies in a suburb of Moscow and is accessible by the metro. The WHS is only that one big white church (and the interior isn’t that notable), but it is worth it to explore Kolomenskoye Park overall. |
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White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal |
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The White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal are outstanding examples of Russian architecture from the 12th-13th centuries.
These eight monuments were made as part of a unique school of architecture which is characterized by the use of white limestone, fine stone carving and the apparent lightness of the buildings. This became a standard in Russian ecclesiastical architecture.
Community Perspective: Suzdal is the way to go to see “Old Russia”, while Vladimir is a mid-sized city but also with good monuments. Be aware that the monuments have different closing days. The site is within reach for a (long) day trip from Moscow. |
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Solovetsky Islands |
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The Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands is a late medieval Russian Orthodox monastic settlement in an inhospitable environment.
Located on six islands within the Solovetsky archipelago are a monastery-fortress, a monastic village, and some detached monasteries, their hydraulic and irrigation systems plus sacred and archeological sites. It also includes memorials to Solovetsky Special Prison Camp of 1923-1939, which was a model site for the GULAG system for political prisoners.
Community Perspective: The site can be reached by plane through Arkhangelsk (as done by Alexander) or train through Murmansk or Sint Petersburg (by Wojciech). The monasteries and churches still need a lot of repairs; the museum of the Solovetsky Gulag however is a must-see. |
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Novgorod |
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The Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings are a veritable 'conservatory' of Russian architecture of the Middle Ages and later periods (11th-19th centuries).
(Veliky) Novgorod was an important center on the trade route between the Baltics and Central Asia and a former capital of the Novgorod Republic that covered northern Russia. It developed into one of the major centres of Russian culture, which exerted national influence on stone architecture and painting.
Community Perspective: Novgorod can be visited on a day trip from Sint Petersburg. Recommended is to walk around the Kremlin walls to be able to appreciate the different towers and to view the frescoes at the Church of Transfiguration. |
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Central Sikhote-Alin |
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Central Sikhote-Alin comprises intact forest landscapes in a mountain range in the Russian Far East.
Sikhote-Alin comprises one of the most extraordinary temperate zones in the world, with highly diverse flora and fauna. Species typical of northern taiga (such as reindeer and the brown bear) coexist with tropical species like the Amur tiger and the Himalayan bear.
Community Perspective: The site consists of three protected areas. Martina has described access via Terney, from where she did three hikes. The season here is short, from July to October. |
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Uvs Nuur Basin |
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The Uvs Nuur Basin covers a range of diverse ecosystems within the closed catchment of the saline Uvs Nuur lake system.
The landscapes include desert, steppe, forests, wetlands, tundra and high mountain peaks with glaciers. This diversity, combined with the absence of major human impact, is also reflected in a rich variety of plant and animal species. It supports both resident waterfowl and migrating birds. Mammal species found here include snow leopard, mountain sheep (argali), Pallas’s cat and the Siberian ibex.
Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. It consists of 12 strictly protected areas in Russia’s Tuva Republic and Mongolia. |
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Derbent |
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The Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent are part of a strategic Sasanian defense system from the 5th century.
Situated on the western shores of the Caspian Sea, Derbent was in a position to control the traffic between Europe and the Middle East. The defense structures that were built by the Sasanians were in continuous use by the succeeding Persian, Arabic, Mongol, and Timurid governments. Its military function lasted till the 19th century.
Community Perspective: Derbent now lies in Dagestan, which has a troublesome reputation but still a fair number of community members managed to visit and you can do so without a special permit. You may find a heavily reconstructed fortress and have to walk around the ramparts with no rails. |
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Wrangel Island |
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The Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve comprises a group of two islands north of the Arctic Circle with a remarkably high diversity of plants and animals.
Wrangel Island and Herald Island lie in the High Arctic Tundra ecoregion, with a very dry and cold climate and a mountainous landscape. The islands were not glaciated during the last Ice Age and subsequently served as a refuge for Pleistocene species that have not survived elsewhere. Biodiversity is high considering its location, with a large breeding Snow goose population, up to 100,000 congregating Pacific walrus and many Polar bear dens.
Community Perspective: Only visited yearly by very few people – Sherry shares the feeling of setting foot on this island. |
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Novodevichy Convent |
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The Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent is the best-preserved representative example of the "Moscow Baroque" style in Orthodox architecture.
The convent had a symbolic and physical relationship with the Moscow Kremlin, the "Tsar's road" linking the two complexes. In this nunnery, in the 16th and 17th centuries, women from the royal family and top-ranking families took the veil. The walled complex consists of 14 buildings with rich interiors, surmounted by golden domes.
Community Perspective: A serene place (though often visited), that can be easily reached from central Moscow on the Sportivnaya metro station. Due to serious fire damage in 2015, much of it remained under scaffolding until at least 2018. A more recent review is lacking. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
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Yaroslavl |
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The Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl is dotted with 17th-century churches and an example of Catherine the Great's neoclassical town planning reform.
In the 17th century, Yaroslavl was Russia's second-largest city and its main churches date back to that period. They belong to the so-called Yaroslavl type: built of red brick, with bright tiled exteriors. In the late 18th century, the cityscape was redeveloped in a harmonious and uniform Neoclassical style.
Community Perspective: Yes, another day trip from Moscow, though a long one so you may better stay overnight (see Nan’s review for the advantages). The city is worth about half a day and its leafy streets are easily walkable. The views from the Volga walkway are great. Solivagant refers to the visual impact the Soviet period had on Yaroslavl. |
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Putorana Plateau |
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The Putorana Plateau is a vast, remote and pristine Arctic landscape.
The area holds a complete set of subarctic and arctic ecosystems like taiga, tundra and arctic desert, alternated with lakes, rivers and deep canyons. It is mostly covered by permafrost. Twice a year, migrating reindeer cross the property.
Community Perspective: Martina did an epic week-long trip to this site in Siberia, and has shared the practical details and the experience. |
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Lena Pillars |
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Lena Pillars Nature Park is renowned for its rock pillar landscape and exposure of Cambrian rocks.
The park occupies the right bank of the middle part of Lena River, which is lined by rock pillars up to 100m in height. They include fossilized reefs that carry among the most significant records of events related to the 'Cambrian explosion'.
Community Perspective: The site can be accessed from the Siberian town of Yakutsk, where tours are available for a combined jeep-boat visit. Martina and Alexander did it as a long day tour, while Lena kayaked the river for 10 days. |
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Bolgar |
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The Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex is an important historical and religious site for the Islamic Volga Tatars.
Within the confinement of an earthen wall and a moat are various monuments, including mosques, mausoleums, bathhouses, a palace and an orthodox church. Under the buildings lie the remains of medieval Bolgar, which was an important trading city on the route between Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It was the settlement of the Volga Bolgars, which existed between the 7th and the 15th centuries.
Community Perspective: It has a stunning location on the Volga river banks. The remains are quite spread out, so a visit should take 2-3 hours. You can get there by fast ferry (Thomas) or bus (Wojciech) (both these options may sell out quickly), a bus tour organized by Hotel Tatarstan (Els) or rental car (Alexander). The BlaBlaCar-option mentioned by Michael isn't valid anymore. |
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Astronomical Observatories of Kazan Federal University |
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The Astronomical Observatories of Kazan Federal University are two properties that show the transformation from classical astronomy to modern astrophysics.
The Observatory of Kazan Imperial University (19th century) is located in the historical center of Kazan, while the Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (1901) lies in the countryside. The latter was specially designed for large-scale observations and studies under the conditions most suitable for night observations.
Community Perspective: a 'near miss' for many, as the Kazan Observatory lies right in the city center very close to the already inscribed Kazan Kremlin. The site has stayed unreviewed so far. |
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Sviyazhsk |
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The Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk covers a Russian-orthodox cathedral renowned for its complete 16th-century cycle of murals.
The monastery dates from the period of Ivan the Terrible, when missionary posts for spreading Christianity in this originally Islamic Tatar region were established. The innovative iconographic program of the monastery’s cathedral shows a fusion of styles from the West (Novgorod, Pskov and Moscow) and the local Volga region.
Community Perspective: Sviyazhsk is an easy half-day trip from Kazan, and you can get there by boat, tour, or car/taxi. It can be hard to get a look at the interior of the Assumption Cathedral and its frescoes, as it seems closed to visitors most of the time. |
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Landscapes of Dauria |
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The Landscapes of Dauria comprise undisturbed and diverse examples of Eurasian steppe with their characteristic wildlife.
The area, which is composed of four reserves in Russia and Mongolia, holds many lakes and wetlands. It is an important breeding ground for three crane species and a breeding and resting place for millions of migrating birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. It also supports the annual migration route of the Mongolian Gazelle.
Community Perspective: Martina has been the only one to review this so far, describing a visit to Adon Chelon. She approached from the Russian side, where most parts need a permit secured well in advance. |
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Petroglyphs of the Lake Onega and the White Sea |
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The Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea are two groups of rock art in the Republic of Karelia, over 300km apart.
Together they show some 4,600 figures carved into the rocks at the lakeshore. The petroglyphs include multi-figure realistic hunting scenes. They date from the Neolithic age and have been preserved without later additions, due to being covered by sand deposits.
Community Perspective: Martina went to Besov Nos at Lake Onega, while Alexander visited Zalavruga and Besovy Sledki at the same lake. The petroglyphs at the White Sea have so far been unreviewed. |
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Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake |
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The Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake is renowned for its collection of historic wooden buildings. They comprise both domestic and religious buildings (some with distinct interior paintings), made by Slavic settlers from the 12th century onwards. Adding to the sacred landscape are wooden crosses, cemeteries and sacred groves. They are located in the scenic landscape of Lake Kenozero.
Community Perspective: Martina found a lovely area geared to ecotourism. |
Rwanda |
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Nyungwe National Park |
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Nyungwe National Park comprises three areas that are exceptionally rich in flora and fauna, notably vascular plants and primates.
The main vegetation consists of montane rainforest, but bamboo forests, savannas and high-altitude swamps are also found here. Almost 1,500 vascular plant species have been recorded. Primates include Chimpanzee, Angolan Colobus, L’Hoest’s Monkey, Blue Monkey, Owl-faced Monkey, and Golden Monkey. The three locations are separated by tea plantations and settlements.
Community Perspective: Solivagant is the only one who has reported on a visit so far. In 2006 he came to Nyungwe’s forested mountains mainly to see primates (the significant bird numbers are much harder to find). The Colobus were of special interest… |
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Memorial Sites of Genocide |
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The Memorial sites of the Genocide: Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi and Bisesero are sites of remembrance of the genocide against the Tutsi population in 1994.
They comprise a church, a school and a hill where atrocities have occurred and tangible remains are left (buildings, weapons and graves). It also includes the main Genocide Memorial Center in Kigali. The sites serve an educational purpose for the Rwandans and the international community.
Community Perspective: of the 4 inscribed components, Solivagant visited Murambi and Els Nyamata, and both saw the Memorial in Kigali. It is recommended to visit at least one of the sites outside of Kigali to hear the local story. |
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
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Brimstone Hill Fortress |
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Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park preserves one of the best-preserved historical military fortifications in the Americas, designed by the British and built by slaves.
The complex of fortifications originates from the 17th and 18th centuries. It is located on the island of St. Kitts, making use of the natural setting of a steep double-peaked hill close to the sea. The fort was abandoned and mostly disbanded in 1853.
Community Perspective: interesting history, but mostly the panoramic views from the fortress are praised. Kelly's review provides practical details of a visit.
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Saint Lucia |
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Pitons Management Area |
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The Pitons Management Area is a stunning volcanic landscape that provides a prominent landmark across Saint Lucia and its surrounding sea.
This collapsed stratovolcano consists of two lava domes or volcanic plugs: the Gros Piton is 771 m, and the Petit Piton is 743 m high; they are linked by the Piton Mitan ridge. The area features various volcanic features, like sulphurous fumeroles, hot springs, explosion craters, pyroclastic deposits (pumice and ash), and lava flows. Combined with the backdrop of lush and diverse natural tropical vegetation it is considered of exceptional natural beauty. The site also includes a strip of marine reserves.
Community Perspective: the site can be explored in a number of ways – ranging from climbing its peaks to a day tour by car, a visit to the tourist-trappy Sulphur Springs, and snorkelling. |
San Marino |
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San Marino and Mount Titano |
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San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano are a testimony to the continuity of an independent city-state since the 13th century.
San Marino is the last remaining of 200 city-states that existed in medieval Italy. The urban landscape is located at a strategic position on top of Mount Titano in the Apennines. The designated area includes Mount Titano and its slopes, San Marino historic centre, with public buildings and institutions of the city-state, 3 defence towers: Guaita, Cesta and Montale, and the market town of Borgo Maggiore.
Community Perspective: the place sees millions of visitors yearly and is really touristy every season. Go there if you’re fascinated with microstates like Jay, or on a snowy winter day like Frederik. All its monuments are well-described in the WH nomination file. |
Saudi Arabia |
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Hegra |
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Hegra Archaeological Site (al-Hijr / Madā ͐ in Ṣāliḥ) covers the remains of an ancient city from the Nabatean civilization.
Hegra was located on an important trade route. Its well-preserved ensemble of tombs and monuments was cut directly in the sandstone, with richly decorated facades. Many of the monumental rock-cut tombs have inscriptions in a variety of ancient languages.
Community Perspective: “Its location and remains are less spectacular than Petra but the tombs are better preserved” wrote Solivagant in 2008, after he had visited by car (needed because of the distances here). Fast forward, via 2018 and 2019 (when it was “closed for ... getting ready for tourists”) and 2020 (when it opened up for a special occasion), to 2022 when mass tourism has arrived as described by Martina. |
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Turaif Quarter |
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The At-Turaif District in ad-Dir’iyah encompasses the remains of a traditional human settlement developed in a desert environment, dating from the 15th century.
ad-Dir’iyah was the original home of the Saudi royal family, served as the capital of the first Saudi dynasty from 1744 to 1818 and is associated with the the spread of Salafism. Its remains consist almost entirely of mud-brick structures including palaces. They are a unique example of the Najdi architectural and decorative style developed to cope with the extreme desert climate.
Community Perspective: Most reviewers so far have been limited to external views, as the site has laid untouched for a long time and only recently became the focus of major restoration works. From 2023 on, the site has become accessible (and seems worth it!) but it needs prior booking. |
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Historic Jeddah |
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Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah, has been a major port for both tradesmen and pilgrims.
Located at the Red Sea shore, it was in a favourable position for Indian Ocean trade routes, especially since the construction of the Suez Canal. Also, over 100,000 pilgrims arrive here yearly for their pilgrimage to Mecca. In the historic town, most of the remaining old buildings date from the 18th and 19th centuries. Notable are the typical Roshan Tower houses and Ribats, fortified lodges for merchants and pilgrims.
Community Perspective: The “tower houses” are the main attraction here and of those the Al-Naseef House can be visited as it is a museum. Solivagant and Martina visited 20 years apart but have similar things to say about the site's overall condition and position within the sprawling city. |
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Rock Art in the Hail Region |
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Rock Art in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia consists of two sites with petroglyphs and inscriptions.
The rock carvings date back to almost 10,000 years ago, when there was a valley here with flowing water which has now disappeared. Humans and animals are depicted. The two components are Jabal Umm Sinman at Jubbah and Jabal al-Manjor and Jabal Raat at Shuwaymis.
Community Perspective: So far only the Jubbah component, the easiest to access, has been reviewed. The engravings have good details. You need a guide to point out the harder-to-find ones. |
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'Uruq Bani Ma'arid |
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'Uruq Bani Ma'arid covers the western part of the largest sand sea on Earth, the Ar-Rub' al-Khali (Empty Quarter).
The site covers more than 1.27 million ha of hyper-arid desert landscape, which holds a great variety of sand dune formations. It also includes the southern end of the Tuwayq limestone escarpment with its many wadis and salt flats. Arabian Oryx, Arabian Sand Gazelles and Arabian Mountain Gazelles have been successfully reintroduced in the reserve.
Community Perspective: this site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Al-Ahsa Oasis |
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Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape, is one of the largest natural agricultural palm oases in the world.
Al-Ahsa has been inhabited since prehistoric times, due to its abundance of water in an otherwise arid region. The water was distributed through a network of canals in the open air. The 12 inscribed locations comprise date palm groves, castles, urban centers, archaeological sites, villages, Jawatha mosque and Al-Asfar Lake.
Community Perspective: the reviewers so far found some of the components still under construction and others not findable at all. Martina declared the mountain Jabal Al-Qarah in the city of Al Hofuf the most interesting stop, while it would be hard to distill anything positive from Zoë’s contribution. |
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Himā Cultural area |
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The Ḥimā Cultural area comprises rock inscriptions and rock art left behind in an arid area.
Hima contains significant wells in the desert along one of the ancient caravan trade routes of the Arabian Peninsula. The people passing by engraved human figures, animals and texts in different languages on the rocks. The oldest engravings are said to date back to 7,000 years ago.
Community Perspective: These rock art sites have the interesting addition of ancient wells. Access to the petroglyphs is usually fenced off but the gates seem to be open or easy to bypass. The location near Hima Wells is the easiest to reach. |
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Al-Faw |
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The Cultural Landscape of Al-Faw comprises the remains of a pre-Islamic caravan station, important for the trade of frankincense. It lies at the fringe of the Empty Quarter.
Community Perspective: Zoë has described her non-visit - if it is possible to visit this site at all (the AB evaluation says it is closed to tourists), it will be with a tour or after acquiring permission beforehand. |
Senegal |
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Island of Saint-Louis |
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The Island of Saint-Louis holds a characteristic French colonial city and oceanic port.
Saint-Louis was the capital of the French colony of Senegal from 1673 until independence in 1960. It has preserved its colonial architecture with magnificent residences, along with its regular town plan. The site also includes the 19th-century Faidherbe Bridge.
Community Perspective: The overall impression of Saint-Louis isn’t a good one (rubbish everywhere, including in the water), but there are some fine buildings in the center. |
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Island of Gorée |
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The Island of Gorée was a former center of the Atlantic slave trade from where many African slaves were deported to the Americas.
With its strategic location and safe haven, it was one of the first places in Africa to be settled by Europeans. It became a warehouse for slaves that were brought from the African hinterland. It now is a place of memory for the African diaspora.
Community Perspective: It’s not an undisputed place as the need for a tangible memorial has taken precedence over historical accuracy. See Solivagant’s review for more details. |
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Niokolo-Koba National Park |
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Niokolo-Koba National Park on the banks of the Gambia and other rivers is known for its diversity of wildlife.
Most of the park consists of relatively flat woodland savannah and semi-arid Sudanese forest, intermingled with wetlands. Wildlife, in numbers unique for this region, includes (at the time of inscription) elephants, lions, leopards, chimpanzees, baboons, hippopotamuses and the derby eland.
Community Perspective: The park has been labelled “great” by our only reviewer so far, who visited in 2006 and 2008. More recently, however, the park has suffered from a severe loss in wildlife numbers due to poaching (IUCN Outlook 2020). |
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Djoudj |
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Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary covers wetlands habitats that are staging and wintering areas for migrating birds that have just crossed the Sahara.
From September to April, an estimated 1.5 million migrants pass through, joining a dense population of resident breeding birds. Of over 350 species of birds, the most visible are white pelicans and pink flamingos. A wide range of other wildlife also inhabits the park, including jackals, crocodiles, gazelles and manatees.
Community Perspective: The site is best visited on a half-day tour from Saint-Louis, see Jarek’s review for the specifics. |
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Stone Circles of Senegambia |
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The Stone Circles of Senegambia is a prehistoric archeological site comprising four large groups of megalithic monuments and associated burial sites
Over 1,000 stone circles can be found here along the River Gambia. The standing stones were extracted from nearby laterite quarries using iron tools. Their quality suggests sophisticated stone-working traditions. Four separate locations were chosen to represent the complex: Kerbatch Central River Division (Gambia), Wassu Central River Division (Gambia), Sine Ngayène Kaolack (Senegal), and Wanar Kaolack (Senegal).
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes a visit by bush taxis to Wassu in 1984, while Ian visited Sine Ngayène some 25 years later and found it almost overgrown. |
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Saloum Delta |
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The Saloum Delta is representative of a traditional coastal lifestyle of shellfish gathering and fishing in brackish water.
The site holds numerous shellfish mounds, some of them several hundreds metres long. They were produced by humans over a period of 2,000 years and form a structure of reclaimed land. Several of them hold funerary sites (tumuli).
Community Perspective: The shell mounds are impressive - if you manage to see them within this wide area. They can best be reached from Toubacouta (Jarek), where boat rides are on offer. Another option is Djiffer (Thomas), although more geared towards the (uninscribed) natural features of the Delta. Squiffy reports of an entirely nature encounter in Fathala Forest (within the core zone). |
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Bassari Country |
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Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes represents an isolated, multicultural society of communities who practice traditional agriculture.
A mix of Bassari, Fula and Bedik peoples live in agricultural villages that were settled by several waves of migrations from probably the 11th-13th century on. The villages are located in a hilly, difficult-to-access landscape.
Community Perspective: the villages are hard to reach, but Stanislaw managed to visit three and recommends Bedik Bandafassi. |
Serbia |
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Stari Ras and Sopocani |
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Stari Ras and Sopoćani are medieval Serbian monuments that are exemplary for the Raška School of art and architecture.
Stari Ras was one of the first capitals of the medieval Serbian state of Raška. The frescoes of nearby Sopoćani Monastery are considered by experts on Serbian medieval art as the most beautiful of the Byzantine period. Decorative frescoes also adorn the Djurdjevi Stupovi Monastery and St Peter’s Church.
Community Perspective: the 4 components are scattered around the countryside near Novi Pazar. To see the ruins of Stari Ras requires a steep uphill walk, starting from Hotel RAS Pazatiste. It is considered the weakest among the locations, and St. Peter’s the prettiest. |
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Studenica Monastery |
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Studenica Monastery is one of the largest and richest Serbian Orthodox monasteries, best known for its collection of 13th- and 14th-century Byzantine-style frescoes.
Its typical Rascian architectural style has a mix of Romanesque and Byzantine elements. Its fortified walls encompass three churches, made out of marble. The monastery was the cultural and spiritual centre of medieval Serbia and holds the remains of its earliest rulers. It produced the Studenica Typicon, the first book of literature in Serbian.
Community Perspective: “The best Serbia has to offer with beautiful highlights both on its exterior and inside with its great collection of frescoes”. It can be reached by public transport, as described by Nan. |
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Medieval Monuments in Kosovo |
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Medieval Monuments in Kosovo comprises four Serbian Orthodox Christian churches and monasteries built in the 13th and 14th centuries.
They represent the development of the fusion of the eastern Orthodox Byzantine and the western Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture to form the so-called Palaiologos Renaissance style. It has a distinct style of mural painting of which rich examples can be seen in these churches, culminating in Gračanica.
Community Perspective: these are small Serbian-Orthodox enclaves within the territory of Kosovo, so be aware of the current Serbia-Kosovo political situation. The easiest one to reach on public transport is Gracanica, close to the Kosovan capital Pristina. |
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Gamzigrad-Romuliana |
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Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius, is one of the most important Late Roman sites.
Construction works started in 298 by the Tetrarchy Emperor Galerius to mark the place of his birth after a victory over the Persians. The palace was designed to be a representative Imperial residence and was decorated with exceptionally fine mosaics, baths and impressive gates. The site also includes the mausoleums of the Emperor and his mother, which are visually linked to the palace.
Community Perspective: best visited with your own wheels from Belgrade, the palace is impressive with its massive towers and walls. Don’t overlook Magura Hill, where the mausolea are. |
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Stećci |
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The 'Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards' are 28 medieval Christian cemeteries with richly decorated tombstones that have strong cultural and historical meaning.
The reliefs and inscriptions on the mostly limestone monolithic tombstones represent a specific tradition of the area. They include Christian religious symbols, dancing and hunting scenes, geometric shapes and Cyrillic inscriptions. The inscribed tombstones have been selected from the surviving 70,000 or so still standing in the region.
Community Perspective: the Radimlja necropolis near Stolac in Bosnia is considered the ‘main’ location with the most important and best-preserved tombs. Since 2019 it reportedly even has a visitor center and charges a small entrance fee. Other locations are more low-key: Juha visited Stećci in Serbia, and Solivagant one each in Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. |
Seychelles |
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Aldabra Atoll |
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Aldabra Atoll comprises a remote raised coral atoll inhabited by over 100,000 Giant Tortoises.
The atoll consists of a group of four larger islands, forming an oval ring of land crossed by channels and enclosing a shallow lagoon. The tortoises are at the top of the local terrestrial food chain, feeding on grass and shrubs. 400 endemic flora and fauna (sub)species have been recorded on the islands, and they also hold vast waterbird colonies.
Community Perspective: you can count yourself lucky to visit Aldabra, not only because of the costs involved but also because of the good weather conditions needed to set foot ashore. Solivagant made a memorable visit by cruise ship in 2008, was eventually able to land and saw a characteristic “Tortoise lawn”. Kbecq did the same cruise in 2024 and landed at Picard Island. Myles made a diving trip in 1997 and found it incomparable as "Every kind of dive experience can be had at Aldabra". All other reviewers have worked at Aldabra in some capacity. |
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Vallée de Mai |
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The Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve protects a scenic palm forest that is dominated by the endemic coco de mer.
The coco de mer has the largest seeds of any plant in the world. Also unique to the Reserve is its wildlife, including the rare Seychelles Black Parrot which is restricted to Praslin Island. The forest is relatively pristine and has remained largely unchanged since Prehistory. Five other species of native palms can be found there as well.
Community Perspective: “The rather anatomically correct male and female Coco de Mer palms are the real stars of the show” according to Ben, while Solivagant found it “magically primeval – cool and deep green with the sights and sound of running water and bird calls echoing through the shadows!” Birder Clyde suggests visiting early in the morning on weekdays to be able to spot several indigenous birds. |
Singapore |
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Singapore Botanic Gardens |
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The Singapore Botanic Gardens comprise a garden landscape that started as a British tropical colonial botanic garden.
The gardens were created in 1859, and have been a centre for plant research since. They played a pivotal role in the region's rubber trade boom in the early twentieth century, when they headed research into the plant's cultivation. By perfecting the technique of rubber extraction and promoting its economic value to planters in the region, rubber output expanded rapidly.
Community Perspective: Easily accessible by metro from the city center and the airport. Feels more like a park than a heritage botanic garden, and the rubber connection isn’t obvious. Most consider that its highlight is the National Orchid Garden, which – in contrast to the rest of the Botanic Gardens – requires an entrance fee. |
Slovakia |
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Bardejov Town |
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Bardejov Town Conservation Reserve is an intact example of a medieval town that was located on a major Central European trade route.
The fortified town which has preserved its city walls for a substantial part has kept its late medieval urban layout. Landmark sights include the Gothic St. Egidius Church, the Town Hall and the dozens of Burghers' houses that adorn the central square on three sides. The small 18th-century Jewish quarter with its Great Synagogue and a unique set of surviving buildings is also included.
Community Perspective: The inscribed area is rather small and its medieval core is well-restored (although the Jewish quarter seemed to have gotten less attention, as was Hubert's experience in 2015). Overall it doesn’t take much time to visit and there are no unmissable highlights. |
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Banska Stiavnica |
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The Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity are outstanding examples of a European medieval mining centre.
From the 15th century on the gold and silver mined here brought great wealth. The historic town center, the water management system, and much of the mining infrastructure can be traced back to that period. The city also was the seat of the principal Mining Academy in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Community Perspective: This charming town is filled with numerous beautiful buildings and is worth an overnight stay. Just outside there is an Open-Air Mining Museum as well, but this is not considered a must-see. The Baroque Calvary complex however is worth a detour. |
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Spissky Hrad and Levoca |
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Levoča, Spišský Hrad and the Associated Cultural Monuments comprise a group of religious, military and civil buildings that have integrally survived from a medieval settlement in Eastern Europe,
Spissky Hrad (Spis Castle) dates from the early 13th century. In later centuries it has seen many additions and alterations, having both Romanesque and Gothic elements. The town of Levoca is particularly known for the polychromatic wooden masterpieces of Master Paul, which are characteristic of the Late Gothic.
Community Perspective: Spissky Hrad’s ruin can be seen from afar and is a landmark sight of Slovakia. Be aware that its interior closes between November and April. The lively town of Levoča is the other must-visit component with its 'Cage of Shame' and altar by Master Paul. Clyde also recommends the Spis Chapter House and the walking route that is part of the Slovak route to Santiago de Compostela. |
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Vlkolinec |
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Vlkolinéc is a rural settlement containing a group of vernacular timber-built constructions.
The current ca. 50 buildings in the still inhabited village date mainly from the 19th century, but the origins of their architectural type go back several centuries earlier. The log constructions (all homesteads plus a school and a church) have stone footings with log walls on top. Their walls are coated with clay and usually painted.
Community Perspective: The village has a stunning setting amidst the green meadows. Payment of an entrance fee is required to enter it, but not a lot of contextual interpretation comes with it. It’s so small it can all be seen in half an hour. |
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Aggtelek and Slovak Karst |
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The Caves of the Aggtelek and Slovak Karst comprise a karst cave system with a high concentration of caves and a great variety of cave types.
About 1,000 caves have been discovered in this relatively small, transboundary area. They show karst formation during both tropical and glacial climates. Over 500 troglobiont animal species can be found in its underground systems. The caves include the Silica Ice Cave and Dobšinská Ice Cave.
Community Perspective: Opinions on this site vary strongly among the reviewers. Only a couple among the 1,000 caves are open as ‘show caves’ and it is necessary to visit one of the ‘special’ caves to appreciate the site more. Hubert recommends the Ochtinská Aragonite Cave, while Martina also highlights Domica Cave with its underground river and Dobsinska ice cave. Matejicek has described the features above ground. Some of the caves (notably Dobsinska) charge high camera fees. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Wooden Churches of the Slovak Carpathians |
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The Wooden Churches of the Slovak part of the Carpathian Mountain Area are examples of local traditional religious architecture.
The eight churches (plus one belfry!) consist of two Roman Catholic, three Protestant and three Greek Catholic ones, showing the inter-cultural character of this historic region where Latin and Byzantine cultures have overlapped. They date from the late Middle Ages to the end of the 18th century and are decorated with naïve wall and ceiling paintings.
Community Perspective: Matejicek has described 6 out of the 8 churches and Hubert got to 7 out of 8; the Protestant ones stand out most, although opinions vary on which one is ‘the best’. Although the churches are known for their interior decorations, it can be difficult to get inside even in summer. |
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Danube Limes |
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Western Segment) comprises the remains of the Roman border along the Danube River.
This 600km stretch of military installations was linked by a military road parallel to the river. The Pannonian fleet patrolled the river. A series of legionary fortresses, with thousands of soldiers each, formed its backbone. Civilian towns developed around them, and their Roman citizens introduced Roman culture (such as baths, shrines and an amphitheatre) to their surroundings.
Community Perspective: among its 75 locations, the most accessible ones are Vindobona in the center of Vienna and Porta Praetoria in Regensburg. Hubert provides a comprehensive overview of locations with visible remains in Germany, Austria and Slovakia. |
Slovenia |
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Skocjan Caves |
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The Škocjan Caves comprise a karst landscape with an array of exceptional karst features.
The cave system was shaped by the Reka river, which has sought its way underground. Specific features include dripstone as well as underground gorges, lakes and waterfalls. Škocjan also is an important scientific site for the study of karstic phenomena since the 19th century. The geological terms "karst" and "dolina" originated there.
Community Perspective: this is a very busy site in pretty natural surroundings; to see the spectacular underground canyon (“with a footbridge 40 metres above the water that makes your knees shudder”) you have to take part in the 2-hour tour. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Prehistoric Pile Dwellings |
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The Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps are the remains of prehistoric agrarian lake shore communities.
Rising water levels since prehistory led to the abandonment of these stilt house settlements. Covered by lake and river sediments, organic materials such as wooden structures have been preserved. Archeological findings further include the oldest textiles discovered in Europe, dugout canoes and wooden wheels. About 30 different cultural groups were responsible for creating these pile dwellings.
Community Perspective: only at very few of the 111 locations can original remains be seen, at the others, you will be staring “intently at the water trying to spot the merest hint of some buried rotten wood”. Molina di Ledro and Fiave in Italy are your best bets. Solivagant contemplates what a visit to the Pile Dwellings entails, and Hubert has visited multiple locations. |
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Heritage of Mercury |
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“Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija” comprises what were the two largest mercury mining centres in the world.
Spanish Almadén and Slovenian Idrijia produced the rare metal over a lengthy period. They became of strategic international importance due to the need for mercury in the process of extraction of silver and gold by the Spanish in America. The sites include the mine shafts, technical infrastructure and the mining towns.
Community Perspective: Idrija comes as a pleasant surprise to many and warrants a whole day. Solivagant is the only one so far to review Almadén. |
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Plečnik's Ljubljana |
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The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design represent urban renewal with the purpose of establishing Slovenia as an independent nation.
Plečnik created two axes in the Slovenian capital: a land axis and a water axis. He added new accents such as bridges, squares and parks to the Austro-Hungarian cityscape. These were designed according to modernist principles but with respect for the classical elements.
Community Perspective: while Ljubljana is a pleasant city to visit, expect no single iconic buildings by the hand of Plečnik. Most reviewers see this site only as having regional importance, read Nan’s and Hubert’s reviews for example. Matejicek expresses more support for the architect’s works and Clyde highlights the Ljubljanica River Lock Gate. |
Solomon Islands |
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East Rennell |
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East Rennell is an important site for the science of island biogeography, being a stepping stone between Papua New Guinea and the Pacific islands.
Its relatively undisturbed state and the frequent occurrence of cyclones make it a true natural laboratory. The designated area comprises the southern portion of Rennell Island, the largest raised coral atoll in the world. Its Lake Tegano is the largest lake in the insular Pacific and contains a number of endemic species such as banded sea snake. The site also has a high number of endemic bird and insect species.
Community Perspective: from the Solomon Islands’ capital Honiara it takes a flight and a drive on an unpaved road to get there. The main tourist facilities are centered around Lake Tegano. |
South Africa |
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Maloti-Drakensberg Park |
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Maloti-Drakensberg Park is renowned for its density of rock art and mountain landscape.
The Drakensberg Mountains are the highest mountain range in Southern Africa. Its natural beauty derives from the rolling high-altitude grasslands and the pristine steep-sided river valleys and rocky gorges. It is an important habitat for plants (Drakensberg Alpine Region of South Africa) and a globally important endemic bird area. The diverse rock art was left behind by the San people who lived in the area for more than four millennia.
Community Perspective: this large area (one can easily spend 3 days) is good for hiking, seeing elands, and viewing the rock art at Game Pass Shelter in the Kamberg, Main Cave at Giant’s Castle and Battle Cave at Injasuti. Another highlight is the drive up the Sani Pass to Lesotho. |
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iSimangaliso Wetland Park |
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iSimangaliso Wetland Park covers five interlinked ecosystems along a 220km stretch of coast, including Lake St. Lucia.
It includes marine areas the Indian Ocean, sandy beaches, dunes, wetlands, forests, lakes and savannah. Lake St. Lucia has a shifting salinity due to varying climatic cycles. Notable wildlife includes nesting turtles, whales, dolphins, whale sharks and waterfowl.
Community Perspective: it’s a huge park with several completely different ecosystems. It can be easily explored on your own self-driving from the city of St. Lucia, with Cape Vidal most recommended for the views. The area is touristy and its specific water-related values are often overlooked in favour of the reintroduced Big 5 fauna. |
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Fossil Hominid Sites |
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The Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa comprise three groups of limestone caves where early hominid fossils have been found that contribute to the understanding of the evolution of humankind.
The findings include two different hominid species: Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus robustus. Among the inscribed locations is the Taung Skull site, where in 1924 the first example of the Australopithecus africanus was discovered. The oldest fossils date to 3.5 million years ago. The oldest stone tools have been discovered here too, and the oldest evidence of controlled use of fire.
Community Perspective: As always, early hominid sites ask a lot from your imagination. Sterkfontein is the most accessible of the 3 locations, but a more intimate experience can be had at Makapang. |
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Robben Island |
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Robben Island has become a symbol of the way in which democracy and freedom triumphed over oppression and racism.
Robben Island, an island in Table Bay 12 km off the coast from Cape Town, has been used to isolate certain people since the end of the 17th century. From 1836 to 1931 the island was used as a leper colony and in the 20th century it became infamous as a gaol for political prisoners under Apartheid. Most of the remaining buildings reflect the late 20th-century maximum security prison for political prisoners.
Community Perspective: the obligatory tours to visit the island and its anti-Apartheid heritage get mixed reviews - the groups are large and there is no freedom to venture out on your own for a bit, but to most, it is still a moving visit. |
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Mapungubwe |
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Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape covers the remains of what once was the most important inland settlement in Southern Africa.
It was the main settlement of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe, in its heydays the largest kingdom in Africa. Its inhabitants traded ivory and gold with the Swahili towns at the Indian Ocean shore from between ca. 900-1300 AD. A sacred royal leadership evolved, in which the royals came to distinguish themselves from the commoners by living in a secluded palace on Mapungubwe Hill. Mapungubwe was abandoned in the 13th century, after a sudden change in climate and/or losing its role on the trade routes.
Community Perspective: the sacred Mapungubwe Hill is only accessible on a guided tour, provided by the park office of the larger national park that it is part of. It’s worth staying a day (or two) longer to enjoy the very scenic surroundings. |
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Cape Floral Region |
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The Cape Floral Region Protected Areas consists of 13 clusters covered with fynbos and known for their rich plant life.
They are located in the Mediterranean climate region of South Africa Western Cape Province and the Eastern Cape Province. With the Cape Floral Region being of the six Floral Kingdoms of the world, the outstanding diversity, density and endemism of the flora are among the highest worldwide.
Community Perspective: The site comprises 13 locations, of which Table Mountain and the Kirstenbosch Gardens are the most accessible as they lie in Cape Town. Bernard has given an overview of some other clusters that can be done self-driving. August/September is the best time to see the flowers. |
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Vredefort Dome |
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The Vredefort Dome covers the most representative part of the largest meteorite impact site in the world.
The crater has a diameter of roughly 300 km, created by an asteroid of 10-15 km in diameter. It was formed over two billion years ago, making it also one of the oldest verified impact craters. The site still shows on the surface geological structures that are the result of the impact. Nothing of the meteorite itself has been found.
Community Perspective: the included area is accessible on your own from Parys, but is best explored with a guide as the geological evidence isn’t exactly self-explaining and some locations are fenced off. In the reviews below you can find the details for recommended guides. |
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Richtersveld |
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The Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape reflects the transhumance lifestyle of the Nama pastoralists.
The area is located in a mountainous desert in the north-west part of South Africa and is characterized by its succulent Karoo vegetation. It is the home ground of the indigenous Nama people - descendants of the Khoi-Khoi. The site includes the seasonal migrations and grazing grounds, stock posts (kraals) and haru oms, the portable houses of the Nama.
Community Perspective: the botanical aspect of the site is more obvious than the cultural. The most common way of access is from Vioolsdrift by a tour or 4x4 self-drive. Svein has described his adventures reaching it from Sendelingsdrift. |
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ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape |
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The ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape is a vast desert area associated with ǂKhomani San culture since the Stone Age.
The area amongst the sand dunes of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park lies in a hostile, dry environment plagued by predators. It was used by the indigenous ǂKhomani San hunter-gatherers for water and (medicinal) plants. The tangible remains include archeological sites and graves.
Community Perspective: reviewers regret that natural aspects weren’t part of the nomination, as Kalahari Gemsbok (the South African part of Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park) is a great park. Walter and Solivagant were relatively early visitors (1997 and 1998 respectively), when the access roads were still mostly gravel and the cultural aspects were not yet much emphasized. Tamas recently deep-dived into the cultural aspects on a 2-day tour. |
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Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains |
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Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains contain some of the oldest exposed parts of the Earth’s crust, providing a wealth of information about early Earth.
The volcanic and sedimentary rocks are estimated to be around 3.6 billion years old, dating from the Paleoarchean. The geosites show a great variety. Scientists have also found evidence of the largest terrestrial meteor impact event to date near the area.
Community Perspective: There’s a 38km long Geotrail (paved) that you can follow by car, with 11 stops that explain the various geological features. The surrounding landscape is stunning. |
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Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites |
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Human Rights, Liberation Struggle and Reconciliation: Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites commemorates the struggle to end Apartheid and the emergence of the post-colonial nation. Its experience contributed significantly to other global human rights struggles. It is a serial site of 14 components in Johannesburg (including Soweto), Pretoria and other locations in the east of South Africa, linked to events such as the Sharpeville Massacre and the proclamation of the end of Apartheid. Community Perspective: Bernard visited 5 components in and around Johannesburg. |
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The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa |
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The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa comprises three sites related to the origins of modern human behaviour. They are caves and rock shelters, where stone tool, charcoals, ashes, skulls and bones of homo sapiens have been found. Some caves showed evidence of bone tools, arrowheads, marine-shells beads, grass bedding and medicinal plants.
Community Perspective: This site has not been reviewed yet. |
Spain |
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Granada |
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The Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín in Granada are exceptional reminders of Moorish Spain and hold the best examples of Nasrid art in their architecture and decorative aspects.
The Alhambra, built during the reign of the Nasrid Dynasty, was a palatine city complete with an irrigation system for the lush and beautiful gardens of the Generalife. The Palacio de Generalife was their summer palace and country estate. The Albayzin is an old residential neighborhood in Granada that has both Moorish and Andalusian influences.
Community Perspective: You can easily spend a whole day at the Alhambra and Generalife alone. From the Mirador de San Nicolas in Albayzin you get spectacular views (best in the afternoon) of the Alhambra complex. Pre-book! |
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Palmeral of Elche |
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The Palmeral of Elche is an oasis-like landscape of date palms, transferred to Europe from North Africa by the Moors.
The artificial oasis was constructed during the Arab occupation of this area in Spain over 1,000 years ago and used well-known techniques from the Near East and the Sahara region to let the palm groves grow. The ancient irrigation system, which is still functioning, has been preserved as well.
Community Perspective: Elche has a 5km long Ruta del Palmeral which strings together the main places of interest such as the Palm Grove Museum, the Municipal Park and the botanical garden Huerto del Cura. Additionally, Hubert has described several huertos that have been preserved in such a way that you can still recognise their agricultural function. |
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Coa Valley and Siega Verde |
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The Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde are representations of Palaeolithic art and the life of our early ancestors.
The rock engravings were made on cliffs in the open air along the Côa and Águeda river valleys. They depict mainly animals. The oldest engravings date from the Upper Palaeolithic (22,000-10,000 BCE).
Community Perspective: Go in the cooler months as it can get hot out there. Some of the Portuguese and Spanish components can be reached via official guided tours, and good explanations are provided on those. The engravings are “hard to appreciate without a magnifying glass and good sunlight.” |
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Salamanca |
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The Old City of Salamanca comprises an ancient university town with groups of buildings in the Churrigueresque style.
The university was founded in 1250 and occupies a number of architecturally coherent buildings. The city furthermore has numerous civil and religious monuments, notably those surrounding the 18th century Baroque Plaza Mayor. Many were designed by members of the Churriguera family, whose “churrigueresque” style became influential in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America.
Community Perspective: It’s a popular place to study the Spanish language, and that’s what several of our reviewers did and they found it hard to leave. Hubert even calls it “the most elegant and glamorous of all the historic city centres on the Spanish World Heritage List.”. The Plaza Mayor, the two Cathedrals and the Casa de las Conchas are all great sights. |
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Altamira Cave |
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The Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain represent some of the earliest human art.
The 18 caves feature well-conserved drawings and polychrome rock paintings of wild mammals and human hands. They were made by the hunter-gatherers of the Upper Palaeolithic (35,000 – 11,000 BP). The rock art enables us to better understand aspects of the way of life and the beliefs of these early humans.
Community Perspective: Until 1977 the original Altamira Cave was still open (as Susan, Mark, Gavin and Lucy testify), nowadays only 5 people per week can get in (via an old waiting list, no lottery anymore). There is a replica that can be visited, plus other original caves within the set of 18 such as Tito Bustillo (Ian) and El Castillo (Els, Clyde). |
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Segovia |
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The Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct comprises a historic town with an excellently preserved civil engineering work from the Roman period.
The city’s urban layout and architecture are based on a number of diverse, cultural traditions and where Moors, Christians, and Jews coexisted for a long period of time. The Roman aqueduct supplied water to the high-lying part of the town, at that time occupied by the Roman military headquarters. Today it’s the site of the Alcázar, built by the Almoravid dynasty and later in use as a Royal Residence.
Community Perspective: The city revolves around the impressive Aqueduct, but it has many more sites of interest such as the Alcazar (for its interior decorations) and the Gothic Cathedral. Some interesting historic buildings such as the Royal Mint lie just outside the curiously shaped core zone but are worth checking out, as described by Caspar and Hubert. |
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Asturian Monuments |
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The Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias represent a distinct form of medieval Christian architecture developed in isolation.
The six constructions all date from the 9th century when Asturias was a stronghold of Christianity while the Iberian Peninsula was mostly under the Emirate of Cordoba. An innovative pre-Romanesque architectural style developed in this isolated region north of the Cantabrian mountains. The rich decors were inspired by the styles of the Arab world and Asia Minor.
Community Perspective: The six are still in a remote setting, but the main ones can be reached on public transport (and a bit of walking) from Oviedo as testified by Nan. The three later added components in the city of Oviedo are easily covered but less rewarding. |
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Cordoba |
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The Historic Centre of Cordoba comprises its Mosque-Cathedral and surrounding quarters, a testimony to its blossoming during the Islamic Caliphate of Cordoba.
After 711 CE, Cordoba was turned into a powerful Islamic city that was meant to rival the splendors of Constantinople, Damascus and Baghdad. Mosques, palaces and public buildings were erected. After the Siege of Córdoba in 1236, which was won by the forces of the Christian King of Castile, the Great Mosque was turned into a cathedral and new defensive structures were erected. The Mosque’s design remained influential on Western Islamic art and the 19th-century neo-Moorish style.
Community Perspective: In addition to the former Mosque and its forest of pillars, the Alcazar and its gardens and the Capilla Mudejar de San Bartolome are also amazing. The rest of the historic centre is deemed too overly touristy. |
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Works of Antoni Gaudí |
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The Works of Antoni Gaudí represent the creative architectural works of this Modernist architect.
The Works consist of seven of his buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries in and around Barcelona. They comprise both private residences and public works, including their gardens, sculptures and other works of art. His eclectic style was unique and individual, and made use of modern construction techniques.
Community Perspective: Hard to miss when you’re in Barcelona as especially the Sagrada Familia and Parque Güell are major tourist attractions. Try to get into one of the residences such as Casa Mila (described by Ian, Hubert, Ilya), Casa Vicens (by Tonisan) or Casa Batlló (by Els, Hubert, Ilya) for a more up-and-close experience. |
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Seville |
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The Cathedral, Alcazar and Archivo de Indias in Seville are testimony to the civilization of the Almohads and to that of Christian Andalusia.
The buildings are also directly connected with the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus - his tomb lies in the Cathedral, and the Archivio the Indias houses an important collection of documents from that period. The Cathedral of Seville is the largest Gothic building in Europe. Its Giralda Tower was constructed as a minaret by the Almohads during the 12th century, when a large mosque stood at this site. The Alcazar was used as a palace both by Muslim and Christian rulers of Andalusia.
Community Perspective: The three buildings lie right next to each other in the heart of Seville. Although the Cathedral is impressive for its size, the preference of the reviewers tends to tip towards the Alcazar with its blend of styles. |
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Caceres |
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The Old Town of Cáceres is renowned for its well-preserved 12th-century Almohad city walls and its diverse townscape.
Cáceres was a historic battleground of the Moors and Christians, which resulted in Almohad fortifications such as the Torre Mochada and Torre del Bujaco. It was recaptured from the Moors in 1229. New groups of settlers were attracted, which led to rivalling factions constructing their houses, palaces and towers in their own styles. The city's architecture now is a blend of Roman, Islamic, Northern Gothic and Italian Renaissance styles.
Community Perspective: The Old Town is compact and a pleasure to navigate on foot. The Torre del Bujaco can be climbed and is worth it for its views. |
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Roman Walls of Lugo |
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The Roman Walls of Lugo are the only complete and intact urban defensive walls surviving anywhere in the former Roman Empire.
Their circumference is 2,117m and the height varies between 8 and 10m. The width of over 4m provides space for a walkway along the top of the walls. Five of the original gates and numerous interval towers are still intact. Lugo, called Lucus Augusti by the Romans, was a regionally important colonial town. The walls were constructed in the 3rd and 4th centuries CE.
Community Perspective: You can do a full loop of the walls by walking on the ramparts. In town, there is the Centro de Interpretación da Muralla de Lugo in Praza do Campo which gives detailed information on the walls' importance. |
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Vall de Boi |
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The Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí are renowned for their Romanesque decorative art and architecture.
The nine Early Romanesque churches lie in a narrow, steep-sided valley on the edges of the Pyrenees. Built between the 11th and 12th centuries, they feature bell towers in the Lombard Romanesque style and rich wall paintings.
Community Perspective: Their locations make them very picturesque. A good introduction to their history and architecture can be had from the Centre del Romànic in Erill la Vall. Be aware that most of the original interiors (including wall paintings) have been removed to the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya in Barcelona. |
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Atapuerca |
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The Archaeological Site of Atapuerca is where fossils and stone tools of the earliest known hominids in Europe were found.
The Sierra de Atapuerca, an ancient karstic region, contains several caves that were inhabited from 1 million years ago. Several remains of the Homo heidelbergensis were found here, the predecessor to the Neanderthal. People from the Neolithic and Bronze Age also left paintings and engravings on the cave walls.
Community Perspective: Solivagant has explained the confusing ways of access. Clyde discovered a walking trail, an easy way to see something without having to succumb to a guided tour that is only given in Spanish. |
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Burgos Cathedral |
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Burgos Cathedral is a masterwork of Gothic Architecture.
Began in 1221 and completed in 1567, it shows the evolution of the Gothic style. Its layout is similar to that of contemporary cathedrals in the north of France. In the 15th and 16th centuries, it was home to an international workshop where Spanish builders were trained. It’s also the burial place of early members of the Spanish Royal Family and the Spanish hero El Cid.
Community Perspective: The best Cathedral in Spain according to our reviewers! This is a large complex, with the 16th-century Golden Staircase, the Gothic Plateresque dome and the Papamoscas statue among its highlights. The audio guide is recommended. |
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El Escurial |
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The Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid, are an expression of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and the Spanish Golden Age.
El Escurial was built at the behest of King Philip II in 1563 as a place for prayer and a pantheon to the Spanish monarchs. It was further extended in the 18th century into a royal seat and a symbol of the power of the monarchy. The massive complex is a basilica, royal palace, monastery, seminary, library and mausoleum in one.
Community Perspective: It’s often busy, offers the usual (boring) palace tours and is closed on Mondays. The austere buildings have “occasional flourishes of fine decoration”. The highlights inside are the painted ceilings, the royal crypt, the 50-metre-long wall painting in the Hall of Battles and the tapestry collection in the Bourbon Palace. |
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Santiago de Compostela |
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Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) comprises a major Christian pilgrimage site.
The site dates from the 9th century when the tomb of Apostle Saint James ‘the Greater’ was discovered here. His remains are revered here since and the city was named after him. Thousands of pilgrims from all across Europe walked to this sanctuary. Furthermore, the town’s Romanesque and Baroque monuments have influenced art and architecture in the Iberian peninsula.
Community Perspective: The city seems best appreciated after walking there. The Cathedral is mainly impressive for its size and active pilgrim life. |
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Avila |
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The Old Town of Avila with its Extra-Muros Churches is a fortified city that has the best preserved medieval walls in Spain.
The walls originally date from 1090, and today are 2.5km long with 88 towers and 6 gates. The town is further renowned for its Gothic cathedral and its Romanesque churches and convents, which lie both in and outside the walls.
Community Perspective: You can walk on the walls, but they look a lot better from the ground. Don’t go on a Monday as everything will be closed, even the access to the walls. San Vincente is recommended as the most interesting of the extra-muros components to visit. |
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Mudejar Architecture of Aragon |
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The Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon represents the most outstanding examples of Mudéjar construction techniques and art forms.
Mudéjar is the style of Iberian Christian architecture and decoration strongly influenced by Moorish taste and workmanship. The ten included buildings cover the whole period, from the 12th to the 16th century. The architecture is characterized by bell towers shaped like the Islamic minaret, the use of bricks, glazed tiles and wooden ceilings.
Community Perspective: Teruel is an easy place to start as it holds 4 of the 10 inscribed components, as is Zaragoza which has 3 of which the Aljafería palace is the best. |
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Toledo |
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The Historic City of Toledo holds a cultural and monumental heritage of several historic civilizations.
The Romans left a circus and an aqueduct, the Visigoths its city walls, the Emirate of Cordoba the Puerta Vieja de Bisagra, there are Jewish monuments and some outstanding 15-16th century constructions (Cathedral, San Juan de los Reyes, Santa Cruz hospital). The city is also known for the emergence of a hybrid Mudéjar style, as can be seen in the Santiago del Arrabal and the Puerta del Sol.
Community Perspective: It’s a lovely city for an overnight stay or a weekend break. The Gothic Cathedral could have made it to the List on its own merits alone. Also, check out works by El Greco (see Hubert’s review for a listing), visit the Mudejar Synagogue of El Tránsito and wander the streets of its medina-style city centre. |
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Garajonay |
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Garajonay National Park preserves one of the best examples of laurisilva, a humid subtropical forest that in the Tertiary covered almost all of Europe.
The park on the island of La Gomera comprises forests made up of laurel-leaved evergreen hardwood trees, reaching up to 40 meters in height. Many of its species are endemic to the islands, and harbor a rich biota of understory plants, invertebrates, and birds and bats. It is one of the best places to observe the two Canarian endemic pigeon species.
Community Perspective: La Gomera can be done as a day trip from Tenerife (like Shandos did). Els did a day hike to the top of Garajonay arriving on public transport, while Solivagant and Clyde have provided interesting itineraries if you have a (rental) car. You can take a car with you from Tenerife as well, but the ferry crossings are expensive. |
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Ibiza |
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Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture, is renowned for its marine ecosystems, Phoenician ruins and fortified acropolis.
The marine ecosystem along the shoreline of the islands of Ibiza and Formentera is notable for its well-preserved Posidonia, a kind of seagrass. Ibiza has its roots as a Phoenician harbour and the 16th-century fortifications of its Upper Town have influenced harbour towns in the Spanish New World.
Community Perspective: Puig des Molins is the most interesting of the Phoenician sites to visit, and the Ses Salines Nature Reserve on Formentera is worth taking the ferry for from the party island of Ibiza proper. |
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Poblet Monastery |
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Poblet Monastery is one of the largest and most complete Cistercian abbeys in the world.
The building from the 12th to 14th centuries also is a massive military complex and has served as a royal palace, residence, and the pantheon of the Kings and Queens of Catalonia and Aragon. Some of the most important royal sepulchres have alabaster statues that lie over the tomb and the Abbey has a noteworthy alabaster altarpiece by Damià Forment.
Community Perspective: The monastery has a picturesque location. Clyde recommends hiking the Espluga de Francoli loop trail around the monastery walls (ca. 1h), while Hubert has described the many highlights of the interior. Visitor instructions are a bit "Spanish" - you'll have to join a guided tour or at least adhere to their timings (see Ilya's review of how that works out for a non-Spanish speaker), although in Nov 2023 it seems from the official website that the tour now is carried out via an app. |
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Mérida |
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The Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida holds the remains of many public buildings that were the trademarks of a major Roman provincial capital.
The city was built as Emerita Augusta in 25 BCE, adhering to a strict Roman urban plan. Mérida preserves both public and private buildings from Antiquity, such as the theatre, amphitheatre and engineering works. The Ensemble also includes a few later monuments like the Moorish Alcazabar and two early Christian churches.
Community Perspective: The quality lies in the ensemble of the various components, as together they show every aspect of life in a Roman city. There’s a combined ticket that gives you access to all. The National Museum of Roman Art is also worth visiting. |
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Santa Maria de Guadalupe |
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The Royal Monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe has played a leading role in the history of medieval and modern Spain and continues to be a site of pilgrimage.
It has especially high symbolic value, linked to both the Conquest of Granada and the discovery and subsequent evangelization of the New World. The monastery had its origins in the late 13th century when a shepherd discovered a statue of the Madonna on the bank of the Guadalupe River. On the site of this discovery, first, a chapel was built and in 1389 this monastery. Its architecture shows a variety of differing architectural styles, such as Mudéjar, Gothic and Baroque.
Community Perspective: It’s a massive construction right in the middle of a tiny town. The place seems to be perpetually crowded with large, mostly Spanish, tour groups. Clyde quite enjoyed it and found the Mudejar Cloister of Miracles its highlight, while Hubert has summarized seven points as to why he disliked his visit. |
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Route of Santiago de Compostela |
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Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain comprise four historic Christian pilgrimage routes originating in the Middle Ages.
The routes drew pilgrims from the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. They start from the French-Spanish border and end at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, where the remains of the apostle Saint James the Great are said to be buried. Along the route, there are over 1800 associated historic buildings, including cathedrals, churches, monasteries, hospitals, inns and public works.
Community Perspective: This is best experienced on foot of course, and Clyde has completed the full Camino. Others like Jay (six days), Ian (120km) and Frederik (7km) did parts of it. |
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Donana National Park |
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Doñana National Park comprises wetland and coastal ecosystems that are a major attraction for migrating birds.
The park covers a highly diverse area of lagoons, marshes, shallow streams, and sand dunes in the delta where the Guadalquivir River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It’s one of the largest breeding grounds for herons in the Mediterranean and its wintering waterfowl number over 500.000. The terrestrial parts are a major habitat of the Iberian Lynx.
Community Perspective: What is and isn’t included in the core zone is a bit vague; Solivagant has tried to make it clear. Anyhow, the best bets are the guided tours (pre-book!) that are offered from the Visitor Centres of Acebuche and La Rocina and the boat trips from Sanluca de Barameda (like Ian did). There is also a way in on foot near Matalascaña (used by David, Clyde). Be aware that the park is closed during the yearly Romeria of El Rocio (several days before and after Pentecost). |
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Cuenca |
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The Historic Walled Town of Cuenca is a medieval fortified city built on a limestone ridge.
Cuenca has Moorish origins and was conquered by the Christians in the 12th century. It was subsequently transformed into an Episcopal See and Royal Town, with associated religious and public buildings. Its natural setting has led to unusual vernacular architecture such as houses on cliffs overlooking the river.
Community Perspective: Its OUV actually translates to ‘location, location, location!’ – you’ll have to take a look at those “hanging houses”. In town, the Cathedral and the Museum of Spanish Abstract Art are recommended. |
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La Lonja de la Seda |
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La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia is a 15th-century Gothic masterpiece that was used as a trade hall and silk exchange.
This commercial building became a symbol for the Golden Age of Valencia when it was one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities. It still is used for commercial purposes. The complex includes the main Contract Hall, the Pavillion of the Consulate which was the seat of the Tribunal del Mar and the central crenellated tower.
Community Perspective: This smallish site is closed on Mondays and there is a small entrance fee. The spiral pillars of the main trading hall are seen as its Gothic highlight. Valencia overall is a good destination for a city break, especially for its modernist City of Arts and Sciences. |
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Las Medulas |
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Las Médulas is a landscape shaped by Roman gold mining.
The Romans started exploiting the Iberian colony's resources in the second half of the first century CE. Las Médulas was their largest gold mine. The mining was done by hydraulic power that blasted the rocks away. To be able to generate enough water power, the Roman army constructed roads, dams, and canals.
Community Perspective: The classic red peak views can be had from the Mirador de Orellana. Nearby are the Galerias de Orellan, Roman tunnels, which can be visited underground. The rustic town of Las Médulas caters to tourists and there are guided tours on offer as well as hiking trails, places to stay and eat etc. |
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Palau de la Musica Catalana & Hospital de Sant Pau |
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The Palau de la Música Catalana and the Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona are considered masterpieces of the exuberant Catalan Modernista style.
This style, similar to Art Nouveau, flowered in early 20th century Barcelona. The Concert Hall and Hospital were designed by the Catalan architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner. In both buildings, he made use of new technologies developed during the industrial revolution, such as a steel frame, and beautiful decorative motifs.
Community Perspective: The Palau can be visited on a guided tour or enjoyed during a concert, while the former Hospital grounds will need a tour too. |
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Yuso and Suso Monasteries |
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The San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries are early Christian monasteries known for their role in the development of the Spanish language.
The holy man Millán settled here in the 6th century, was joined by other eremitic monks and a Romanesque church was built on the spot. Suso is the oldest of the two monasteries, and it is the site where phrases in the Spanish and Basque languages were written for the first time. This codex was subsequently preserved in the 16th-century monastery library at Yuso.
Community Perspective: Expect to see many books on your guided tour of Yuso, while what’s left of Suso is one small church. A shuttle bus runs between the two monasteries. You can stay overnight at Yuso as well. |
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Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin |
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The Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula comprises the largest group of rock art sites found in Europe.
They consist of 758 prehistoric sites in eastern Spain and represent a distinct rock art tradition. They are mostly exposed in the open air. These rock art sites form an exceptionally large group; the figures are relatively small in size and depict scenes from the transition stage from hunter-gatherer to sedentary farmer.
Community Perspective: We think the number of locations is a joke (“If you need 758 locations to assert OUV you can imagine how weak each one of them must be.”). If you want to visit some without the need for a specialist guided tour, check out the Sierra de Albarracín (as described by Els) or Monte Arabí (visited by Clyde) or El Cogul (Alexander) or Pedra de les Orenetes near Barcelona (Caspar, on public transport) or La Sarga (Watkinstravel, free tours on Sunday). Most of the rock art can only be “appreciated” from behind a fence. Hubert did a guided tour to the Abrigo Grande de Minateda. |
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Tarraco |
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The Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco reflects the first and oldest Roman settlement on the Iberian Peninsula.
It first served as a base for the conquest of the interior and then became a provincial capital. The city has been built on three terraces, adapting to its environments, and includes a Forum, Circus, Amphitheatre, villas and other public buildings. Its remains also illustrate the entire Roman period of the town, from the 3rd century BCE to the Early Christian Era and the end of Roman rule.
Community Perspective: Tarragona is an easy day trip from Barcelona. There are no real outstanding sights among its Roman remains, but the ensemble shows a complete cross-section of a Roman city. Several components lie quite far outside the city centre; of those the Ferreres Aqueduct and the Quarry of El Mèdeol are recommended for a visit. |
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Alcala de Henares |
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The University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares was the first city in the world to be designed as the seat of a university, by the concept of an Ideal City.
The primary objective of this University (from 1499) was to train administrators for the Church and for the Spanish Empire. It was at this university that the Spanish language was given its definitive grammatical structure. Alcalá is also the place of birth of the writer Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote).
Community Perspective: The city was much more important in the past than it is now, so a visit can be underwhelming. Recommended sights are the Archbishop’s Palace, the birthhouse of Miguel de Cervantes, and the Laredo Palace. |
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San Cristobal de La Laguna |
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San Cristóbal de La Laguna was the first non-fortified Spanish colonial town, and its grid layout provided the model for many colonial towns in the Americas.
Founded in the late 15th century, it was built "ex novo" and was meant as colonial appropriation of the territory. The city comprises two distinct parts – the Upper Town and the Lower Town. The area contains several churches, the Dominican Convent of Santa Catalina de Siena, and private residences.
Community Perspective: The pleasant small city is worth visiting while on Tenerife, although it isn’t in the same league as its Latin American counterparts. It is dominated by colonial buildings from the 16th to 18th Century, beautiful churches, traditional Canarian houses with open courtyards and wooden balconies, and small squares framed by palm trees. |
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Risco Caido |
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Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape are testimony to the pre-Hispanic culture of the island.
This mountainous area around the Caldera de Tejeda includes a large number of troglodyte settlements, archaeological sites and rock art. The ancient Canarians, who descended from Berbers from North Africa, developed their culture in isolation until the 15th century.
Community Perspective: Solivagant and Clyde have provided invaluable information on how to visit the included components, which are scattered around the mountainous interior of Gran Canaria. Els suggests topping it up with a visit to the Canarian Museum in Las Palmas to get to know the indigenous culture. |
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Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro |
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The Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro, a landscape of Arts and Sciences, is an urban landscape of the enlightened absolutist period.
This green public space has evolved since the 18th century on the site of the former Buen Retiro palace and gardens. The idea was to provide citizens with access to the sciences and arts, in an area that is otherwise devoted to leisure. The property includes Retiro Park, the boulevard Paseo del Prado and the neighbourhood in between.
Community Perspective: Kyle has highlighted the three world-class museums that can be found here, Ilya finds it one of the most visually attractive boulevards in all of Europe, while Hubert found nothing special. Local Alikander zooms in on the seemingly harsh review the site got from ICOMOS. |
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Pyrénées - Mont Perdu |
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Pyrénées - Mont Perdu is a visually dramatic mountain landscape shaped by a pastoral transhumance system.
The protected area centered around the peak of Mont Perdu lies at the tectonic collision point of the Iberian and West European plates. The calcareous massif has several important geological, scenic and botanical values. A centuries-old transhumant system of grazing also continues within the area with frequent movement of herds across the French-Spanish border.
Community Perspective: On the Spanish side, the Ordesa Valley is the best suited for a visit and offers good hiking. The French side offers the Cirque de Gavarnie (you can even ski here!). |
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Aranjuez |
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Aranjuez Cultural Landscape represents a varied landscape design developed over centuries.
It started out as the Royal Site of King Philip II in the 16th century, with a private country palace and extensive waterworks using the waters of the adjacent Tagus and Jarama rivers. In the 18th century, it was further enlarged with a town and roads by using geometric principles, with lines of trees as one of the most prominent characteristics.
Community Perspective: This essentially is a cleverly marketed Royal Palace (“the interior here was so ghastly it left an impression”, according to our palace expert Ian) plus its gardens. Aranjuez overall is a nice and easy day trip from Madrid. |
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Úbeda and Baeza |
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The Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza holds the best-preserved examples of Italian Renaissance architecture in Spain.
Both Andalusian towns developed a certain wealth in the 16th century and competed with each other in the design of Renaissance buildings. In Úbeda, the aristocratic families were the driving forces, while in Baeza the town council ordered fabulous public works. The Spanish architect Andrés de Vandelvira was responsible for the design of buildings in both towns; his ideas also spread to Latin America.
Community Perspective: There just are not that many Renaissance buildings in a country that is full of Gothic, Moorish and Baroque buildings, so for that reason they do stand out a bit. But neither of the towns will impress you much if you’ve been to Italy before. |
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Vizcaya Bridge |
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Vizcaya Bridge is the oldest hanging transporter bridge in the world.
The bridge from 1893 transports passengers and vehicles by means of a gondola suspended high above the passing ships. It is made of iron and uses twisted steel cables which was innovative. Its minimalistic design was used as a model for many other transporter bridges worldwide.
Community Perspective: It’s easiest to visit from the Portugalete side. You can walk or take a gondola across. The bridge bears a strong resemblance to the Eiffel Tower – that’s because it was designed by Alberto Palacio, one of Gustave Eiffel’s students. |
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Teide National Park |
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Teide National Park comprises a volcanic landscape in a spectacular setting that stands out in size, complexity, age, depth of study and ongoing relevance to science.
It covers the two large stratovolcanoes of Teide and Pico Viejo, Las Cañadas Caldera and many other volcanic features. At 3,718 m above sea level, Teide Volcano is the third-highest volcano in the world. It is a major centre for international geological research and has been so since the times of Von Humboldt.
Community Perspective: This is a fascinating place to visit for 1 or 2 days, to enjoy the lava flows and contrasting colours in the landscape. Kbecq climbed Mount Teide (in the snow!) and Clyde provides tips for the best viewpoints. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Tower of Hercules |
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The Tower of Hercules is a lighthouse of Roman origin that is still in use.
The tower protects Western Europe’s Atlantic sea route. The Romans constructed the Farum Brigantium at the end of the 1st century AD. Its use was not continuous, during the Middle Ages it fell into disrepair and major reconstruction work was done in the 18th century. Its current form is in the neo-classical style and preserves the central core of the original Roman monument.
Community Perspective: The lighthouse has a rather remote, fine natural setting on a peninsula filled nowadays with sculptures and works of art. It can be climbed to the top. |
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Serra de Tramuntana |
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The Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana is a man-made agricultural landscape on a mountain range on Mallorca.
Olives, grapes, and oranges were and still are grown on the farms. The land has been made productive by the construction of agricultural terraces and irrigation canals in the Arabic tradition. In addition, towns, villages, churches, and chapels were founded.
Community Perspective: The Serra de Tramuntana is mostly worth a visit because of its sometimes stunning landscape. Solivagant wonders however where its "cultural landscape" status has come from, while Els tries to distinguish what's in the core zone and what isn't. |
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Heritage of Mercury |
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“Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija” comprises what were the two largest mercury mining centres in the world.
Spanish Almadén and Slovenian Idrijia produced the rare metal over a lengthy period. They became of strategic international importance due to the need for mercury in the process of extraction of silver and gold by the Spanish in America. The sites include the mine shafts, technical infrastructure and the mining towns.
Community Perspective: Idrija comes as a pleasant surprise to many and warrants a whole day. Solivagant is the only one so far to review Almadén. |
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Antequera Dolmens Site |
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The Antequera Dolmens Site comprises three megalithic monuments placed against a geomorphic natural backdrop.
Built during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age out of large stone blocks, they were used as funeral monuments and for rituals. Their way of construction and design make them one of the most important engineering and architectural works of European Prehistory. They were built to interact with two natural visual landmarks, La Peña de los Enamorados and El Torcal.
Community Perspective: If you want to visit all the components, it will cost you half a day. Hubert has described what a full visit entails, while Solivagant has tried to unravel two of the mysteries that surround this site. |
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Talayotic Menorca |
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Talayotic Menorca covers nine clusters of archaeological sites showing prehistoric dry stone building techniques.
The tombs, houses and ceremonial structures were made of large stone blocks without mortar. They date from the Bronze Age to the late Iron Age and are a product of a relatively isolated island culture. This building tradition ended when the Romans occupied the island.
Community Perspective: the locations are quite spread out across the island, so are best explored by rental car or e-bike. Randi and Svein rated 18 of the structures, declaring Talati de Dalt and Torralba d’en Salort (both have a bit of everything), Torre d’en Galmes (the largest complex and the best-preserved settlement), Naveta des Tudons and the Cala Morell necropolis the best. |
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Medina Azahara |
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The Caliphate City of Medina Azahara represents the urban planning of the 10th-century Umayyad caliphate in the Islamic West.
Medina Azahara is a ruined city, that lay undiscovered until the beginning of the 20th century. It was a palace-city built by the first Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, as the symbol of his power. It served as the de facto capital of Al-Andalus. The city included ceremonial reception halls, mosques, administrative and government offices, gardens, a mint, workshops, barracks, residences and baths.
Community Perspective: It took a few years before it fully opened up to tourists – and the Rich Hall only has from Oct 2023 and is still unreviewed. The museum is excellent, but the remains in situ can be disappointing as they are either rubble or visible reconstructions. You have to take a (paid) bus to the archaeological site. |
Sri Lanka |
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Anuradhapura |
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The Sacred City of Anuradhapura was the first capital of Ceylon and an important Buddhist holy place.
Its sacred bo tree was grown from a cutting from the tree in India where Buddha achieved enlightenment and was brought here in the 3rd century BCE. The old capital flourished for 1,300 years until it was abandoned after an invasion in 993 CE. Its architecture includes characteristic Sinhalese stupas.
Community Perspective: You must join the pilgrims and adhere to the dress and photography rules. The pagodas are so numerous a casual visitor will lose interest after a while. Bernard did a good visit of almost 6 hours and provided tips on what to see and how to get around. |
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Polonnaruva |
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The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa comprises the remains of the second capital of Sri Lanka.
The extensive city had its cultural heyday under the leadership of King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century: the Buddhist stupas, royal palace, statues, parks and the large tank date from this period. It also holds remains of the earlier Indian Chola Dynasty when they ruled the island.
Community Perspective: The ruined city is so large that you need a rental bike or car to explore it fully. Highlights include The Quadrangle and the Gal Vihara group of statues. |
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Sigiriya |
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The Ancient City of Sigiriya holds the ruins of a 5th-century rock fortress and palace.
This enormous complex, known as Lion Mountain, was constructed by Prince Kasyapa. At the level below the top, two very big lions claws give way to the final and most important stage of the complex, the palace. Along the way, visitors encounter non-religious mural paintings and the most ancient texts in the Sinhalese language.
Community Perspective: The frescoes are amazing and the views from the top are wonderful (to some). Beware of the steep 30 USD entrance fee. |
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Kandy |
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The Sacred City of Kandy was the last capital of the Sinhala kings and holds an important Buddhist relic.
Kandy was Ceylon’s capital till the arrival of the British in 1815 and the Royal Palace remains. It also still is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site for the presence of the Temple of the Tooth. According to tradition, a tooth of the Buddha is kept here.
Community Perspective: Kandy is a small city set in pleasant green hilly surroundings. Frederik has described what you may expect from a visit to the Temple of the Tooth. |
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Old Town of Galle |
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The Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications illustrate the interaction of European architecture and South Asian traditions.
In the early 17th century Galle was taken from the Portuguese by the Dutch. They established the still-existing fortress and ramparts as well as its urban look. European building materials were replaced by those more convenient in Asia such as coral and granite, and verandahs and shaded streets were added to suit the climate. Particularly notable also is its 17th-century sewer system flushed by seawater.
Community Perspective: The fort and city center are in good condition and reviewers find the place quite charming. |
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Rangiri Dambulla Cave Temple |
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The Rangiri Dambulla Cave Temple is an important Buddhist shrine and monastery.
Dambulla has been a sacred place since the 3rd century BCE and is an active site of pilgrimage. The temple consists of five separate caves that were hewn from a big rock. On the inside, the caves are decorated with well-preserved paintings and statues from the 15th-18th centuries.
Community Perspective: It takes a lot of stairs to climb and not to be distracted by the lingering monkeys or the shiny new temple that has been built next to it. The vivid color of its statues and mural paintings stand out. |
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Sinharaja Forest |
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The Sinharaja Forest Reserve is a hilly virgin rainforest that is a treasure trove of endemic species, including trees, insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The flora is a relic of Gondwanaland and thus provides input for the scientific study of continental drift and biological evolution. It also is in a geological transition zone. Notable fauna includes the leopard and Indian elephant, plus the endemic Purple-faced Langur and 95% of Sri Lanka’s endemic birds.
Community Perspective: Animals are hard to see in this dense rainforest. You can access the park from several entrance points; the northern one (Kudawa) seems to be better for bird observation. Reviewers have warned of the leeches. It also is compulsory to pick up a guide from the entrance. |
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Central Highlands |
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The Central Highlands of Sri Lanka covers the remaining part of its montane rainforests, the habitat of high numbers of threatened flora and fauna species.
The mountainous region covered with grass plains comprises three protected areas: Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Horton Plains National Park and Knuckles Range. One of the most remarkable surviving fauna species is the endemic Sri Lankan leopard.
Community Perspective: The area’s prime attractions seem to be cultural ones such as the Pilgrimage Path to Adam’s Peak and the surrounding tea plantations, but this is a natural site. You may expect waterfalls and viewpoints. |
Sudan |
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Gebel Barkal |
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Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region are testimony to the important ancient culture of the Second Kingdom of Kush.
Gebel Barkal was believed to be the residence of the State God Amon and is still considered a sacred mountain. The five archaeological sites set on the banks of the Nile include unique funerary architecture (with and without pyramids), temples, living complexes and palaces. The walls of the structures are decorated with reliefs, writings and painted scenes.
Community Perspective: “You are likely to be the only tourists there,.. you could almost be a 19c explorer reaching the sites for the first time!” El-Kurru (with painted tombs) and Nuri (pyramid fields) are two of the other components worth visiting besides Gebel Barkal itself. |
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Meroe |
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The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe contain the best-preserved relics of the Kingdom of Kush at the height of its power.
Meroe became their capital in the 3rd century BCE, with its proximity to the Nile making it a viable location for human existence. The three components include the town of Meroe and its cemetery, and the associated sites Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa which are located in the desert further from the river. As the site of royal burials, most notable are the more than 200 Kushite pyramids that have survived.
Community Perspective: It doesn’t lie too far from Khartoum, so it is more often visited than Gebel Barkal. The focal point is the pyramid field of the Meroë Necropolis, but don’t miss Musawwarat (it has a finely restored temple and magnificent carvings) and Naqa (where the Kushites showed that they'd been in contact with Roman / Hellenistic structures). |
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Sanganeb |
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Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay - Mukkawar Island Marine National Park comprise two pristine marine ecosystems in the Red Sea.
These sites centered around a coral reef are known as excellent diving sites for their clear visibility and high coral diversity. Huge schools of manta rays and sharks make common appearances in these waters. Furthermore, Dungonab Bay has a healthy dugong population.
Community Perspective: the only way to visit discovered so far is by an expensive live-aboard diving cruise. |
Suriname |
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Central Suriname Nature Reserve |
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The Central Suriname Nature Reserve covers an immense area of pristine tropical forest in the Guayana Shield.
The reserve is one of the very few undisturbed forest areas left in the Amazonian region with no inhabitants and no human use. Located at the upper watershed of the Coppename River, it contains areas of swamp forest and savannah. Typical granite inselbergs rise above the forest canopy. Globally rare fauna species found here include the Cock-of-the Rock, the Harpy Eagle, Jaguar, Giant Armadillo and Giant Otter.
Community Perspective: The reserve is serviced by organized multi-day tours from Paramaribo – a more independent visit will be tough. Geert and Michael each have described such a tour. Finding the wildlife in such a vast area isn’t easy, but Michael made the extra effort to see the cool Guianan Cock-of-the-Rocks. |
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Paramaribo |
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The Historic Inner City of Paramaribo shows the fusion of Dutch colonial architecture and indigenous cultural elements
The city was built in 1683 and further extended across marshy land in the 18th century. Most of its residences are built entirely in wood and are very vulnerable to fires. Notable public buildings include Fort Zeelandia, the Presidential Palace, the neoclassical Reformed Church and the gothic revival Roman Catholic Cathedral.
Community Perspective: the relatively small core zone is located along the left bank of the Suriname River, centered around the street called “Waterkant”. It’s best explored on foot, and you’ll find a number of high-quality colonial buildings that are unique in the Caribbean world. |
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Jodensavanne |
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The Jodensavanne Archaeological Site: Jodensavanne Settlement and Cassipora Creek Cemetery comprises the remains of early Jewish colonies.
The sites date from the second half of the 17th century, when Jewish settlers from Europe established agricultural plantations here and developed an autonomous community. The Beraha VeSalom synagogue within the property is considered the first synagogue of architectural significance in the New World.
Community Perspective: the site lies not far from the international airport and can be combined with a trip in or out of the country. The settlement remains are quite basic. |
Sweden |
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Drottningholm |
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The Royal Domain of Drottningholm is an 18th-century European royal residence influenced by Versailles.
The French/English gardens and Italian/French-influenced buildings are located on an island. In addition to the Palace, they also include the Palace Theatre, the Chinese Pavilion, Canton Village, the gardens and part of Malmen. Drottningholm Palace is the current home of the Swedish Royal Family.
Community Perspective: This is an easy half-day trip from Stockholm. The Chinese Pavillion and the Theatre stand out the most among the buildings. Frederik even did get to meet the Swedish Queen! |
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Skogskyrkogarden |
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Skogskyrkogården is an early-20th century cemetery known for its landscape and architectural design, that has been globally influential.
Two young Swedish architects won an international architectural competition for their design. The landscape they could use as their raw material consists of pine trees, gravel and small hills. They added several chapels, a crematorium and a large granite cross, but remained sober in the Nordic tradition regarding footpaths or garden features.
Community Perspective: the cemetery lies on the outskirts of Stockholm and is easily reachable by metro. “Surprisingly enjoyable.” |
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Visby |
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The Hanseatic Town of Visby is a well-preserved medieval walled town.
Visby was the main centre of the Hanseatic League in the Baltic Sea from the 12th to the 14th century. Among the most notable historical remains are its medieval street plan, the 3.4-km long stone wall called "Ringmuren" that encircles the city, the merchant houses and Romanesque churches.
Community Perspective: Visby lies on the island of Gotland and can be reached from the Swedish mainland by fast ferry (3.5h) or plane. The place is swamped with tourists from mid-June until mid-August. Gotland's Museum should not be missed for its rune stones. |
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Gammelstad |
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The Church Town of Gammelstad, Lulea, is the best-preserved example of a type of town that was once widespread throughout northern Scandinavia.
The cottages served as overnight stop for parishioners who lived too far away to make the journey to the church and back in one day during the weekend. At the centre of the organically grown town lies the early 15th-century stone Nederlulea church, surrounded by more than 400 wooden houses. These are still privately owned, keeping the custom of a church town alive.
Community Perspective: A pretty place to visit. The cottage at 253 Framlanningsvagen is open to visitors. |
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Laponian Area |
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The Laponian Area is a vast Arctic landscape that is inhabited during the summer by some 200-250 indigenous Saami people.
They fish in the area and practice reindeer husbandry. The Saami arrived here some 4000-5000 years ago and turned to herd domesticated reindeer in the 17th or 18th century. The 9400 square kilometres of wilderness is part mountains, part taiga lowlands. Natural features include mires, wetlands, glaciers, moraines, canyons, ravines, and boulder fields.
Community Perspective: The 9 components cover a vast area and it takes multiple days to do this site justice (use Gallivare as a base). Muddus National Park is a good option for short hikes, and Stora Sjofallets NP for the views. The Ajtte Museum in Jokkmokk is recommended for an insight into Saami culture. Nan describes his experience with the 35km of the Rallarstigen hike. |
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Karlskrona |
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The Naval Port of Karlskrona is an exceptionally well-preserved and complete example of a European naval base, as it was unaffected by wars or battles.
The 17th-century port, which is still in use, lies on different islands in an archipelago in the Baltic Sea, where it held a strategic position with short sailing distances to the German and Baltic provinces. Most of the baroque buildings from this era are still standing, which is why the city centre is architecturally uniform. The shipyard in Karlskrona was established almost at the same time.
Community Perspective: Just wandering around town, the historic naval aspects don’t come across that strongly. A tour to Kungsholmen Fortress, which is still today operated by the Navy so you need a special permit to visit, could solve this, but no reviewer so far has managed to get in. |
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High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago |
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The High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago shows outstanding examples of geological processes caused by glaciation.
Historical Ice Ages have shaped the landscape of these two components on opposite sides of the Gulf of Bothnia. The High Coast is important for research on isostasy, in which the land rises as the weight of the melting glaciers is lifted. This is a still continuing process that leads to the emergence of new islands and lakes. Kvarken features unusual moraine ridges (“De Geer moraines") that were formed when boulders and stones were pushed to the edge of the melting continental ice sheet.
Community Perspective: the site provides excellent views if you get to a higher viewpoint and enjoyable hiking. The area is good for birding as well. Finnish Kvarken has been covered by John (cruising) and Els (driving+hiking), while the Swedish High Coast was done by John (cruising), Clyde (driving+hiking) and Nan (public transport+hiking). |
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Southern Öland |
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The Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland is a site that has been in agricultural use since prehistory.
One of its main features is the Stora Alvaret, a so-called "limestone pavement", a biological environment based on a limestone plain with thin or no soil. Local farmers have adapted to the circumstances and use it for grazing their livestock. Among the archeological sites are Alby, where excavations have revealed vestiges of wooden huts around a prehistoric lagoon, ringforts at Eketorp, and various Viking settlements.
Community Perspective: Reachable by a bridge from Kalmar on the mainland, Southern Öland also has fine natural features (such as Ottenby Nature Reserve and the savannah-like grass of Stora Alvaret). The overall appearance is a bit similar to the Netherlands with several wooden mills on a flat landscape. |
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Birka and Hovgarden |
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Birka and Hovgården are archeological sites that are a testimony to the wide-ranging trade network established by the Vikings.
Birka was an important harbour until the 10th century. It also was the site of the first known Christian congregation in Sweden. The site includes remains of a fortress, ramparts of a town wall, traces of harbours and thousands of burial mounds. Hovgården has both Viking and medieval remains, comprising of a church, a brick palace, several burial mounds and a harbour with a runic inscription. Hovgården was the site from where kings and chieftains ruled the area.
Community Perspective: They are located about 30 km west of Stockholm on the small islands of Björkö and Adelsö. Birka can be reached by tourboat from Stockholm (the guided tour is recommended, but the 2h boat journey is long and the tour is overpriced), while Hovgården requires a car ferry and your own transport. At both, “not much is left to see”. |
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Engelsberg Ironworks |
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The Engelsberg Ironworks was one of the most influential industrial complexes in Europe due to its modern machinery and construction.
Sweden was the economic leader in the field of iron from the 17th-19th centuries, and the Engelsberg Ironworks produced a number of technological innovations. Its furnace was powered by waterwheels. After it closed down in 1919, most of the 50 technical and related administrative buildings have been preserved.
Community Perspective: as a very early industrial monument, “they do not give an ‘industrial impression’” – thanks to the idyllic location in the midst of a Swedish forest. The grounds are free to explore; guided tours that let you into the buildings are only available in summer. |
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Rock Carvings in Tanum |
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The Rock Carvings in Tanum comprise over 400 groups of varied Bronze Age petroglyphs that depict aspects of local daily life at the time.
They were carved into the rocks at what was the seashore. The motifs include humans, weapons, boats, fishing nets, the sun, bulls, horses, deer, birds and other scenes. A human figure over 2 meters tall carrying a spear possibly represents the God of War Odin.
Community Perspective: The red highlighting used certainly makes them easy to spot, and the ample interpretation panels on site provide good detail. The scale, variety and condition of the carvings are outstanding. |
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Falun Great Copper Mountain |
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The Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun has had a profound influence on global mining technology.
Mining for copper had been a local business since the 9th century and lasted until the 20th century, with the 17th century as its heyday when Sweden became the major producer of copper. The area centers around the enormous open-cast mine Great Pit. The other areas contain many furnace sites, waterways, ponds, canals, and ancient mining settlements and the town of Falun with its 1646 gridiron street plan and wooden houses.
Community Perspective: One of the country's top attractions and accessible by a direct rail link from Stockholm, “Falun gives you a real sense of how heavy industry can alter a landscape”. You can hike around the perimeter of the Great Pit and there is a mining museum, from where underground tours start as well. |
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Grimeton Radio Station |
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The Grimeton Radio Station, Varberg holds an ultra-longwave radiotelegraph transmitter that was used for wireless transatlantic communication in the 1920s.
The site consists of transmitter equipment, including the aerial system with six 127 m high steel towers, and a neoclassical residential area with housing for the station staff. The Varberg station is the only one left from a global network that was planned after WWI to enhance communication between countries worldwide.
Community Perspective: although you can access the site at all hours, joining one of the guided tours is recommended to fully understand its workings. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
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Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland |
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The Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland are seven large timber farmhouses with richly decorated interiors.
They date mainly from the 18th and 19th centuries. The decorations were made in the regional folk art tradition, and reflect the prosperity of the farmers of that period. A special room or even a separate house was set aside for festivities.
Community Perspective: The Erik-Anders farm is the most accessible (all are in private use), as it opens daily to tourists in summer. In Långhed you can stay in a similar-style guesthouse and gain access to the inscribed site in town, as described by Ian. Clyde visited the Pallars and Jon-Lars decorated farmhouses. |
Switzerland |
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Bellinzone |
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The Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-town of Bellinzone are the well-preserved remnants of a defensive stronghold guarding a main pass in the Alps.
The earliest constructions that have survived date from the ca. the 10th century. During the remainder of the Middle Ages, the fortifications and town expanded. It includes the castles of Castelgrande, Montebello and Sasso Corbaro.
Community Perspective: An area of great views. Especially Castelgrande feels overly restored, so Montebello is most people’s favourite. |
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Old City of Berne |
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The Old City of Berne represents the adaptation of a medieval city into a modern capital.
After a fire in 1405, which almost completely destroyed the wooden-built town, the houses were rebuilt of sandstone. The medieval structure of the city originating from that time has remained unchanged up to the present day. Later, monumental fountains, the cathedral, patrician houses and large public monuments were added to the cityscape.
Community Perspective: It’s pleasant enough but nothing to write home about. The clock tower tour is the recommended thing to do. |
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Abbey of St Gall |
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The Abbey of St Gall had a great influence on the development of monastic architecture and is considered to be a typical example of a large Benedictine monastery.
It was during the abbacy of Gozbert (816-837) that the so-called Golden Age of St. Gall began. Most impressive remains of this period are the Convent's library and archive, containing 150.000 books including numerous treasures.
Community Perspective: The Library is the unmissable part, the Abbey’s exterior is quite plain. |
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Benedictine Convent of St. John |
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The Benedictine Convent of St. John at Müstair is an ancient monastery with an exceptionally well-preserved heritage of Carolingian art.
The murals depicting scenes from the Old and New Testament date from around 800 CE, and were uncovered during 20th century restoration works. Along with it were some Romanesque frescoes from the 1160s. The abbey was located along the Val Müstair pass over the Alps from Italy and was fortified to allow it to control the pass.
Community Perspective: People enjoy “the beautiful sweep and tranquility of the valley and the perfection, beauty and clarity of the frescoes in this intimate church”. |
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Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch |
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Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch is an impressive landscape and an outstanding example of the formation of the High Alps.
It includes the most glaciated part of the mountain range and the largest glacier in Eurasia, the Aletsch Glacier. The area holds 9 peaks over 4,000m: Finsteraarhorn, Aletschhorn, Jungfrau, Mönch, Schreckhorn, Gross Fiescherhorn, Hinter Fiescherhorn, Grünhorn and Lauteraarhorn.
Community Perspective: The most popular way to cover this WHS seems to be to take the expensive train up to the Jungfraujoch. Easier ways of access lie at Kandersteg (Oeschinensee) and Eggishorn. |
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Monte San Giorgio |
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Monte San Giorgio is a mountain at Lake Lugano known for its marine fossils from the Mid-Triassic Period.
At that time (about 240 million years ago), the area had a tropical climate and a sea full of coral, fish, (long-necked) reptiles and turtle-like creatures. Fossils of these animals were found well preserved in what had been a sea basin. The quality of preservation is very high, a number of 'first discoveries' of species have been made here and the site has been studied for a long time.
Community Perspective: The museum in Meride is a worthwhile start, as it holds several fossils found at the site. There’s a trail that starts just outside Meride to take you into the core zone and to the top of Monte San Giorgio. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces |
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Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces comprises a stretch of land along Lake Geneva where viticulture has been practiced since at least the 11th century.
Local Benedictine and Cistercian Monasteries, who owned the land, started large-scale winemaking here. They employed farmers to do the work, against a percentage of the earnings. The landscape is dotted with small villages and castles. The vines are grown on terraces.
Community Perspective: The area is best accessed from the local train between Lausanne and Vevey – you can get off at the villages to hike among the vineyards, for example from Saint Saphorin. It provides good views of the vineyards against the pretty backdrop of the Lake and the Alps. |
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Rhaetian Railway |
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The Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes consists of the Albula and Bernina transalpine railway lines, noted for their technical quality.
The lines were built from 1908-1910. The Albula line leads from Chur to St. Mortiz, and the Bernina line leads from St. Moritz to Tirano across the border in Italy. Along the way, numerous tunnels, viaducts and bridges had to be built. The railway was designed to follow an existing mountain road.
Community Perspective: You obviously have to do this by riding the train – it still is an active railway line. The structures of interest (viaducts, bridges) however are difficult to see from the train; among these, the Landwasserviaduct is a highlight. |
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Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona |
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The Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona is a significant example of the process of mountain building.
The Tectonic Arena contains a major break in the Earth's crust: the Glarus thrust. It is a clearly exposed and well-accessible example of thrust faults in general, and has as such played an important role in the development of geological knowledge on mountain building.
Community Perspective: To see the whole area you can hike from Elm to Flims – a tough hike of 21.5km if you do it in full (Nan can probably still feel his legs). Lazier people can (like Els did) go and reach the Fil de Cassons from Flims by chairlifts and a cable car ride, but Ralf recently has reported that this route is under construction until at least the end of 2024. |
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La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle |
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"La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, watchmaking town planning" refers to the twin towns that are the center of the Swiss watchmaking industry.
Their city layout of parallel strips of houses and workshops was completely set up for the single goal of manufacturing from the end of the 18th century. Safety, health and fairness were the guiding lights. The watchmakers’ houses generally were austere buildings. At the end of the 19th century, the vogue for Art Nouveau added discreet touches of exuberance.
Community Perspective: There’s nothing spectacular to see here. The smaller Le Locle seems to be the best choice of the two. |
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Prehistoric Pile Dwellings |
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The Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps are the remains of prehistoric agrarian lake shore communities.
Rising water levels since prehistory led to the abandonment of these stilt house settlements. Covered by lake and river sediments, organic materials such as wooden structures have been preserved. Archeological findings further include the oldest textiles discovered in Europe, dugout canoes and wooden wheels. About 30 different cultural groups were responsible for creating these pile dwellings.
Community Perspective: only at very few of the 111 locations can original remains be seen, at the others, you will be staring “intently at the water trying to spot the merest hint of some buried rotten wood”. Molina di Ledro and Fiave in Italy are your best bets. Solivagant contemplates what a visit to the Pile Dwellings entails, and Hubert has visited multiple locations. |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier comprises 17 of his works across the world.
The renowned French-Swiss architect is seen as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. The series shows the dissemination of his ideas over the world during 50 years, spanning seven countries on three continents. Many of the sites reflect new architectural concepts, principles, and technical features. All were innovative and had a significant influence over wide geographical areas They also contributed to the birth of three major trends in modern architecture: Purism, Brutalism and sculptural architecture.
Community Perspective: Hubert has become our expert on this subject, having visited 14 of the 17 components. Reviews that include the interior are available of Casa Curutchet (Serianne, Nan, Michael, Timonator), Villa Savoye (Ian, Els, Ilya), Weißenhofsiedlung (Solivagant), Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Éveux (Hubert), Firminy-Vert (Hubert), the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille (Hubert, Jakob), Maison La Roche (Hubert), Molitor (Hubert), National Museum of Western Art (Frederik), Chandigarh (Solivagant), Notre Dame du Haut Chapel (Clyde), Cité Frugès (Hubert, James). |
Syria |
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Damascus |
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The Ancient City of Damascus is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities and an important city in Islamic history and culture as the capital of the Umayyad caliphate.
Damascus has its origins in the third millennium BCE and contains a wealth of physical traces dating back from the Romans to the Ottomans. During the Umayyad period, it became an influential Arab city. Its masterpiece is the Grand Mosque of Damascus, one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.
Community Perspective: “There is no city in the Middle East that can offer such a beautiful and authentic old town as Damascus.”, Bojana states. Squiffy gives a detailed overview of what can be found within the Roman walls of the Old City. |
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Aleppo |
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The Ancient City of Aleppo comprises a trading city influenced by many subsequent rulers such as Romans, Byzantines, Ayyubids, Ummayads, Mamluks and Ottomans.
Aleppo is one of the oldest inhabited cities in history, as the earliest remains of human settlement date to the eleventh millennium BCE. The old city is centered around the Citadel, which is a major work of Arab military architecture. The historic buildings include several madrassahs dating from the 12th and 13th centuries, and numerous mansions, palaces, churches and mosques that were added until the 19th century.
Community Perspective: “Aleppo is an amazing city. It was the souq at the end of the Silk Road, and historically almost anything could be bought there.” Squiffy describes a visit to its Citadel and souqs in 2009. |
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Bosra |
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The Ancient City of Bosra holds extensive remains of Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad buildings.
As a Roman colony and a major place of trade along caravan routes, it gained many monuments such as the well-preserved theatre. In the Byzantine period, Bosra became the seat of an archbishop and a Cathedral was built. Bosra also is associated with a significant episode in the life of the Prophet Mohammed. Bosra’s Mosque of Omar and Madrasa Jâmi' Mabrak an-Nâqua are two of the rare constructions of early Islam preserved in Syria.
Community Perspective: Bosra is a town of black basalt and dust, and a little bit forgotten. The intermingling of ancient ruins and modern housing makes for an odd feeling. The huge Roman theatre is the main deal. |
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Palmyra |
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The Site of Palmyra consists of the ruins of a wealthy caravan oasis that further developed under Roman rule.
Palmyra was located on a major trade route and was known as the city of palm trees. After it became a Roman colony, Emperor Caracalla turned it into one of the greatest cities of the Roman Empire with new constructions of streets, arches, temples and statues. Major artistic works include the grand colonnade and the great temple of Ba'al is. Due to reports on its splendour by travellers in the 17th and 18th centuries, Palmyra also was influential in the evolution of neoclassical architecture.
Community Perspective: Solivagant visited in 1999, admired the fine Temple of Baal and recommends the viewpoint from a hill fort a few miles away. Squiffy did so in 2009: “a bewitching sight, a lattice of soaring ruins sketched out in the sands of the Syrian Desert. It carries all the exoticism of Egypt.” He also details what was done to the site by IS in 2015. |
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Crac des Chevaliers |
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Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din are the most significant remaining Crusader fortresses.
Crac des Chevaliers ("fortress of the knights") was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller in Syria during the Crusades and is seen as an archetype of a medieval castle as the military orders built them. Both castles are located on high ridges that were key defensive positions. The castles also retain features of earlier Byzantine and later Islamic periods and thus show the evolution of fortified architecture in this region.
Community Perspective: Squiffy stated: “Lawrence of Arabia called Crac des Chevaliers ‘the finest castle in the world’. I have yet to see a castle to convince me otherwise.” Solivagant found its skyline and isolated location incomparable. |
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Ancient villages of Northern Syria |
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The Ancient villages of Northern Syria are the remains of rural societies from late Antiquity and early Christianity.
The inhabitants of this limestone mountain landscape gradually converted to Christianity. They were inspired by hermits such as Saint Simeon, who drew lots of pilgrims. Some 40 abandoned villages are included with often well-preserved monuments. Notable elements include the Church of Saint Simeon Stylites, Serjilla, an early Byzantine town, and the Pyramidal tombs at Al-Bara.
Community Perspective: this can be done as a day trip from Aleppo on private transport, it used to be quite popular under the name of “Dead Cities” with intrepid tourists. The area however has been ‘closed’ since the Syrian Civil War as it is in SDF territory. |
Tajikistan |
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Tugay forests |
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The Tugay Forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve represent one of the largest remaining tugay ecosystems, a form of riparian forest associated with fluvial and floodplain areas in arid climates.
The reserve is irrigated by the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, with numerous meanders and cut-off bodies of water. The natural landscape holds the sandy Kashka-Kum desert on one hand and tugay forest with numerous lakes on the other hand. The area is the habitat of salt-tolerant trees such as the Asiatic Poplar and wildlife like Bactrian Deer, Goitered Gazelle and Striped Hyena.
Community Perspective: Szucs Tamas tells about his ordeals to reach it, and concludes: DO NOT GO THERE. |
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Sarazm |
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The Proto-urban Site of Sarazm comprises the archaeological site of an ancient settlement along a major trans-Eurasian trade route.
It had connections to Central Asia, Mesopotamia and the Indus civilizations. From the Bronze Age onward, its agricultural and trading activities were extended to metallurgy (tin and copper) and handicrafts. It was abandoned around 2000 BCE.
Community Perspective: a low-key site with a tiny on-site museum, that takes an hour to visit at most. It can be reached from the Tajik town of Penjikent (by taxi or your own transport), or more easily since 2019, as a “country hack” day trip from Samarkand (Uzbekistan) as described by Zoë and Nan. |
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Tajik National Park |
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Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) is a very high mountainous and glacial landscape of spectacular beauty.
It lies at the center of the 'Pamir knot' where tectonic forces have pushed up the Himalaya, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Kunlun and Tien Shan mountain ranges. Notable areas include the Fedchenko Glacier, the longest valley glacier outside of the Polar Regions, Sarez Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Central Asia, created by an earthquake-generated landslide, Karakul Lake, one of the highest salt lakes in the world and formed after a meteorite impact. Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly known as Stalin Peak and Communism Peak), at 7,495 m high the highest peak in the Pamirs.
Community Perspective: all reviewers so far visited as part of a multi-day and permit-required trip along the Pamir Highway from Osh in Kyrgyzstan to Tajikistan, which includes a stop at Lake Karakul. |
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Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor |
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The Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor comprises a key section in the harsh environment of Central Asia of this route where ideas and goods were exchanged.
This 866-kilometre stretch, crossing mountain ranges and the Karakum desert, lies at the heart of the network of Silk Roads corridors. In early medieval times, it was the place where the trade of Sogdians flourished. Later, caravanserais and monumental Islamic buildings were added. The roads crossed the Karakum Desert to end in Merv Oasis, and comprise 34 individual components spread across high mountains, plains, and deserts.
Community Perspective: In Uzbekistan, Nan visited a string of sites, Jarek did Paykent and Els covered Chor Bakr and the Bahoutdin Complex near Bukhara. Tamas ventured into Tajikistan to cover Penjikent. |
Tanzania |
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Stone Town of Zanzibar |
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The Stone Town of Zanzibar is a well-preserved example of a Swahili coastal trading center.
Stone Town's Swahili architecture incorporates elements of Arab, Persian, Indian, European and African styles. The houses are particularly noticeable because they have large and ornately carved wooden doors. Stone Town also was a major port for the slave trade, and in the city remains of the last slave market, the house of a slave trader and a monument commemorating the work of David Livingston in abolishing the slave trade can be seen.
Community Perspective: there is not a huge amount ‘to see and do’, but, to quote Squiffy: “beneath the seaport grime the charm of old Zanzibar was very apparent as every aspect revealed crenelated rooftops, arched windows, faded wooden shutters and carved arabesques”. |
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Ngorongoro |
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The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is centered around the Ngorongoro Crater and the hominid fossils found in the Olduvai Gorge.
The crater floor is the world's largest unbroken, unflooded volcanic caldera. Its grassy plains with both fresh and brackish water lakes provide a natural enclosure for a very wide variety of wildlife. Ngorongoro is also part of the annual Serengeti migration route of wildebeest and other ungulates. With Laetoli, where fossilized footprints have been found, and remains of a number of diverse hominin species within the Olduvai Gorge, the site also has contributed to the study of human evolution.
Community Perspective: This covers a large area that extends well beyond the crater into the Lake Ndutu area and Olduvai Gorge; their features are well-described by Squiffy. |
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Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara |
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The Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara comprise two ports that had an important position in East African trade between the 13th and 16th centuries.
Trade with Arabia, India and China was mainly in gold and iron from Zimbabwe, ivory and slaves from Tanzania, and textiles, jewellery, porcelain, and spices from Asia. The influence of its Swahili culture reached far. From this period date the construction of the Palace of Husuni Kubwa and a significant extension to the Great Mosque of Kilwa, the oldest standing mosque on the East African coast.
Community Perspective: Atmospheric and in good condition. The sites each lie on an island and are accessible by cruise ship or by dhow transfer from Kilwa Masoko (Songo Mnara is the furthest of the two, and the trip to get there takes about 1.5h). |
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Serengeti |
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Serengeti National Park is a large area of savanna and open woodland that is renowned for the annual migration of its wildebeest.
The park has the largest herds of grazing animals in the world, including more than 2 million wildebeest, 900,000 Thomson's gazelles and 300,000 zebras. Predators include 4,000 lions and 1,000 leopards. Twice a year, nearly 2 million herbivores migrate in pursuit of the rains and cross the Mara River.
Community Perspective: Large predators such as lions, leopards and cheetahs are easy to see here. Try to time your visit with the wildebeest migration, although that will raise the cost of what is an already expensive visit even more. |
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Selous Game Reserve |
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The Selous Game Reserve is a largely undisturbed wilderness that holds one of the largest fauna reserves in the world.
Its main type of vegetation is Miombo woodlands. The landscape is furthermore characterized by ‘sand rivers’ – usually dry river beds that come to life after heavy rains. Selous has a high diversity and density of fauna species, including (at the time of inscription) over 100,000 elephants, over 2,000 black rhinos and 18,200 hippos.
Community Perspective: Be aware that the northern (and most visited) part of the park nowadays is called Nyerere National Park. Animal numbers are dwindling because of poaching, and off-road driving is still practised here. A standard trip will include a boat safari on the Rufiji River, a short guided walking safari, and a standard car safari. Zoë has a tip for Getting In: “As much as you love self driving for flexibility or prestige etc just fly in and go on a tour”. |
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Kilimanjaro National Park |
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Kilimanjaro National Park protects the highest mountain in Africa (5,895m), which is also one of the largest volcanoes in the world.
Mount Kilimanjaro stands out for its snow-capped peak and glaciers. There are five vegetation zones that cover its various altitudes: montane forest, moorland, upland moor, alpine bogs and alpine desert. The park is rich in mammal species.
Community Perspective: Climbing Kilimanjaro is “possible for anyone who is reasonably fit and does a bit of mental and physical preparation” – and 5 of the reviewers so far did so. However, it is possible to visit the park on a day hike too – see the reviews of Squiffy and Els. |
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Kondoa |
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The Kondoa Rock-Art Sites include over 150 natural caves or shelters that have been used for rock paintings for at least two millennia.
The paintings have high artistic quality and were made with a brush-like instrument. They depict elongated people, animals (some domesticated), and hunting scenes. Some of the sites still have a ritual meaning for the local population.
Community Perspective: the sites can be accessed from the village of Kolo, where the visitor center is and from where you have to pick up a guide. The access roads to the various clusters are not in good condition. Thomas has described how to visit on public transport. |
Thailand |
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Ayutthaya |
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The Historic City of Ayutthaya covers the remains of the second Siamese capital, where true Thai art developed.
Ayuthaya was one of the most important trading and diplomatic centers in the region. It had a rigid urban plan and a hydraulic water management system. As the site was mostly razed to the ground in 1767, all that remains are ruins of towers and Buddhist monasteries. They are known for their eclectic architecture and decoration with wall paintings.
Community Perspective: “The challenge posed by this site is to make sense out of the scattered remains”. Wat Phra Sisanphet and Wat Matathat are among its highlights. |
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Sukhothai |
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The Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns consist of remains of the first Kingdom of Siam.
Sukhothai was the political and administrative capital, Si Satchanalai was the spiritual center and Kamphaeng Phet had a military function. Together they illustrate the beginnings of the Thai state and its architecture. Most notable among the ruins are the Buddhist monasteries and temples, with a distinct style of decoration.
Community Perspective: Nowadays this is a “historical park with many temple ruins and pretty lily ponds”. Frederik has described the ‘secondary’ locations of Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet. The site can be visited as a day trip by plane from Bangkok due to the timing of domestic flights. |
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Ban Chiang |
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Ban Chiang is considered the most important prehistoric settlement discovered in South-East Asia.
When this mound was discovered in 1966, it attracted enormous publicity due to its attractive red-painted pottery. The first scientific excavation uncovered several skeletons together with bronze grave gifts. Rice fragments have also been found, which prove that the Bronze Age settlement was made by farmers and it marks the beginnings of settled agricultural communities in the region.
Community Perspective: a visit is centered around the Ban Chiang National Museum which very well displays all discoveries in the area and there is a second area accessible inside a Buddhist temple that holds a smaller archaeological site. Timonator even discovered a third (overgrown) site within the town of Ban Chiang. Solivagant goes into detail about the controversial dating history of the site that continues to confuse scholars and travel guides. |
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Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng |
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The Thungyai and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries hold an unusual mix of species from four different biogeographic zones: Sundaic, Indo-Chinese, Indo-Burmese and Sino-Himalayan.
These two contiguous parks are located in the northwest of Thailand along the Burmese border. Thungyai is predominantly mountainous, with rivers and a central grassland plain. Huai Kha Khaeng is hilly and has five types of forests. The area is large and undisturbed enough to support the survival of elephants and tiger. The presence of mineral licks also is profitable for wildlife.
Community Perspective: a good excuse to visit Western Thailand, although getting into the inner core zone of the protected area is almost impossible and you are not allowed to stay overnight inside the park. Els describes a day visit with a park ranger to Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve with good wildlife watching from one of its watchtowers, Solivagant entered the same area and explored it on his own, and Frederik enjoyed the surrounding areas of Tee Lor Su and Hoop Pa Taad Valley. |
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Dong Phayayen |
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The Dong Phayayen - Khao Yai Forest Complex is renowned for its high number of fauna species.
The five protected areas cover a tropical forested area in the mountains of northeast Thailand. High annual rainfall results in a number of attractive waterfalls. Its endangered or rare fauna includes the Asian Elephant, Tiger, Leopard Cat, Pileated Gibbon, Asiatic Black Bear, Malayan Sun Bear, Smooth-coated Otter and the Siamese Crocodile.
Community Perspective: Khao Yai is the most visited park, both in general and by our reviewers. Frederik also managed to cover Thap Lan (bamboo forest), at a later stage he went to Pang Sida (butterflies), and Ta Phraya (hoodoos) as well. Dong Yai Wildlife Sanctuary still remains unreviewed. |
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Kaeng Krachan Forest |
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Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex is a vast forest area that contains fauna and floral species from different zoogeographical realms and floristic provinces.
It lies on the Thai side of the Tenasserim Ranges, which form the border with Myanmar. The continuous complex comprises Mae Nam Phachi Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaeng Krachan National Park, Kui Buri National Park, and Chaloem Phrakiat Thai Prachan National Park. Important populations of a range of species such as the Siamese crocodile and Sunda pangolin (both critically endangered) and Banteng, Asian elephant, tiger, and Asiatic wild dog (all endangered) inhabit these forests.
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes a self-drive visit entering the park from the North, while Bernardo and Els covered Kui Buri National Park. For the latter, expect an “Indian-style safari” with large congregations of tourists. |
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Phu Phrabat |
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Phu Phrabat, a testimony to the Sīma stone tradition of the Dvaravati period, comprises a wooded sandstone hill containing huge bare rocks in spectacular overhanging positions. Since prehistoric times, the landscape has been a place of sanctity for the local inhabitants. The park contains rock paintings from the prehistoric period and religious icons from successive cultural periods, including two symbolic footprints of Lord Buddha.
Community Perspective: This is an easy and popular site from Udon Thani, given that it already had 5 reviews and 23 visitors before inscription. Stanislaw has explained how to reach it by public transport. |
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Si Thep |
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The Ancient Town of Si Thep and its Associated Dvaravati Monuments comprises three archeological sites representing the distinct Dvaravati culture and civilisation.
The medieval Dvaravati transformed Indian cultural and religious traditions into distinct architectural and sculptural styles. Buddhism and Hinduism coexisted in their town planning, and two sites (Khao Klang Nok and Khao Thamorrat Cave) were important Buddhist shrines. The third location, the ruins of the main town, holds the former Khao Klang Nai monastery, decorated with unique sculptures of dwarf stucco figures.
Community Perspective: for the non-specialist, it is hard to distinguish the Dvaravati from Khmer or Indian styles. Most notable are the stucco sculptures at Khao Khlang Nai, almost hidden under a protective covering. The site, not far from Lopburi, is easy to visit by car. Thomas has provided info on how to do it on public transport from Bangkok, while Timonator has useful tips on staying overnight in the area and getting there by tuk-tuk. |
Togo |
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Koutammakou |
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Koutammakou, the land of the Batammariba, represents a traditional way of settlement known for the architecture of mud “takienta” tower houses.
Most of these buildings have two stories, and either flat or conical thatched roofs. They combine domestic functions with space for animals and granaries. Koutammakou also is a living cultural landscape where the agricultural society lives in harmony with the surrounding nature. This is expressed in sacred forests, rocks and intangible elements.
Community Perspective: a highlight of a trip to Togo, where a local guide with appropriate knowledge, contacts and language is absolutely essential. Solivagant visited villages in both Togo and Benin, the latter proving "a more fruitful area for exploration and interaction with the Battamariba". |
Tunisia |
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Ichkeul National Park |
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Ichkeul National Park is an important stopping-over point for hundreds of thousands of migrating birds each year.
The park comprises a shallow freshwater lake, temporarily flooded marshes and a mountain. It is located in northern Tunisia near the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and was once part of a chain of lakes. Among the lake's wintering birds are ducks, geese, storks, and pink flamingoes.
Community Perspective: Dam construction has led to a sharp reduction in migratory bird populations. The park seems to have been closed for years, although entering to hike the trails is still possible as described by Stanislaw (who has also provided public transport info). |
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Medina of Tunis |
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The medina of Tunis contains the historic center of an Arab-Islamic city that has its origins in the Middle Ages.
At the time, Tunis was the main city of Ifriqiya, the North African Mediterranean coastal region that traded with Southern Europe and the Orient. The original street plan of the medina, which dates back to the 8th century, has been well preserved. It contains some 700 monuments, including the Great Mosque, the Aghlabid Ez-Zitouna Mosque (built in 723), and the Bey's Palace.
Community Perspective: perhaps the best Medina in the country (some say even in the whole Arab world) for the atmosphere of the labyrinthine streets. It does lack great architectural highlights though. |
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Carthage |
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The Archaeological Site of Carthage comprises the remains of an influential commercial city and port from Antiquity, whose literary renown has continued.
Founded by Phoenician colonists around 814 BCE, the prosperous city became the cradle of Punic civilization and the major maritime power in the Mediterranean. After it destroyed the city in the Third Punic War in 146 BCE, Rome founded a colony at the same site. The city blossomed again and many monumental structures were built such as a large amphitheater. It became one of the most important cities of the Roman Empire and a center of early Christianity.
Community Perspective: The site can be “a bit disappointing because not much is left”. From the Punic period, the port area and the Tophet are worth visiting, as well as the Baths from Roman times. Be aware that the locations are all separate “islands”, spread across a large area, with their own access (fortunately you have to pay only once). |
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Amphitheater of El Jem |
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The Amphitheater of El Jem is an immense monument built for spectator events in the Ancient Roman town of Thysdrus.
The city of Thysdrus had become rich through the olive trade. The free-standing, elliptical amphitheater had room for 35,000 spectators, more than the number of its inhabitants. Its complex, high-quality architecture, combined with its location in a remote province, made it a showcase of Roman imperial power and prosperity.
Community Perspective: “An amazing coliseum, which is probably the finest anywhere - including the one in Rome.” |
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Kerkuane |
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The Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis show the urban planning and architecture of the Phoenician-Punic Empire.
The city was never rebuilt after its destruction in 255 BCE and therefore (unlike Carthage) has no mixing with later Roman construction. The harbor, the street plan, residential areas, squares, temples and the remains of the large cemetery have been uncovered. The houses were built to a standard plan in accordance with a sophisticated notion of town planning.
Community Perspective: located in a very nice coastal setting, only the foundations of the town are left and it needs about an hour to explore. Els has provided directions to the less-obvious second location. |
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Medina of Sousse |
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The Medina of Sousse is the most important example of military coastal architecture from the early period of Islam.
The city flourished from the 9th century, and the oldest buildings in the historic center such as the Ribat, the Bu Fatata Mosque and the Great Mosque date from this period. They show examples of Islamic art and construction techniques in its first period. Its ribat is the oldest and most typical of this type of fortifications that were constructed along the North African coastline. They combined military and religious functions.
Community Perspective: this medina attracts lots of tourists because of its location next to the holiday resort stretch of the Tunisian coast, resulting in a less genuine experience. The Archaeological Museum (Kasbah) with a vast display of mosaics is recommended for a visit. |
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Kairouan |
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Kairouan, one of the holy cities of Islam, is renowned for its Great Mosque, which has influenced the style of other mosques in the Maghreb.
Kairouan was founded in 670 CE as a post in the Arab conquest of the West. Its heyday came with the Aghlabid dynasty which built the Great Mosque and established a university that was a centre of education both in Islamic thought and secular sciences. Other notable monuments of that period include the Mosque of the Three Doors, the Basin of the Aghlabids and the Zawiya of Sidi Sahib.
Community Perspective: Easy to reach from the tourist hub of Sousse, but don’t visit on a Friday as everything will be dead. Wander around beyond the medina and the Great Mosque, for example to the impressive Aghlabid Basins. |
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Dougga/Thugga |
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Dougga/Thugga includes the archeological site of a small Roman provincial town and what was, probably, the first capital of the Numidian kingdom.
The Roman public and religious buildings were integrated with the old Numidian city. They deviated from the classic "blueprints" to take account of the local uneven terrain. Due to its remoteness and diminished importance since Byzantine times, the city is very well preserved. Epigraphs found at the site have made a decisive contribution to the decipherment of the Libyan language.
Community Perspective: it’s a vast site (allow 3 hours) with a number of almost entirely intact buildings, which has resulted in glowing reviews. |
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Djerba |
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Djerba: cultural landscape, testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory, reflects how the local communities adapted to life in a water-scarce environment.
Between the 9th and the 18th century, the island was divided into small, clustered neighbourhoods called houma that were self-sufficient. The main centre for trade on the island was Houmt-Souk, and there were two urban residential neighbourhoods for Jewish communities (Hara Sghira and Hara Kbira). Notable remains among the 31 locations further include the synagogue of Ghriba, the church of St. Nicolas and many mosques.
Community Perspective: reviews of Djerba have not been flattering so far, but they pre-date the final inscription which seems more focused than the "crappy traces of archeology" of the Tentative Site. |
Turkiye |
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Nemrut Dag |
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Nemrut Dağ is a mountain shaped to hold the Hellenistic mausoleum of Antiochos.
The funerary mound was built by the late Hellenistic King Antiochos I of Commagene (a kingdom north of Syria and the Euphrates) as a monument to himself. It consists of a number of statues of gods and of Antiochos built on terraces - the heads of the statues have tumbled down over the years and have been reerected on the place where they fell.
Community Perspective: This fantastic, bizarre site is located at the end of a treacherous mountain road. Bergecn and Clyde have written the most comprehensive reviews of a recent visit. And Philipp has proved that it can also be visited in the winter! |
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Hattusha |
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Hattusha: the Hittite Capital is the archaeological site of the political and religious metropolis of the Hittites, bearing a unique testimony to the now-extinct Hittite civilization.
The heydays of this well-preserved fortified city were from 1375 to 1200 BCE. It is renowned for its urban organization, the types of construction that have been preserved (temples, royal residences, fortifications), the sculptured friezes of the Lions Gate and the Royal Gate, and the ensemble of rock art of Yazilikaya.
Community Perspective: It’s a really big site, you’ll need a car; be sure to visit at least Yazilikaya (impressive reliefs) and the Hattusha main location (“a fully blown razed city”). |
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Istanbul |
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The Historic Areas of Istanbul hold unique monuments from the Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations.
Strategically located on a peninsula, the cityscape reflects the meeting of Europe and Asia over many centuries. The Eastern Roman Empire is represented by the Hagia Sophia and the terrestrial wall of Theodosius II, while the Ottoman Empire contributed the Topkapi Palace and Süleymaniye Mosque among its architectural masterpieces.
Community Perspective: Istanbul is a highly appreciated city and has gathered a significant number of reviews so far. Tony lived there for a year, Kyle and Jay were ‘just’ being tourists taking it all in, Ian ‘did’ the Topkapi Palace and Chola Church, Nan has added a lot of practical info, Els on a revisit covered a number of ‘secondary’ sights, while Ilya added the perspective of visiting on a layover. |
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Göreme NP |
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Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia consist of an eroded landscape dotted with cave dwellings and rock-hewn sanctuaries.
The extraordinary landscape is the combined work of lava-spitting volcanoes, wind and water. The inhabitants of the area hew rooms, chapels, and even whole villages out of the rocks. Religious Byzantine paintings can be found on the walls of churches and monasteries.
Community Perspective: This is a huge, photogenic site and one can spend easily multiple days here. Clyde has written a comprehensive review of what he managed to see over the course of 5-6 days. |
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Divrigi |
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The Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği are masterpieces of Islamic architecture.
The ornately decorated mosque and the medical complex are recognized for their exquisite carvings and architecture. The geometrical and floral patterned reliefs found on the main door are of great interest. The Seljuk architect probably was inspired by Armenian and Georgian constructions.
Community Perspective: The outside of the (one combined) building is pretty non-descript until you get up close to the doors. Major restoration works on the four ornate portals have been completed now. |
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Xanthos-Letoon |
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Xanthos-Letoon comprises two archeological sites that represent the Lycian civilization.
Xanthos was a center of culture and commerce in ancient Lycia. Their artwork is well known, the most famous being the Nereid Monument (now in the British Museum). The sanctuary of Leto called the Letoon was one of the most important Lycian religious centers. At both sites, multilingual inscriptions have been found which have provided crucial keys in the deciphering of the Lycian language.
Community Perspective: At Xanthos, it is worth concentrating on the Lycian aspects (there are Hellenistic/Roman ones as well), especially the tombs at the Necropolis. Unfortunately, most sculptural highlights at the acropolis are replicas. Clyde and Solivagant also took the detour to Letoon, “a dispiriting place”. |
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Hierapolis-Pamukkale |
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Hierapolis-Pamukkale was an ancient thermal spa based on natural hot springs.
Pamukkale consists of a striking natural landscape of white terraces with travertines stemming from calcite-rich water from the hot springs. Under Hellenistic and Roman rule, the area became a healing centre using the hot springs for therapies. Religious structures were added as well, a practice that continued into the Early Christian period.
Community Perspective: The calcium terraces of Pamukkale are brilliantly white and still are inviting to bathing tourists (it “can be an absolute circus targeted especially for tour groups”). The ruins of Hierapolis are typical of other Greco-Roman cities, but its excellent location just above the travertine pools and hot springs stands out. |
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Safranbolu |
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The City of Safranbolu is an example of a typical Ottoman trade town.
It has played a key role in the caravan trade on the main route between Europe and the Orient. The name of the town derives from saffron, since Safranbolu was a trading place and a center for growing saffron. In the Old Town, situated in a deep ravine, many public and domestic buildings have been preserved.
Community Perspective: A nice town worth a couple of hours. It attracts a lot of daytrippers, so be early or stay overnight. Restaurants, guest houses and handicraft shops nowadays occupy the timber frame old buildings. Check out some of the panoramic viewpoints around the city for an overview of the built ensemble. |
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Troy |
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The Archaeological Site of Troy comprises the remains of a citadel and lower town which have been settled for over 3,000 years.
The most visible remains date from ancient Troy II and VI and later Roman and Greek settlements. The site is the traditional location of Homeric Troy and the center of the Trojan War. It is located where Anatolia, the Aegean, and the Balkans met.
Community Perspective: “Anyone familiar with the stories of the Trojan War will find it difficult to imagine the city of legends in this jumble of layers of ancient ruins.” The site itself is rather small and has few (if any) memorable structures. A visit should include the nearby Troy Museum which was opened in 2018. |
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Selimiye Mosque |
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The Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex in Edirne are considered the pinnacle of the career of the most famous Ottoman architect, Sinan.
The mosque was built between 1569 and 1575 and owes its beauty to the symmetry of the building and the optimal lighting inside. It has a large dome surrounded by four 71-meter-high minarets. The adjacent building complex has a social function with a religious background and includes two madrasas, a bazaar, a courtyard and a library.
Community Perspective: Edirne is a pleasant city and worth staying overnight in (don’t do it as a day trip from Istanbul, see Nan’s review why). The mosque has been under renovation for a long time now, but even then it is worth visiting as Els reports. |
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Çatalhöyük |
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The Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük consists of two tells with well-preserved remains from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods.
This was a large agrarian settlement that was permanently inhabited. Mud-brick houses have been found with wall paintings and other decorations. There were no streets, entrance to the buildings was via the roof and burials were mostly beneath house floors.
Community Perspective: The (still rural) site has a small museum, two excavation sites (one closed to visitors since at least 2022) and a reconstruction of a dwelling. The more interesting findings from Çatalhöyük (including wall paintings) are now on show in the “Museum of Anatolian Civilisations” in Ankara. |
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Bursa and Cumalikizik |
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Bursa and Cumalikizik: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire comprises the empire's first capital and its emerging functions.
The reign of the Ottomans started here in 1326 and it remained important to them as a spiritual capital and burial location. They created an urban plan for Bursa which was shaped by kulliyes, building complexes centered around a mosque and managed by a waqf (charitable foundation). Nearby Cumalikizik shows the Ottoman impact on rural land schemes.
Community Perspective: Overall, Bursa is an enjoyable city. Among the inscribed highlights are the Ulu Cami, the Green Mosque complex and the Koza Han bazaar. It can be visited as a (long) day trip from Istanbul on public transport, see Nan’s review. The village of Cumalikizik is an odd addition but has some charm despite being overrun by tourists. |
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Pergamon |
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Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape shows remains of the Hellenistic Attalid, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman empires.
Pergamon was built into the slopes of Kale Hill and developed into a full acropolis during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The Anatolian Kybele Sanctuary represents the continual use of the site. The city eventually became the capital of the Roman province of Asia known for its Asclepieion healing centre.
Community Perspective: The site in and around the modern city of Bergama comprises 9 locations. Jarek has covered them all, and zooms in on the tumuli and the (inaccessible?) Kybele sanctuary. Others like Solivagant, Juha and Clyde have focused their review on the main component, the Acropolis. Nan has described getting there on public transport. |
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Diyarbakir Fortress and Hevsel Gardens |
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The Diyarbakir Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape comprises a fortified settlement along the Tigris River, which played an important role in many civilizations.
Its long history includes Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, Artuqid, Seljuk and Ottoman periods. The Diyarbakır City Walls stretch for 5,800 metres with many towers, gates, buttresses and historic inscriptions.
Community Perspective: The site isn’t very well preserved, read Clyde and Stanislaw’s reviews for what ‘issues’ you may encounter. To appreciate the walls, you can do the extra-muros circuit where you’ll encounter some of the inscriptions (walking on the walls itself is hardly possible). |
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Ephesus |
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Ephesus contains successive settlements from the Neolithic, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Selçuk and Ottoman periods.
The site started out as a sanctuary for Artemis, here worshipped as the mother goddess. Its main surviving monuments date from the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial periods, with religious and public buildings decorated with wall paintings, mosaics and marble panelling. The area also includes Cukurici Mound (a Neolithic settlement) and the Christian pilgrimage sites of the Church of Mary and the Basilica of St. John.
Community Perspective: Focus on the main site, with the restored façade of the Library of Celsus, the large theater and the wall paintings and mosaics of Terrace House 2. The Christian sites are “interesting but far from breathtaking”. |
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Ani |
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The Archaeological Site of Ani is a ruined medieval settlement that was a commercial center on the Silk Road and other trade routes into Anatolia.
Its heyday was in the 10th-11th century when it became the capital of the Bagratid Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey. At the time it was also the seat of the katholikos of the Armenian Church, resulting in fine examples of Armenian religious architecture
Community Perspective: Despite its remote setting, it can be quite easily reached from Kars by rental car or daily public bus. The site covers a vast area and you need 2-3 hours to do it justice. It’s also pretty in winter. The Church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents with its great frescoes is one of the highlights. |
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Göbekli Tepe |
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Göbekli Tepe comprises the oldest known monumental megalithic structures in the world.
The archaeological site of a community in transition from hunting-gathering to farming consists of a tell of about 15m in height. From the 10th–9th millennium BCE, circles of massive T-shaped stone pillars were erected here. More than 200 pillars in about 20 circles are currently known through geophysical surveys. The pillars are richly carved with images.
Community Perspective: The site needs proper preparation (watching a few videos or reading some articles mentioned in Solivagant’s review for example) to be understood. The earlier ugly wooden structure covering the remains has now been replaced by a tent that allows some sunlight to come through, and there is a visitor center. |
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Aphrodisias |
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Aphrodisias is an archaeological site that covers the remains of the ancient town with the Temple of Aphrodite and the town’s marble quarries.
The site is representative of the expansion of Hellenistic culture in southwestern Anatolia. The town has other notable monuments such as the theatre, market square, auditorium, public baths and stadium. High-quality marble was quarried a few km away and turned into sculptures in the workshops of Aphrodisias.
Community Perspective: You may already have reached your limits on seeing Classical ruins, but Aphrodisias is ‘different’. It has a good museum and examples of many sculptures that the site is known for. The Tetrapylon and Stadium are worth checking out too. |
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Arslantepe Mound |
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Arslantepe Mound comprises the archaeological remains of a Late Chalcolithic palace, that testifies to elite life and the earliest forms of state administration.
It dates from the Uruk Period and shows the interaction between Eastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia. The “palace” is a large mud-brick complex of several buildings. The walls still have their white plaster and red and black wall paintings.
Community Perspective: The visitor circuit here goes directly through the corridors with walls. The red and black paintings may be covered by white curtains – ask a security guard to reveal them. |
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Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia |
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The Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia show the development of a specific type of wooden architecture.
The use of wood in mosques was brought from Central Asia to Anatolia in the 11th century. The interiors of the mosques are characterized by wooden posts, a timber ceiling and wooden carvings. They also have colorful geometrical and floral paintings.
Community Perspective: the site consists of five mosques in different towns, even different provinces. Mahmut Bey Mosque, Eşrefoğlu Mosque, and Sivrihisar Mosque so far have been reviewed and are seen as worthy only of a slight detour.
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Gordion |
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Gordion comprises an archeological site that best represents the Phrygian civilisation.
The remains consist of a citadel and burial mounds of Phrygian rulers, dating from the Iron Age. Its monumental fortified gate complex has been preserved. The largest of the tumuli, the “Midas Mound”, is over 50m high and has a burial chamber inside which is the oldest known standing wooden building in the world.
Community Perspective: the reviewers were pleased to see such an ancient site with noteworthy remains still in situ. It officially has only one component, but the archeological sites can be found both before and after the 'modern' village when following the main road. |
Turkmenistan |
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Ancient Merv |
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The State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv” comprises the multi-layered remains of a major Central Asian oasis city.
This location within the Murgab River oasis was home to a series of cities from the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the 9th century Arabic Caliphate and the Seljuk Empire. The Seljuk city was walled and held a major religious complex, of which the Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar with its brickwork and mural paintings remains.
Community Perspective: an extensive site, and “a guide is really needed in Merv as mud wall succeeds mud wall”. |
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Kunya-Urgench |
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Kunya-Urgench covers the remains of a major trade center on the Silk Road and the capital of the Achaemenid Khorezm region.
The archeological site contains many ruins of monuments from the 11th-16th centuries, including fortresses and a 60m high minaret. Its distinct decorative style and architecture such as dome constructions has influenced buildings in Iran, Afghanistan and the Moghul Empire. The place also is still a place of pilgrimage.
Community Perspective: this site is on a more manageable scale than Merv, there's a footpath that links the monuments and “the atmosphere of semi-desolation in the desert does have a certain appeal”. Solivagant particularly enjoyed the area where local people came to pray for fertility. Clyde found the Mausoleum of Turabek Khanym and its tiling the absolute highlight. |
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Nisa |
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The Parthian Fortresses of Nisa are the remnants of the capital of the Parthian Empire.
The Parthians were a major power in the Near East from the mid 3rd century BCE to 224 CE, and an arch-enemy of the Roman Empire on its eastern borders. From Nisa, they created a huge empire that stretched from the Indus to the Euphrates. The site consists of the two tells of Old Nisa (the royal citadel) and New Nisa (the ancient town).
Community Perspective: Old Nisa consists of partially excavated mud brick walls, and the remains of New Nisa are even less spectacular. A visit to the National Museum in Ashgabat is essential to understand the importance of this site. Solivagant also provides a bit more background on the Parthians. |
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Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor |
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The Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor comprises a key section in the harsh environment of Central Asia of this route where ideas and goods were exchanged.
This 866-kilometre stretch, crossing mountain ranges and the Karakum desert, lies at the heart of the network of Silk Roads corridors. In early medieval times, it was the place where the trade of Sogdians flourished. Later, caravanserais and monumental Islamic buildings were added. The roads crossed the Karakum Desert to end in Merv Oasis, and comprise 34 individual components spread across high mountains, plains, and deserts.
Community Perspective: In Uzbekistan, Nan visited a string of sites, Jarek did Paykent and Els covered Chor Bakr and the Bahoutdin Complex near Bukhara. Tamas ventured into Tajikistan to cover Penjikent. |
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Cold winter deserts of Turan |
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The Cold Winter Deserts of Turan testify to the survival of flora and fauna in an arid cold winter climate.
The 14 components across three countries span diverse desert ecosystems across more than 1,500 kilometres. They are important for both breeding and migrating bird species, and provide habitat for globally threatened mammals, such as Goitered Gazelle, Saiga and Urial.
Community Perspective: This site has received two reviews of drive-thru visits so far: Zoë covered Altyn Emel and its singing dunes in Kazakhstan, while Els 'did' Repetek in Turkmenistan. |
Uganda |
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Bwindi Impenetrable National Park |
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Bwindi Impenetrable National Park protects a floristically diverse tropical rainforest, inhabited by almost half the world's population of mountain gorillas.
The property is a remnant of a much larger forest, and lies at the intersection of three ecological zones. Due to its altitudinal range of 1,160-2,706m it has exceptional diversity and richness in species, notably regarding trees, butterflies and birds.
Community Perspective: Bwindi is the most accessible place to see mountain gorillas, and several access points provide 1-hr visits to habituated groups of gorillas. It can be a tough hike to reach them. |
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Rwenzori Mountains |
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Rwenzori Mountains National Park supports the richest montane flora in Africa.
This mountain range with steep slopes ranges from 1,670m to 5,109m in altitude. Its highest peaks have permanent snow fields and glaciers. It constitutes also a vital water catchment area, sheltering the highest and most permanent sources of the River Nile. Due to high and regular rainfall, the area is home to luxuriant and unusual flora such as giant lobelias.
Community Perspective: the park has two entries for visitors, two main entries: one at Nyakalengija and one near Kilembe. Michael has described what a day visit to the former entails, while Els covered the latter. To see the unusual flora would require a seven-day trek to the higher elevations of the Rwenzori Mountains. |
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Tombs of Buganda Kings |
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The Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi comprise the major spiritual centre for the Buganda people, the largest Ugandan ethnic group.
Four successive Kabakas (kings) of Buganda were buried in the same tomb house at Kasubi, the building which is at the core of this site. The complex is the best extant example of Ganda architecture and palace design. It is an active religious site.
Community Perspective: Easily accessed as it lies in the capital Kampala. A visit is accompanied by a local guide and takes half an hour. All reviews so far have been before the restoration, which was completed in 2023. |
Ukraine |
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Kyiv Cathedral and Lavra |
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Kyiv: Saint Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra consists of two monuments known for their decorative art and architecture.
The Saint Sophia Cathedral (1037) was designed to rival the Saint Sophia of Constantinople. In its interior, the Byzantine frescoes and mosaics have been preserved. The 16th-century Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra is a monastery renowned for its underground churches and catacombs. It has been modernized in the style of the Ukrainian Baroque.
Community Perspective: St. Sophia’s cathedral is worth visiting for its frescoes, while the Lavra is an active pilgrimage site, where in its caves the mummified bodies of saints can be viewed in almost total darkness. Tsunami has put both buildings into a religious-political perspective. |
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L'viv |
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L'viv - the Ensemble of the Historic Centre represents a late medieval crossing point of cultures and architectural traditions.
The trade routes in the Middle Ages attracted a number of ethnic groups with different traditions: Ukrainian, Armenian, German, Jewish, Polish, Italian and Austrian. These groups lived in separate yet interdependent communities, and left their own religious and artistic marks on its historic centre and in St. Yuri’s Cathedral.
Community Perspective: L’viv is worth visiting for its lively atmosphere alone. Among its highlights are the Armenian Cathedral, the Boim Chapel and the merchants’ houses at Rysnok Square. |
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Struve Geodetic Arc |
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The Struve Geodetic Arc is a technological ensemble that played an important role in the development of earth sciences.
This chain of survey triangulations, stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, was established to measure the exact size and shape of the earth. It was developed and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.
Community Perspective: with its 34 remaining stations, spanning 10 countries and over 2,800 km, this has become a real Community Cult Classic, representing the “reductio ad absurdum” of the scheme. To the uninitiated: you may expect to see a slab of concrete with a small concrete fence around it; Ian describes the cult appeal well in his review. Many are located in remote rural areas, often on hilltops. The best among them is the Tartu old observatory, which has an exhibition inside. The ones in Belarus are covered by Jarek and Zoe, the one in Moldavia by History Fangirl, Michael ‘did’ Ukraine, and Els Latvia, while Svein and Solivagant described Norway. Others in the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland have been regularly reviewed as well. |
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Primeval Beech Forests |
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The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe show the expansion and genetic adaptability of the European beech since the last Ice Age.
They comprise the largest remaining forests of the European beech ('Fagus sylvatica') across 18 countries. They also hold the largest and tallest beech specimens in the world. The European beech is a very adaptable species and it is spread across areas of different altitudinal zones, with different climatic and geological conditions.
Community Perspective: “I would like this beech forest madness to stop.” – this cry from Philipp seems to sum up the verdict on this WHS nicely; Caspar also shares some philosophical insights on the matter. But reviewers keep being drawn to its many locations. An inventory of the reviews results in 14 parks ‘ticked’: Vihorlat (Slova) – Els, John, Petteri, Matejicek; Stuzica (Slova) – Jarek, John; Hainich (Ger) – Hubert, John, Ian, Nan, Adrian; Kellerwald (Ger) – Peter, Clyde, Solivagant, John, Nan, Adrian; Grumsin (Ger) – Boj, Tsunami, Adrian; Jasmund (Ger) – Thijs, John, Michael, Matejicek, Nan, Tsunami, Adrian; Serrahn (Ger) – Adrian; Sonian Forest (Bel) – Els, Caspar, Adrian; Monte Cimino (Ita) – Matejicek; Foresta Umbra (Ita) – Matejicek; Bieszcziady (Pol) – Matejicek; Jizera (Cz) - Matejicek; Bettlachberg (Swi) – Philipp, Adrian; Mavrovo (NMac) – Chris. |
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Residence of Bukovinian & Dalmatian Metropolitans |
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The Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans is a 19th-century example of historicist architecture.
The complex was the seat of the (arch)bishopry of the Bukovinian Orthodox Church, which developed while this region was under Austrian Habsburg rule and lasted til 1940. In addition to Gothic and Baroque architecture, Byzantine forms were used, mixed with decorative patterns in the local folk tradition. It now is in use as a University.
Community Perspective: The complex lies on the outskirts of the charming historic town of Chernivtsi, close to the Romanian border. The interior of the buildings can only be seen on an organized tour (in Ukrainian), which seems to be conducted on a regular basis. |
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Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region |
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The Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine comprise wooden churches built by horizontal log construction.
The 16 churches are located in isolated parts of the Carpathian Mountains. They were built in the local architecture by communities of the Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic faiths in the 16th to 19th centuries. They can be divided into four groups of different ethnographic architectural traditions.
Community Perspective: “The sites are an amazing mixture of outstanding architecture, beautiful wall paintings and interior decorations, and a picturesque landscape.” The churches in Poland are covered by most reviewers, while those in Ukraine have been described by Ian and Els (Zhovkva) and Tsunami (Nyzhnii Verbizh). |
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Tauric Chersonese |
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The Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora covers an archaeological site and relict agricultural landscape of Greek origin.
Tauric Chersonese was colonized by the Greeks in the 5th century BCE. They created a city and its agricultural hinterland. Chersonese was a mercantile port, with wine, produced locally, one of the main export products. After the Greeks were defeated, the city fell into the realm of Rome and later Byzantium. It was abandoned in the 15th century.
Community Perspective: The site lies near Sevastopol in Crimea, which nowadays can only be accessed from Russia. The archeological site is quite large, with the so-called 1935 Basilica as its highlight and the Black Sea as a pretty backdrop. |
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Odesa |
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The historic center of Odesa represents an intact example of 19th-century Eastern European urban planning and architecture.
The city’s development was made possible by its success as a military and commercial Black Sea port. Its fast pace of growth and multicultural identity, due to its location at the border of Europe and Asia, has led to a variety of architectural styles being used. The property comprises an ensemble of heterogenous buildings and monuments and the port.
Community Perspective: the city has a Mediterranean feel to it, with cultural monuments and buildings in many different styles and the Potemkin Stairs as its best-known landmark. |
United Arab Emirates |
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Al Ain |
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Cultural Sites of Al Ain: Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas are archeological sites representing sustainable human development in the desert since prehistory.
The Bronze and Iron Age remains show how a fertile environment was created on the Arabian Peninsula suitable for sedentary human occupation. The 17 locations include stone tombs, partially underground aflaj irrigation systems, oases, and mud-brick constructions.
Community Perspective: the sites are scattered around the heavily urbanised city of Al Ain. With a rental car they can be visited within one day if you plan well, some are accessible by public transport also. Worth visiting are the Al Ain National Museum with the Sultan Fort and the Al Ain Oasis next door, and the photogenic Al Jahili Fort. Solivagant in his review elaborates on the site’s somewhat disputed inscription. |
United Kingdom |
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Jodrell Bank Observatory |
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The Jodrell Bank Observatory as one the earliest radio astronomy observatories in the world changed the understanding of the nature and the scale of the Universe.
Part of the University of Manchester, it played a prominent role in the evolution of radio astronomy through several important technological developments. They include the research of meteors, quasars, pulsars, masers and gravitational lenses, and the tracking of space probes at the start of the Space Age. Its very large instruments such as the dish telescopes Lovell and Mark II have influenced global science.
Community Perspective: Most visits were pre-inscription and a new visitor center has been opened since, which has changed the visitor experience favourably according to Zoë and Jay. Clyde found a very adventurous way in. The site is not accessible by public transport. |
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St. George, Bermuda |
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The Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda is the earliest example of an English colonial town in the New World.
It consists of the Town of St George and fortifications on small islands commanding access to the Town and the harbour. Permanent settlement here began in 1612. The forts are authentic examples of the first defensive works built by early European colonists.
Community Perspective: the town is very quaint and looks a bit like an open-air museum for tourists. The best of the forts is Fort St. Catherine, which houses an interesting museum. |
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Blaenavon Industrial Landscape |
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The Blaenavon Industrial Landscape resulted from the early production of iron and coal in its mines and ironworks, which were driving forces of the Industrial Revolution.
This area in South Wales shows a remarkably complete example of a late 18th and 19th century industrial complex, that included mines, manufacturing, methods of transport (railway, canal), and housing for the workers. The Big Pit (1880), a deep coal mine, has remained in use until 1980.
Community Perspective: The Big Pit underground tour is the main attraction here. Blaenavon Ironworks is also worth visiting. Be aware that the site can be hard to access on public transport on Sundays and that severe weather conditions can lead to the closure of the Big Pit. |
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Durham Castle and Cathedral |
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Durham Castle and Cathedral are the largest and most impressive examples of Norman architecture in England.
The Cathedral was built to house the relics of St. Cuthbert, the evangelist of Northumbria, and the Venerable Bede, and is still an active place of worship. Its architecture was ahead of its time, with elements foreshadowing the Gothic style. Durham Castle is an ancient Norman fortress that was the residence of the Prince Bishops of Durham, who protected the northern boundaries of England.
Community Perspective: located on a bend in the river, this complex delivers one of England's finest urban views. The Cathedral has received better reviews than the Castle. |
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Giant's Causeway |
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The Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast is an important area of study of basaltic volcanism.
The Giant's Causeway is a unique example of columnar jointing with 40,000 interlocking basalt columns resulting from a volcanic eruption. The tops of the mostly hexagonal columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. A succession of lava flows from the Tertiary era can be distinguished along the coast.
Community Perspective: Northern Ireland's most popular attraction and a natural playground for visitors. The area with the ‘steps’ is compact but you can spend hours hiking along the coast. There's also a fairly recent visitor centre. Solivagant has shared all the current practical details to be aware of (and there are many...). |
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Ironbridge Gorge |
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Ironbridge Gorge was the innovative center for iron making during the First Industrial Revolution.
The Coalbrookdale blast furnace represents the breakthrough development of smelting iron using coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Subsequently, iron, tiles and porcelain were made here on an industrial scale. Iron Bridge was built as the first known metal bridge. Remains of the industrial era are spread out over 3.6 kilometers in the Severn Valley. They include mines, factories, warehouses, canals, railroads, housing and public buildings. The area was rich in raw materials, and the river made transport easy.
Community Perspective: The area, centered around a picturesque little town, is littered with small museums which add up in cost if you want to visit a number of them. Coalbrookedale Iron Museum, Blists Hill open-air museum and Coalport China Museum are recommended. Fortunately, the Bridge is still free to enter. |
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Studley Royal Park |
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Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey is a human-made landscape around the combination of a medieval monastery and an 18th-century water garden.
They were brought together by William Aislabie in 1767 when he added the neighbouring ruins to his family estate. Fountains Abbey had been the largest and wealthiest in England until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Landscape features such as Studley Royal Water Garden (an outstanding example of the ‘English’ garden style), the deer park and the Victorian Gothic St. Mary's Church were added later.
Community Perspective: You have to pay to enter the formal gardens and abbey, however, all are free to walk through the Deer Park and visit the impressive neo-Gothic St Mary's church. The Abbey ruins are still in good shape and at their most picturesque from the view from Anne Boleyn’s Seat. |
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Stonehenge |
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Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites comprise one of the most important groups of prehistoric megalithic and earthen monuments in the world.
They were constructed between c. 3700 and 1600 BCE and provide insight into the funerary and ceremonial practices in Britain in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Stonehenge (ca. 2600-2400 BCE) holds the most architecturally sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world, using stones unique in size and how far they had to be transported from. Avebury (ca. 2600 BCE) is a Neolithic henge monument containing three prehistoric stone circles, one of which is the largest in the world. In its vicinity lie the sites of Silbury Hill, The Sanctuary, Windmill Hill, and West Kennet Long Barrow.
Community Perspective: Stonehenge can be underwhelming for a number of reasons (fenced off, crowds, obligatory shuttle bus), although the new visitor centre seems to be an improvement. Avebury is a better place to come up-close with these monuments, and you can explore its associated sites on foot. |
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Gwynedd Castles |
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The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd are the well-preserved remains of late 13th-century and early 14th-century military fortifications.
They were built or rebuilt on the orders of the English King Edward I when in 1283 he expanded his domain into north-west Wales. He set out on an ambitious project, to build an “Iron Ring” of castles and new towns to house English settlers. The castles are stylistically similar, all being double-walled concentric structures, and were designed by the same military architect.
Community Perspective: The site lies in a beautiful part of North Wales and includes the castles of Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, and Harlech. Along the way, you can take a look at the historic Menai Bridge. Nan has provided tips on visiting the castles by public transport. |
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St. Kilda |
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St. Kilda is a remote and uninhabited archipelago in Scotland's Outer Hebrides, renowned as a seabird breeding station and for its past human occupation in extreme conditions.
The volcanic origins produced a dramatic landscape of exceptional cliffs and underwater scenery. The islands were occupied by humans for some 2,000 years, relying on bird products and the keeping of sheep. The remains of 4 settlements are left, the structures dating mostly to the 19th century. The last remaining people asked to be evacuated in 1930 due to a lack of resources to survive. Over 1 million sea birds use the islands, especially gannets, puffins and fulmars.
Community Perspective: It takes good planning beforehand and suitable weather on the day of departure, as it takes at least 2.5 hours across the sea to reach. The best point of departure is Harris, but you can also take it in as part of a longer Expedition Cruise like Solivagant did. Avoid departing from Skye, for reasons described by Nan. |
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Blenheim Palace |
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Blenheim Palace is an 18th-century aristocratic residence built in the eclectic style of the English Romantic movement.
The first Duke of Marlborough was given this former royal property by Queen Anne, after his victory over the French at Blenheim in 1704. It was built by the architect John Vanbrugh, who combined baroque, (neo)gothic, and neoclassical elements and had a love of nature. The grounds include formal gardens plus a landscape park designed by Capability Brown.
Community Perspective: Ian has called it “the quintessential English stately home” and in his review, he introduces the legendary quote “palaces bore me rigid”. The gardens however are quite lovely. This WHS has gained recent notoriety as one of the priciest to enter (£31 in 2022), but fortunately, James has shared a way to visit the core zone without paying. Photography inside the Palace is permitted nowadays. |
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Westminster |
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The Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret's Church are representations of English Gothic art, and symbols of parliamentary monarchy.
The neo-Gothic Westminster Palace is the United Kingdom’s Seat of Government and includes the House of Lords, the House of Commons and the famous Clock Tower Big Ben. Westminster Abbey is a medieval Anglican cathedral that holds the royal mausoleum and is used for coronations. St. Margaret's Church is a small medieval church, part of the Westminster Abbey Complex.
Community Perspective: “Westminster is one of those unmissable (and not to be missed) sites that you just stumble across when you come to London.“ Recommended is to visit the interior of the Parliament building via a guided tour. Westminster Abbey is seen less positively as you may find it “absolutely mobbed with people undeterred by the rather hefty admission fee (£22+)”. |
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City of Bath |
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The City of Bath comprises a Roman and Georgian spa destination renowned for its Neo-classical Palladian architecture.
The city, centered around natural hot springs, was founded by the Romans as Aquae Sulis. The remains of their bath complex have been well-preserved. In the 18th century, monumental Neo-classical buildings were added to a new urban design to create a beautiful cityscape and strengthen Bath’s role as a spa city.
Community Perspective: The often-renovated Roman Baths require a high entrance fee (£28 in 2023) and are crowded, but are the highlight. The Georgian features can best be enjoyed when you visit on a sunny day when the warm creamy stone seems to glow. |
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire |
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The Frontiers of the Roman Empire comprise significant remains of the Limes Romanus, a border defense or delimiting system of Ancient Rome.
It includes the Upper German-Raetian Limes, Hadrian’s Wall, and Antonine Wall, all built in the 2nd century CE in the northwestern part of the Empire. The Romans constructed military installations (forts, barriers, watchtowers, ditches) and related civilian settlements, linked by roads, to separate their citizens from the “barbarians”.
Community Perspective: The Roman Fort of Saalburg is the most visited part of the German component. The remains of Hadrian’s Wall can be admired on a hike (Ian), by the AD 122 bus, or by some selective exploration (James). A part of the (less well-preserved) Antonine Wall has been covered by Jay and Allan. |
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Henderson Island |
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Henderson Island is an isolated uplifted coral atoll known for its bird life.
The island is part of the Pitcairn Islands and lies in the South Pacific Ocean. The landscape consists of limestone cliffs, sandy beaches and forests. Due to a shortage of fresh water, it is not well-suited for human occupation. It has large breeding seabird colonies and all four land bird species are endemic to the island, including the flightless Henderson Crake.
Community Perspective: This site has been unreviewed so far. |
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Tower of London |
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The Tower of London is a medieval fortress palace that has the best-preserved remains of a royal Norman castle.
The 11th-century Norman White Tower is the oldest part, established by William The Conqueror. During his military conquest of England, he founded his castle at a strategic location at a bend in the Thames as a gateway to London. The site has stayed a symbol of royal power since, as it was extended by Richard Lionheart and Edward I. The 19th-century Waterloo Barracks still houses the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
Community Perspective: A visit can be disappointing, due to the high entrance fee, overcrowding and the amount of surrounding highrise constructions. Hubert recommends attending the Ceremony of the Keys (reservation required). Or you can approach by a river cruise to “sense the fear that the tower would have inspired”. |
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Canterbury |
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Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church represent the introduction of Christianity to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
St.Martin's Church is England's oldest parish church in continuous use. The (now ruined) St. Augustine Abbey was also founded in the late 6th century, by the Benedictine monk Saint Augustine on a mission from Rome. Canterbury (Christ Church) Cathedral was founded a few years later. It has attracted thousands of pilgrims since Archbishop Thomas Becket was murdered here in the 11th century. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the Church of England. The building is also rewarded for the beauty of its architecture and early stained glass windows.
Community Perspective: The Cathedral’s architecture is impressive, mostly for its sheer size. You can follow Queen Bertha's Walk on foot, which links the three components of this WHS. |
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Neolithic Orkney |
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The Heart of Neolithic Orkney refers to a group of large Neolithic ceremonial monuments found in a harsh physical environment.
The structures were built from 3000 to 2000 BCE. Archaeological evidence suggests that they were important social and religious centres of a farming culture. Three sites are located close to each other: Maeshowe (a burial mound with an interior passage and chambers, holding more than thirty runic inscriptions), the Standing Stones of Stenness, and the Ring of Brodgar (a series of tall stones forming a circle of 104m diameter). The fourth site, the neolithic village of Skara Brae, is a well-preserved settlement composed of stone-built houses.
Community Perspective: The four sites are well-covered by Clyde and Ilya, and Caspar visited some more neolithic remains on the Orkneys. Els has described the difficulties of getting there on public transport, you may end up walking (as Nan did). Solivagant did it as a 1-day return coach tour from John O’Groats. Don’t underestimate the popularity of this area in the high season (so book accommodation etc. well in advance). |
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Great Spa Towns of Europe |
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The Great Spa Towns of Europe represent the development of a specialized urban landscape that combined medical aspects, physical exercise and leisure.
These eleven Spa Towns are centered on natural mineral springs, which waters were used for bathing and drinking. The towns were expanded with important examples of ‘spa architecture’, such as the ‘kurhaus’, drinking halls, theaters and casinos. They flourished from around 1700 to the 1930s.
Community Perspective: expect to find some fine Art Nouveau buildings, do some hiking, taste the water and most of the towns have modern spa facilities as well. Reviews of all inscribed towns are available: in Austria, Baden (Tsunami), in Belgium, Spa (Els, Clyde), in the UK, Bath (a double entry), in Italy, Montecatini Terme (Marian), in France, Vichy (Tsunami), in Germany, Baden-Baden (Caspar, Hubert), Bad Kissingen (Hubert), Bad Ems (Els), and in Czechia: Karlovy Vary (Matejicek, Hubert, Nan), Mariánské Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert), and Františkovy Lázně (Matejicek, Hubert). |
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Edinburgh |
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Old and New Towns of Edinburgh show the juxtaposition of two phenomena of urban planning: the medieval Old City with its castle, and the planned extension of the New City.
In the Old Town, the medieval fishbone street pattern survives. The High Street links the landmark Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyrood. In contrast with the inward-looking, walled old city, a neoclassic New City was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries to house Edinburgh's growing population. This part of town is the largest area of Georgian architecture in Europe.
Community Perspective: “Britain’s finest World Heritage Site”: the city has an iconic skyline, and excellent museums, is easy to explore on foot, and is host to the yearly Edinburgh Festival. Most people are drawn to the Old Town, although the New Town makes up two-thirds of the inscribed area. |
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Gough and Inaccessible Islands |
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Gough and Inaccessible Islands are known for their undisturbed state and large seabird population.
These two islands in the Tristan da Cunha archipelago are volcanic islands rising from the South Atlantic Ocean, about 350km from each other. Gough Island holds almost the entire world population of the Tristan albatross and the Atlantic Petrel, and it has two endemic land birds including the almost flightless Gough moorhen. Inaccessible Island is characterized by steep cliffs around its entire coastline. It supports 10% of the global population of Northern Rockhopper Penguins and is the most important breeding site for Great Shearwaters.
Community Perspective: This is a rare site to visit. Solivagant did so in 2002 on an expedition cruise taking in the mid-Atlantic islands, and reports on the circumnavigation of Gough Island, the luxuriant vegetation and orgasmic twitchers. |
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Maritime Greenwich |
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Maritime Greenwich is renowned for its architecture and role in the science of navigation and astronomy.
Many of its buildings are by the greatest British architects of the 17th and 18th centuries such as Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. They include the Old Royal Naval College, the Queen's House, National Maritime Museum and Royal Observatory, Greenwich Royal Park, the Ranger's House and the historic town centre. At the Royal Observatory, the world standards Greenwich Meridian and Greenwich Mean Time were developed.
Community Perspective: The Old Royal Naval College has its highlight in the Painted Hall which features the finest Baroque decorative paintings in Britain. The museum at the Royal Observatory and the Palladian Queen’s House are also worth visiting. James has written a comprehensive overview of its main parts and their history. |
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Derwent Valley Mills |
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Derwent Valley Mills comprises some of the first modern industrial settlements.
From 1771 onwards, a series of water-powered cotton mills was established in this valley. They made factory-wise production of cotton possible and many industrial buildings of that time remain. The area attracted high numbers of workers who needed housing, and they settled in the newly built villages of Cromford, Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey.
Community Perspective: located in pretty natural surroundings, “the area looks like you haven’t moved away from 19th century”. The interiors of the mills often are less rewarding, as they mostly have been turned into shopping centres. Mason Mills has a textile museum where you can see some fabric-making machines in action. |
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New Lanark |
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New Lanark was an innovative industrial community centered around textile production.
The community was the product of David Dale, the cotton mill owner who settled for this area to take advantage of the water power provided by the River Clyde, and his son-in-law, Robert Owen, a philanthropist and social reformer. New Lanark became a successful business and an epitome of utopian socialism, with specially designed workers' housing and public buildings.
Community Perspective: in a beautiful location, “but it does lack a coherent adult message”. A visit to Robert Owen's house is recommended. We have no idea what exactly is included because of this terrible official map. |
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Saltaire |
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Saltaire is a Victorian-era model village that illustrates the philanthropic approach to industrial management typical of this period.
Saltaire was founded by Sir Titus Salt in 1853. He moved his entire business from Bradford to this site partly to provide better arrangements for his workers than could be had in Bradford and partly to site his large textile mill by a canal and a railway. His project is usually seen as an example of paternalism and it was of influence on the international Garden City movement.
Community Perspective: The place still looks like a very nice place to live, though for a visitor its industrial history isn’t well-explained and signage is poor. Frederik recommends to visit it at night. |
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Dorset and East Devon Coast |
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Dorset and East Devon Coast is an area that has been globally important for the study of paleontology, geology and geomorphology for over 300 years.
Here, along the coast, rock formations are exposed from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous eras. At the rocks, great numbers of animal (marine and terrestrial) and plant fossils have been discovered. Geomorphological fields of study include a great variety of landslides and beach formation and evolution on a retreating coastline.
Community Perspective: the local tourism board promotes this as the Jurassic Coast, and the whole WHS can be walked along the South West Coast path. Areas of interest include Lulworth Cove and the Durdle Door, fossil hunting on the shore at Lyme Regis (Joel), Chesil Beach (John, Jay), Westbay (Jakob), Old Harry Rock (Caspar). You can admire the coast from a boat as well, as did James. |
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Kew Gardens |
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The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, are renowned for their role in the history of botany and their landscape gardens.
The Botanic Gardens at Kew were formally established in 1759 and hold extensive botanic collections that were accumulated over centuries. They are set in a typical English landscape garden, created by famous designers such as William Kent and Capability Brown. The architect William Chambers constructed a number of (oriental) decorative buildings at the site.
Community Perspective: The highlights are the two greenhouses from the Victorian period, the Temperate House and the Palm House. Worth a visit even if you are not that much into plants and horticulture. As Squiffy describes it: “There is something about Kew Gardens that is inescapably English. And by ‘English’ I mean the England of the mid-19th century as it marched off across the globe waving the flags of ‘science’ and ‘order’.” |
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Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape |
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The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape was transformed in the 18th and 19th centuries by industrialized copper and tin mining. Steam technology was pioneered here.
The remaining landscape is dotted with waste and spoil heaps and ruined mines, railways, canals and engine houses. Also, migrating Cornish miners have had an influence on mines all over the world.
Community Perspective: This site has a rather daunting scope and there are 10 subsites to choose from, with sights including the wonderful village of St Agnes, the unique open-air auditorium of Gwennap pit, and the photogenic St Just Mining District. It’s the easiest to explore by rental car because of the distances. Nan has described his adventures getting around on public transport. |
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Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal |
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The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal comprises an 18km stretch of canal including a navigable aqueduct that is considered a masterpiece of civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution.
It was built by Thomas Telford and William Jessop, and completed in 1805. Innovative metal (cast iron) was used for the trough, while the pillars are made of brick. The aqueduct carries the Llangollen Canal over the valley of the River Dee in northeast Wales.
Community Perspective: Impressive for its height. It can be crossed on foot using the walkway next to the canal. Tsunami has described his visit to one of the additional components, Horseshoe Falls, and Squiffy covered Chirk. |
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Moravian Church Settlements |
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The Moravian Church Settlements are townscapes that resulted from planned idealized Protestant colonies.
From the German village of Herrnhut, the first Moravian missions were directed to northern Europe and Christiansfeld in Denmark is the best-preserved example of such settlements. New Moravian congregations were subsequently established in continental Europe, Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Gracehill), and North America (Bethlehem).
Community Perspective: In Christiansfeld there is a heritage trail with 27 locations that you can follow around town, but it still covers two streets only. Caspar stayed overnight and Jay compares Christiansfeld with a visit to Moravian Bethlehem and Solivagant has covered Gracehill and Matejicek Herrnhut. |
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Forth Bridge |
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The Forth Bridge is an early steel cantilever railway bridge that is a milestone in the evolution of bridge design.
Built in the age of the expansion of the railways, it still connects Edinburgh with Fife over the estuary 'Firth of Forth'. Remarkable is its size, at 2,529 m it remains one of the longest cantilever bridges, as well as its industrial looks. To prevent the steel from rusting, the structure is covered with a red protective coating.
Community Perspective: The bridge isn’t visible very well while you’re on it in a train; better views to admire its massive scale can be had from Blackness Castle, near the water’s edge in South Queensferry, from the Road Bridge, from the water via a boat trip, or from the air when landing at Edinburgh Airport. |
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Gorham's Cave Complex |
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Gorham’s Cave Complex covers a landscape of cliffs and caves that show extensive evidence of the Neanderthal way of life.
The site is located on the Mediterranean side of the Rock of Gibraltar, where four caves that are not submerged by the sea contain archaeological deposits. The occupation of these caves by Neanderthals has been established by the discovery of hunting remains and abstract rock engravings.
Community Perspective: Nan reports on the 2017 WHS meetup group which was allowed to enter Vanguard Cave and Gorham’s Cave. Hubert visited ‘by sea’. To set your foot in the core zone without access to a guided tour, you can walk the Mediterranean Steps until the highest point, the O'Hara's Battery (and have a look at the paleolithic Goat’s Hair Twin Caves along the way). There is also a (paid) ‘visitors platform’ at Europa Point from where you can see the caves’ entrances. |
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Lake District |
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The English Lake District is a cultural landscape shaped by Ice Age glaciers where farming and sheep grazing have defined the land.
It is a mountainous area of great beauty, that has inspired painters and writers since the 18th century. It has the highest peak in England, 13 narrow valleys, 16 lakes of glacial origin and woodlands.
Community Perspective: the landscape can be lovely, but parts are “insanely touristy” (Windermere, Keswick). The quieter places are good for birding and hiking. |
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The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales |
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The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is a stone quarrying and mining landscape that was transformed during the Industrial Revolution.
The slate industry has been present here from the Roman period onwards. It grew significantly in the 18th century before reaching its zenith in the 19th century, when these Welsh quarries provided roofing materials and slate products throughout the world. They also innovated the associated technologies of quarrying and transport infrastructure (such as narrow-gauge railways) were also exported worldwide.
Community Perspective: The site is made up of 6 locations, of which Dinorwic (for its museum, located in an authentic building, and other more remote remains) and Llechwedd Slate Caverns (for an underground visit) are recommended. Squiffy has provided a comprehensive overview of its values and has visited 5 locations. |
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The Flow Country |
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The Flow Country in northern Scotland is considered the largest area of blanket bog in the world, representing 1.5% of the global total. Covering 4,000km2 the bog landscape and surrounding heathland remains largely undisturbed and its wide range of vegetation provides habitat to a large range of birds, including an abundance of raptors, waterfowl and waders. Community Perspective: The visitor center at Forsinard is a logical port of call, and can even be reached by train from Inverness as James has attested. To see more, it's best to rent a car and drive through this landscape of wild “Wuthering heights” charm like Caspar did. |
United States of America |
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Mesa Verde |
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Mesa Verde National Park comprises Pre-Columbian archaeological sites from the Ancestral Puebloan culture.
The landscape consists of rock-cut villages and associated sites such as dams and shrines on a high plateau with a semi-arid climate. Dwellings with multi-storey constructions made of sandstone and mud were erected under the shelter of the cliffs. The site reached its apogee between the 11th and 13th centuries, but its culture lives on as a link to the past for the contemporary Puebloan Peoples of the American Southwest.
Community Perspective: to fully enjoy it is best to stay overnight, as there are multiple locations to visit and tours to do, and the natural setting is so wonderful. |
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Yellowstone |
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Yellowstone National Park comprises a large and intact ecosystem that shows globally unparalleled surficial geothermal activity
It holds the world’s largest collection of geysers, plus hot springs and fumaroles. 150 species of fossilized plants have been discovered here. The park also has become a refuge for wildlife, including great numbers of bison and grizzly bears.
Community Perspective: reviewers only talk about in superlatives of this vast array of natural wonders. Highlights include the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Grand Prismatic Spring, the travertine terraces of Mammoth Hot Springs and the presence of so many wild animals in Lamar and/or Hayden Valley. Kyle shares a set of best practices for first-time visitors. |
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Everglades |
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Everglades National Park is centered on a vast subtropical wetland with sawgrass marshes and mangrove islands.
The park holds the largest continuous stand of sawgrass prairie in North America and the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere. It's the habitat of threatened species such as the Florida panther, snail kite, alligator, crocodile and manatee. It also is the most significant breeding ground for wading birds in North America.
Community Perspective: located just a few steps from Miami, this is a vast wilderness area. For short-term visitors, the Anhinga Trail is recommended for getting close to wildlife as does Shark Valley. But “To truly experience the Everglades one must be willing to be somewhat adventuresome. A trip down the coastline in a kayak or a canoe trip into the interior is a camping experience of a lifetime.” Klaus provides tips on how to visit the park without a car, and Ian describes a day trip from the Orlando area. |
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Independence Hall |
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Independence Hall is an 18th-century government building where both the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed, which had a profound influence around the world.
The red brick building was designed in the Georgian style to originally house the colonial government of Pennsylvania. From 1775 to 1783, it was the principal meeting place of the representatives from each of the thirteen British North American colonies. The United States Declaration of Independence was approved there on July 4, 1776, and the Declaration was read aloud to the public in the area now known as Independence Square. The bell tower steeple of Independence Hall was the original home of the "Liberty Bell".
Community Perspective: the site has gathered no less than 17 reviews so far, expressing wide-ranging opinions, but most seem to agree that (as eloquently summarized by Jay) “the ideas forged within its walls far outsize the building”. |
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Redwood |
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Redwood National and State Parks protect the largest remaining Coastal Redwood old-growth forests, with some of the tallest and oldest known trees in the world.
These redwoods are surviving remnants of groups of trees that were once found throughout many of the wet regions of the world. The parks also hold 60km of coastline with specific flora and fauna. This contiguous area consists of Redwood National Park and California's State Parks: Del Norte Coast, Jedediah Smith, and Prairie Creek.
Community Perspective: impressive, especially when a sea of mist from the Pacific Ocean descends into Redwood and creates an otherworldly atmosphere. The parks see only a fraction of the visitors compared to Yosemite or Yellowstone. Kyle recommends the Lady Bird Johnson Grove and the Fern Canyon Trail, and Frederik the Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park. |
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Mammoth Cave |
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Mammoth Cave National Park covers a karst landscape that holds the longest cave system in the world.
The explored cave passageways inside the park stretch for 458km. They were carved by the Green River and its tributaries. Nearly every cave formation is visible here and the flora and fauna are the richest cave-dwelling wildlife known.
Community Perspective: There are various cave tours to choose from, though the underground scenery will not overwhelm you with natural beauty (the Frozen Niagara section being an exception) and the tour narratives are dumbed down. Do not skip the karst features above the surface, which you can explore via short trails. Els and Kyle have described both ways of access. |
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Olympic National Park |
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Olympic National Park covers an isolated and wet area with a varied topography from seashore to glacier.
The park can be divided into three basic regions: the Pacific coastline, the Olympic Mountains with glaciated peaks, and the temperate rainforest. It has the lowest-altitude glaciers in the world. Endemic wildlife includes the Olympic Marmot and subspecies of trout.
Community Perspective: anyone who visits here had better like the color green, as you will see heavy fringes of moss hanging from the trees. The park is amazing, even when it rains a lot. The reviews by Kyle, Dennis and Jay give a good overview of the different portions of the park. |
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Cahokia Mounds |
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Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site comprises the archeological remains of an agricultural settlement of Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Mississipi region.
10,000 people may have lived here and at its peak (11th century) there were some 120 earthen mounds, of which 81 remain. They were used as burial sites and provided defensive protection to public buildings. The 30m high Monks Mound is the largest prehistoric earthen structure uncovered so far in the New World.
Community Perspective: a little-known site among the general public, but reviewers enjoyed climbing the main mound, the site museum and appreciated the importance of this “largest pre-Columbian city north of Mexico”. 1.5 hours should be sufficient to cover it. It lies close to St. Louis in Missouri and Eero Saarinen’s Gateway Arch. |
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Great Smoky Mountains |
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Great Smoky Mountains National Park comprises a natural landscape of undisturbed, scenic forests.
They hold flora and fauna species that survived the Pleistocene Ice Ages and are rarely found in temperate zones elsewhere. It is floristically very diverse, with fourteen major forest types and 105 native tree species. Wildlife includes the black bear and the white-tailed deer, and the park has the world’s greatest diversity of salamander species.
Community Perspective: one of the most visited sites overall due to the close proximity to the eastern cities, it is best done over 2 days and on weekdays. Parking anywhere over 15 minutes since 2023 requires an official paid parking tag. Still, it is quite pristine and there are good hiking opportunities. Four out of the eight reviewers spotted a black bear. |
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La Fortaleza and San Juan |
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La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico comprise a defense system that played a strategic role in the Spanish colonization of America.
The fortifications protecting the city and the Bay of San Juan show the adaption of European designs to a Caribbean context. La Fortaleza nowadays serves as the seat and residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico. San Juan National Historic Site includes the forts of San Cristóbal, San Felipe del Morro, and San Juan de la Cruz, plus bastions, powder houses, and three fourths of the city wall.
Community Perspective: the fortresses of San Cristóbal and San Felipe del Morro are enormous and the highlights of the site, and you can easily spend several hours here. |
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Statue of Liberty |
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The Statue of Liberty is a gigantic neoclassical sculpture of high symbolic value.
The hollow statue was constructed in the studios of Bartholdi in Paris, where Gustave Eiffel designed its metallic skeleton. It was a gift from France on the centenary of American Independence in 1886 – the statue holds America’s Declaration of Independence in her left hand. The Statue welcomed immigrants to the New York harbour, and is symbolic for the populating of the United States in the second half of the 19th century.
Community Perspective: this is among the most visited sites in our community, and “the statue was large and the queues were long” may summarize it nicely. It can be viewed from the Bay via the triangle ride Manhattan - Liberty Island - Ellis Island, the free Staten Island ferry, or the Governor’s Island ferry. The pedestal access ticket seems to be the best choice for those who want to see the Lady up close. |
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Yosemite National Park |
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Yosemite National Park is a glacial landscape with geologic features of exceptional beauty.
This landscape was created as a result of repeated periods of glaciation. It holds unique and pronounced landform features, such as deeply incised valleys and granitic domes like Half Dome and El Capitan. The park is also known for its many high waterfalls, alpine meadows and groves of giant sequoias.
Community Perspective: it gets very busy – especially on weekends and national holidays - but if you allow 2 days or more you can get away from the main tourist routes (Kyle provides tips). Both summer and winter visits are rewarding. |
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Chaco Culture |
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Chaco Culture is an archeological site illustrating the architectural and engineering achievements of the Pre-Columbian Chaco people.
The Chaco were the ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples. They lived in this harsh environment from the 9th to the 13th centuries and created agricultural communities and a road network. The great houses (public buildings) of Pueblo Bonito, Una Vida, Hungo Pavi and many more were constructed. The site includes Chaco Culture National Historical Park, the associated sites at Aztec Ruins National Monument, and five additional protected archaeological areas.
Community Perspective: Chaco Culture NHP is quite a remote site and accessible by a gravel road only. A visit takes multiple hours and you can even stay overnight (camping, reservation advised). Kyle and Michael report on visits to some of the associated sites such as Aztec Ruins. |
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Hawaii Volcanoes |
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Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is an excellent example of island building through volcanic processes.
The park includes Kilauea, the most active volcano in the world, and Mauna Loa, the greatest volcanic mass on Earth and one of the best examples of a shield volcano. The ongoing geological processes make it an important place for scientific study as well.
Community Perspective: for the best experience you would need your trip to coincide with a major volcanic event. Jay was lucky two times and Michael had to watch the lava plumes from a safe distance. The views from the air (by small sightseeing planes) also come recommended, and Kyle shares some other things worth seeing. |
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Monticello |
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Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville are outstanding examples of neoclassical architecture.
This plantation house and academic village are two major works designed by Thomas Jefferson (president, writer, and architect). He was inspired by Andrea Palladio's 'Four Books of Architecture' and several study trips to Europe. Monticello, based on a Roman design, was his own villa. The Academical Village of the University of Virginia was based on Jefferson's educational ideals.
Community Perspective: the interior of the house is usually visited on a guided tour (“bearable” as it lasts only 30 minutes and the guides are knowledgeable), but you can explore the other areas on your own. Getting out to the University of Virginia buildings is worth the effort too. Much of the site (and the inscription) is about Jefferson as a person, a dilemma that is addressed in Kyle’s review. |
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Taos Pueblo |
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Taos Pueblo is a traditional settlement from the pre-Hispanic period, that has been in continuous use until now.
The walled village consists of two five-storey adobe structures, kivas (underground ceremonial chambers), ruins of previous structures and a present-day Catholic church. It gives testimony to the culture of Pueblo Indians, that developed around 1400 after the disappearance of the Anasazi tribes in the region.
Community Perspective: an entrance fee is levied and many places in town are restricted areas, but most visitors find it an interesting experience. Joining a local tour and the bakery come recommended. Be aware that the pueblo can ‘close’ on short notice due to a funeral for example. |
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Carlsbad Caverns |
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Carlsbad Caverns National Park comprises over 120 limestone caves that are renowned for the abundance, diversity and beauty of their speleothems (decorative rock formations).
The cave system originated 250 million years ago as erosion started on the Capitan Reef located in an evaporated inland sea. The primary caves are the Carlsbad and the Lechuguilla. The latter holds the largest collection of gypsum “chandeliers”.
Community Perspective: The Lechuguilla Cave – reportedly the most spectacular – unfortunately is closed to the general public. Still, the reviewers find Carlsbad impressive for its size and the variety of formations especially in the Big Room. Spectacular also is the Bat exodus at dusk. |
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Glacier parks |
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Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek comprises a mountain landscape shaped by geologic and glacial processes.
These four parks in the Yukon and Alaska offer combined marine, coastal, wild river and high mountain scenery with minimal extent of human modification. They hold over 200 glaciers, including some of the world’s largest and longest. Wildlife is abundant too, with a healthy population of grizzly bears.
Community Perspective: Glacier Bay is regularly visited by large cruise ships and good views are had from there. Tsunami describes an unforgettable journey on smaller boats and small airplanes, while J_neveryes explored Kluane by doing rewarding day hikes from Haines Junction. |
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Waterton Glacier International Peace Park |
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Waterton Glacier International Peace Park is known for its superlative mountain scenery of glacial origin.
The contiguous Waterton Lakes NP (Canada) and Glacier NP (USA) have formed the world's first International Peace Park since 1932, although they are administered separately. Its distinctive setting spanning the Continental Divide and high elevation variance has resulted in many climates and microclimates. It also lies where the mountains meet the prairie, so flora and fauna are diverse.
Community Perspective: both Canada and the USA have parks with better scenery than Waterton Glacier, but still there are some wonderful scenic drives and hikes to be found here. Emilia did a camping trip, Kyle stayed at Many Glacier, Els hiked to Bertha Lake and Klein did the Crypt Lake Trail. |
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Grand Canyon |
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Grand Canyon National Park is centered on a vast and colourful, steep-sided gorge of exceptional natural beauty.
The Grand Canyon was carved by geological activity and the Colorado River, which exposed 2 billion years of the Earth’s history. Precambrian and Paleozoic layers are well-visible and include a rich collection of fossils. The different elevations result in diverse ecosystems with a variety of flora and fauna species.
Community Perspective: lives up to its hype, “Awesome in the proper sense of the word”. It’s best to stay overnight in the park so you can beat both the sun and the crowds. Kyle has described the various access points: South Rim, North Rim, and "Grand Canyon West". Jakob walked halfway down from both Rims. |
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Papahanaumokuakea |
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Papahānaumokuākea is a remote protected area in the Pacific that is important for its island hotspot volcanism and its role in the beliefs of the Native Hawai’ian population.
The area encompasses 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of ocean waters and ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The multitude of habitats and its isolation have led to high levels of endemism notably among coral and fish species. It is also the habitat of the critically endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal. Significant Native Hawaiian cultural sites such as heiau shrines are found on the islands of Nihoa and Mokumanamana and can be placed within the wider Pacific/Polynesian tradition. There are also locations of historic shipwreck sites.
Community Perspective: the site is essentially closed to tourists, only Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge has been accessible in the past (until 2012) via a special visitor program as described by Zoë. |
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Poverty Point |
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The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point comprise a pre-Columbian archeological landscape created by a population of hunter-fisher-gatherers.
The earthen mound complex consists of five mounds and six concentric earthen ridges. Set at a natural elevation, it was used for ceremonial and residential purposes by the vanished Poverty Point culture, which centered in the Lower Mississippi Valley between 3,700 and 3,100 BP. Mound A is the tallest of the constructions at 22m, and its size was only surpassed by the 2,000 years younger Cahokia Mounds.
Community Perspective: “extremely out of the way and not near anything”, you’ll find a small museum and a trail along the mounds. Visits generally take 2 hours, but if you aim to be there on an “archaeological day” you can have a try at Atlatl (spear-throwing) as well. The best way to appreciate the mounds is to look at an aerial view - either on the site's website or Google Maps. |
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San Antonio Missions |
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The San Antonio Missions were created by the Franciscan Order in the 18th century to evangelize the indigenous Coahuiltecan population and create settlements loyal to the Spanish.
The five missions that were meant to be self-sustaining communities are located along the San Antonio River in Texas. They include farmlands, residences, churches, workshops, wells and water distribution systems. The decoration of the churches combined Catholic symbols with indigenous natural design. Included are: Mission Valero, Mission Concepción, Mission San José, Mission San Juan, Mission Espada and Rancho de las Cabra.
Community Perspective: Mission Valero is by far the most touristy/tacky of the group for its association with the historic Battle of Alamo, but WH travellers are better off at the other locations. Frederik describes a visit to Mission San José, reputably the largest and most beautiful of all missions, while Jay enjoyed Mission Espada. And Kyle recommends the bike trail that connects all of the missions. |
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Moravian Church Settlements |
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The Moravian Church Settlements are townscapes that resulted from planned idealized Protestant colonies.
From the German village of Herrnhut, the first Moravian missions were directed to northern Europe and Christiansfeld in Denmark is the best-preserved example of such settlements. New Moravian congregations were subsequently established in continental Europe, Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Gracehill), and North America (Bethlehem).
Community Perspective: In Christiansfeld there is a heritage trail with 27 locations that you can follow around town, but it still covers two streets only. Caspar stayed overnight and Jay compares Christiansfeld with a visit to Moravian Bethlehem and Solivagant has covered Gracehill and Matejicek Herrnhut. |
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Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings |
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The 20th Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright illustrates Wright’s innovative approach to architecture designed for an American context.
The site comprises 8 buildings designed by this American architect. The buildings range from a modest home to a church and a museum. They show different aspects of his work, which was geared to the American social, economic and natural conditions. Wright’s ideas also influenced Europe’s Modern Movement in architecture.
Community Perspective: even when you’re not a fan of modern architecture, you will be impressed by these works. Kyle has visited them all and his review is the best place to start. Others covered include Fallingwater (Els), Unity Temple (Ian), Guggenheim Museum (Ian, Frederik, Clyde), Taliesin West (Boj) and Robie House (Ilya). |
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Hopewell |
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The Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks comprise the remains of ceremonial centers of the Hopewell culture.
The site comprises eight monumental earthen enclosure complexes, often used for burials. They were constructed with geometric precision to align with astronomical cycles. The Earthworks were created during the Middle and Late Woodland Periods of North America (1-1000 CE).
Community Perspective: Hopewell Culture National Historical Park - Mound City, Newark Earthworks - Great Circle and Seip Earthworks are considered the key components among the eight locations. From the ground, the scale of these circle mounds are difficult to fully appreciate. All are best accessible by car from Columbus, Ohio. |
Uruguay |
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Colonia del Sacramento |
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The Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento comprises a colonial urban landscape where Portuguese and Spanish traditions are combined.
Colonia lies in a strategic position at the tip of a peninsula in the Río de la Plata. It changed hands between the two European powers a couple of times between the 17th and 19th centuries. The townscape is characterized by its organic street plan, cobbled streets and low, modest buildings.
Community Perspective: Easily accessible by hydrofoil from Buenos Aires; expect a laid-back atmosphere and a lack of noteworthy sights. |
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Fray Bentos |
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The Fray Bentos Cultural-Industrial Landscape is a port area shaped for the industrial production of canned and frozen meat.
In 1865, a meat processing and packing plant aimed at the European market was started here on the Uruguay River. The whole process starting from cattle pastures til the shipping of the goods was done on-site. It attracted immigrant workers from over 55 countries. The factory closed down in 1979. Remains include the enormous cold storage building, a tall brick boiler chimney, workers’ housing, holding pens and the slaughter yard.
Community Perspective: it’s a fascinating and extensive site, with a modern visitor center and a museum. Several tours are on offer to explore restricted parts such as the manager’s residence or the factory plant. |
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Church of Atlántida |
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The work of engineer Eladio Dieste: Church of Atlántida is a parish church known for its innovative construction technique.
The brick structure’s lateral walls form a double curved shell. Reinforced ceramic, by putting steel bars in the joints of the bricks, was used. There is a separate bell tower and an underground circular baptistery. Eladio Dieste was a Uruguayan engineer who built a range of structures in Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina and Spain from the 1940s onward.
Community Perspective: “It is simple, yet impressive in its originality and spiritual atmosphere”. A visit will be a matter of minutes. The church is located in a working neighbourhood of Atlantida and generally only opens for Sunday services, but there is a “lady with a key” that can be called. Last reports (Dec 2023) suggest that opening hours are now 08:00-16.00 every day. |
Uzbekistan |
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Itchan Kala |
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Itchan Kala, the inner town of Khiva, is a coherent ensemble of Islamic architecture in the Khorezm region that dates from the 14th to the 19th century.
It was the last resting place of caravans before crossing the desert to Persia. The town is completely surrounded by brick city walls, which have four gates at the cardinal points. Among the buildings, the Djuma mosque and the many medressehs stand out, as well as traditional domestic architecture.
Community Perspective: The town is very heavily restored and operates virtually as an open-air museum. One can best soak up the atmosphere in the early mornings or evenings. Recommended sights are the Kunya Ark and its viewing platform, Tash Hauli's Harem, the unfinished Kalta Minor and the Djuma Mosque (with the least claustrophobic minaret to climb). |
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Bukhara |
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The Historic Centre of Bukhara is the most complete and unspoiled example of a medieval Central Asian town, whose urban layout and buildings have greatly influenced town planning in the region.
Bukhara was also the largest center for Muslim theology in the Near East. Most major monuments that have survived are from the 16th century onwards, built during the Sheibanid dynasty when economic and cultural development was stimulated.
Community Perspective: A lively city that is worth multiple days. Solivagant has described how the city transformed between his two visits in 1983 and 2004. Els visited the 16th century hammam and Clyde has pointed out the best panoramic viewpoints. |
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Shakhrisyabz |
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The Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz contains fine monuments from the Temurid period.
It was the non-formal capital of the Temurid Empire, the family seat and a city of culture and knowledge. Located in a fertile valley, the town has preserved its original town plan and part of its medieval town walls. The most notable Temurid monuments are the immense Ak-Sarai Palace and the white marble Tomb of Temur.
Community Perspective: It is an easy half-day trip from Samarkand by taxi/car. Shakhrisyabz is not as great as Samarkand or Bukhara, but more “Uzbek” (check out the bazaar!) and much less-visited. |
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Samarkand |
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Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures is a city with ancient origins that saw its heyday during the Temurid period.
From its early days, the archeological site of the city of Afrosiab remains. The Temurid medieval city has preserved its urban fabric, monumental buildings and traditional housing. Its Timurid architecture decorated with ceramic tiles became a worldwide influence in Islamic art and architecture. The 19th and 20th-century Russian expansions of the city show its urban continuity.
Community Perspective: The individual monuments stand out here more than the overall atmosphere, with the highlights being the Registan ensemble, the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, the Shahr-i-Zindah tombs, the Guri Amir Mausoleum and the Ulughbek Observatory. Behind the scenes, it’s not all that shiny, as the interiors often disappoint and much of the restoration work is shoddy. |
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Western Tien-Shan |
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The Western Tien-Shan is a Central Asian mountain range known for its plant biodiversity.
Especially its wild fruit and walnut forest are among the largest remaining in the world, thus providing a genetic resource for domestic fruit species. Furthermore, mammals such as Snow Leopard, Wild Sheep and Argali live in these mountains. The site consists of 13 parks and nature reserves, divided over Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
Community Perspective: Come here for some moderate mountain hiking, see flora such as the wild tulip and purple and yellow iris, and taste wild apples and plums. Solivagant covered Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve (Kazakhstan), Jarek and Els Sary Chelek Nature Reserve (Kyrgyzstan), and Clyde the Bashkizilsay area of the Chatkal State Biosphere Nature Reserve (Uzbekistan). |
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Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor |
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The Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor comprises a key section in the harsh environment of Central Asia of this route where ideas and goods were exchanged.
This 866-kilometre stretch, crossing mountain ranges and the Karakum desert, lies at the heart of the network of Silk Roads corridors. In early medieval times, it was the place where the trade of Sogdians flourished. Later, caravanserais and monumental Islamic buildings were added. The roads crossed the Karakum Desert to end in Merv Oasis, and comprise 34 individual components spread across high mountains, plains, and deserts.
Community Perspective: In Uzbekistan, Nan visited a string of sites, Jarek did Paykent and Els covered Chor Bakr and the Bahoutdin Complex near Bukhara. Tamas ventured into Tajikistan to cover Penjikent. |
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Cold winter deserts of Turan |
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The Cold Winter Deserts of Turan testify to the survival of flora and fauna in an arid cold winter climate.
The 14 components across three countries span diverse desert ecosystems across more than 1,500 kilometres. They are important for both breeding and migrating bird species, and provide habitat for globally threatened mammals, such as Goitered Gazelle, Saiga and Urial.
Community Perspective: This site has received two reviews of drive-thru visits so far: Zoë covered Altyn Emel and its singing dunes in Kazakhstan, while Els 'did' Repetek in Turkmenistan. |
Vanuatu |
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Chief Roi Mata's Domain |
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Chief Roi Mata's Domain is a cultural landscape associated with the oral traditions surrounding this late Pacific chief.
It consists of three early 17th-century sites on the islands of Efate, Lelepa and Artok associated with the life and death of the last paramount chief, or Roi Mata. The property includes Roi Mata's residence, the site of his death and Roi Mata's mass burial site. The places continue to draw respect and are subject to taboo restrictions.
Community Perspective: all three locations can be visited on a combined guided tour from Port Vila (try to get the one directly through the village), but keep in mind that “everything is pretty rudimental in Vanuatu”. The only really tangible heritage from Chief Roi Mata's Domain consists of the paintings inside Fels Cave. |
Venezuela |
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Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas |
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The Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas (University of Caracas) is an outstanding example of the Modern Movement in architecture.
The University Campus was constructed between 1940 and 1960 by the Venezuelan architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva. He used the latest avant-garde ideas in architecture and spatial elements from Venezuelan colonial architecture suited to the tropical climate to create an open and ventilated solution. The complex also includes masterpieces of visual arts, like the "Clouds" of Alexander Calder.
Community Perspective: the campus is easily accessible by metro, and despite all the concrete a visit is interesting enough to see location-specific solutions such as “passages allowing students to walk in shadow during sunny days”. Solivagant ponders the University’s merits as a WHS. |
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Coro and its Port |
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Coro and its Port comprise an urban colonial landscape renowned for its earthen architecture that is unique in the Caribbean.
The city of Santa Ana de Coro was founded in 1527 in the early days of Spanish colonization. It has conserved its original layout and early urban landscape very well. The buildings show examples of traditional mud-building techniques, which are still being used. The architecture is a unique fusion of Mudejar, native, Spanish and Dutch influences, the latter through the neighbouring islands of Curaçao and Aruba.
Community Perspective: the only reviewer so far, Joseph, details a visit from 2009. |
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Canaima National Park |
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Canaima National Park is renowned for its beautiful tepui landscape and the world’s highest waterfall, Angel Falls.
The tepuis (table mountains) form a unique biotic environment, with very poor soil on their summits and specific flora that has adapted to these circumstances. They also have an important story to tell about Earth’s evolutionary history as its surface holds some of the oldest rocks on the planet and the geology provides evidence that South America and Africa once formed part of a single continent.
Community Perspective: Angel Falls is the main tourist focus here, and all 3 reviewers so far focused on it. Both the approach by land and air are deemed wonderful experiences and the “drop from the top of the tepui is mesmerizing”. The last review dates from 2010, so for practical information look elsewhere for more recent sources. |
Viet Nam |
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Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago |
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The Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago shows all stages of sea-inundation of tropical karst.
Ha Long Bay is the best example of marine invaded tower karst in the world. There are 138 marine lakes present in Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba, about one-third of the global number. The islands hold caves and grottoes, with stalactites and stalagmites. The limestone pillars are a unique natural feature of great scenic beauty and biological interest.
Community Perspective: Best visited on a boat tour (can be one day or multiple days, starting from Hanoi). The scenery is beautiful, but don’t be surprised by the pollution (although this seems to have improved in recent years) and the overtourism you will encounter. You need to be lucky with the weather as well, as it is often foggy. |
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Hué |
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The Complex of Hué Monuments is a unique example of a planned and fully defended feudal capital city in Southeast Asia.
Hué was the imperial capital of Vietnam between 1802 and 1945. The site consists of the Capital City, a complex enclosed within defensive walls with the Forbidden Purple City at its heart, and associated monuments outside of the city such as imperial tombs, temples, pagodas and other spiritual sites.
Community Perspective: The Hué Citadel stands out for its unique design. The associated sites are also worth visiting, but are scattered across a large area so you’ll need a car/taxi/bike to reach them. |
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Hoi An |
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Hoi An Ancient Town is the best example of a traditional trading port in Southeast Asia.
From the 15th to 19th centuries, Hoi An attracted ships and traders from the rest of Asia and Europe. Its architecture is of traditional Vietnamese design, with Chinese, Japanese and European influences. Its grid of narrow streets has remained, lined with timber-framed historic buildings.
Community Perspective: It has become a very touristy place – maybe do like Frederik and explore it at 5 a.m. to see the local fishermen getting ready for the day. The Chinese-styled shop-houses are picturesque and you should try to enter one of the old merchant's houses and the Fukian Assembly hall. |
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My Son |
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My Son Sanctuary was the religious centre for the capital of the Champa Kingdom.
The Sanctuary comprises a series of impressive tower temples decorated with sandstone bas-reliefs depicting scenes from Hindu mythology. The Champa adopted the Hindu religion in the 4th century, Hindu architecture was introduced from the Indian subcontinent and many temples to Hindu divinities were built.
Community Perspective: The site can easily be visited as a half-day trip from Hoi An. It has a lovely jungle setting and there is a circular footpath to guide you along the temples. The buildings are all ruins (due to their age and bombing in the Vietnam War), but the carving in brick is still impressive. |
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Phong Nha - Ke Bang |
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Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park contains a complex karst system that is one of the oldest and largest in Asia.
The limestone landscape includes underground rivers and very large caves, such as the Son Doong Cave, first explored in 2009, which is the world’s largest known cave passage in terms of diameter and continuity. The caves hold many geomorphic features such as dry caves and sub-aerial stromatolites. The park is covered by (mostly primary) tropical forest and has a high floral and mammal biodiversity.
Community Perspective: This can be done as a day trip from Hué, but allow yourself plenty of time to enjoy the site (at least 3h). You can visit the Phong Nha cave in a small boat, which lets you ashore a few times as described by Els. The Paradise Cave supposedly is more spectacular – read Zoë’s review for that one. And Martina made it to the Dark Cave as well. |
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Thang Long |
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The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long-Hanoi is the archeological site of the old capital of Vietnam, which originated in 1010.
This makes it one of the oldest continuous centers of power in the world. It is directly associated with cultural and historical events in this independent nation for more than a thousand years. Its structures show a unique synthesis of the influence of various Asian cultures.
Community Perspective: The site has essentially been off-limits to outsiders until 2010, as it was in military use. It lies in the center of Hanoi but is not well-signposted. When you read the reviews in chronological order, you’ll notice that the site gradually is opening up and has more ‘on show’ for visitors. |
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Citadel of the Ho Dynasty |
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The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty comprises the remains of a late 14th-century capital of Vietnam.
At the time when Neo-Confucianism became influential in his government, Prime Minister Ho moved the capital from the vulnerable Hanoi (Thang Long) to this more central countryside location. The city was laid out in harmony with the landscape according to geomantic principles. The walls were constructed from large blocks of stone, an answer to the invention of gunpowder in the hostile China.
Community Perspective: The site needs private transportation to reach. Look beyond the photogenic gate, to watch the farmers working their land within the boundaries of the citadel and check out the Nam Giao altar some 2km away. There’s also a small visitor center near the gate. |
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Trang An |
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The Trang An Landscape Complex is a visually spectacular mountainous karst area with numerous caves that have provided shelter to humans for over 30,000 years.
The site shows a large variety of karst features, with a high-quality landscape of karst towers. They are covered in rainforests and surrounded by rivers, caves, enclosed depressions (with subterranean waterways) and sacred places for the local population.
Community Perspective: It’s a beautiful area. The standard thing to do is a boat tour which will take you through small waterways, into caves, and to temples. You can also cycle between several of the shrines. |
Yemen |
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Shibam |
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The Old Walled City of Shibam is one of the earliest and most perfect examples of vertical construction.
Shibam, nicknamed "The Manhattan of the Desert", was built on a hill to escape the floods of the wadi Hadramawt. The dense setting of its mud-brick tower houses goes back to the need for protection against rivalling clans. Most houses date from the 16th century, when Shibam was recovering from a severe flood. It enjoyed prosperity as a stop on the caravan trade routes for incense and spices.
Community Perspective: located “in the middle of the desert”, it has escaped severe war damage so far and can be reached by air or overland from Oman. See Christravelblog’s review for logistics. |
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Sana'a |
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The Old City of Sana'a is renowned for the unique skyline of a densely packed ensemble of multi-storey traditional houses and minarets.
Surrounded by ancient clay walls, the old city boasts over 100 mosques, 12 hammams, and 6,500 houses. Many of the houses reach several stories high and are decorated with geometric patterns, elaborate friezes, intricately carved frames and stained glass windows. Sana’a is also connected to the spread of Islam in its early years - the majestic seventh-century Jami' al-Kabir (Great Mosque) is known as the first mosque built outside Mecca and Medina.
Community Perspective: As a site that has been off-limits for a decade, the only review so far stems from Solivagant who characterizes it as “a city to wander round without a map”. |
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Zabid |
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The Historic Town of Zabid is renowned for its domestic and military architecture, and its Islamic university that attracted students from far.
The urban plan of this town shows the characteristics of the early years of Islam, centered around the ancient Alash'ar Mosque. It further developed with fortifications, the Great Mosque, courtyard houses and a network of canals. It became a significant centre for spreading Islamic knowledge from its mosques and madrasas.
Community Perspective: located in a hot coastal area, this feels very different from the rest of Yemen. The interior of the townhouses comes recommended by Solivagant, while Watkinstravel found it in a terrible state of decay in 2007. |
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Socotra Archipelago |
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The Socotra Archipelago covers an isolated group of islands that is renowned for its species biodiversity.
Located at a 'crossroads' of the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, isolated for a long time and with a fiercely hot climate, its circumstances have led to the preservation of a unique ecosystem. Notable plant species found here include the bitter aloe, myrrh, frankincense and the distinctive dragon's blood tree. Its terrestrial and marine animals such as reptiles and land snails also show high levels of endemism.
Community Perspective: the archipelago has been under de facto control of the UAE since 2018, and access has become easier due to regular weekly flights from Abu Dhabi. Michael and Dennis describe what such a visit entails – beaches, dunes, dragon blood trees and flowering bottle trees. |
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Ancient Kingdom of Saba |
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The Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib comprise 7 archaeological sites representative of this ancient civilisation of South Arabia.
The Kingdom flourished from the 8th century BCE to the 3rd century CE and mainly relied on the trade of incense. The Landmarks contain the ruins of the Great Marib Dam, an ancient wonder of the world for its innovative irrigation system whose destruction was referenced in the Koran. The city of Marib was the largest and most populous in the kingdom and was surrounded by a 4.5km long wall. Outside the city are the remains of two Sabean temples, the oval temple of Awwam, known as the sanctuary of the Queen of Sheba, and the Barran temple, dedicated to the moon god Almaqah.
Community Perspective: having visited in 1996, long before the site became inscribed via the emergency procedure, Solivagant details its history and his visit to a region that held a reputation for kidnapping visitors. |
Zambia |
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Victoria Falls |
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Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls are the largest waterfalls in the world, measured by a combination of their height (108m) and width (1,708m).
The Zambezi River system comprises eight steep gorges and several islands that attract migratory bird species. A riverine 'rainforest' within the spray from the waterfall has also developed. The site spans a contiguous area across the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Zambia), Victoria Falls National Park (Zimbabwe) and Zambezi National Park (Zimbabwe).
Community Perspective: it is recommend visiting them from all 3 sides – the Zimbabwean, the Zambian, AND from the air with a helicopter ride. |
Zimbabwe |
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Mana Pools |
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Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas are renowned for their wildlife gatherings during the dry season.
The three conservation areas are situated in the Zambezi Valley, along the Middle and Lower Zambezi Rivers. Mana Pools is centered around four large permanent pools. The river and the sandbanks that are formed by erosion and deposition form a refuge for species such as elephants, buffalo, lions, wild dogs, Nile crocodiles and hippos.
Community Perspective: uncrowded (although that is rapidly changing), “an utterly wild place, sleeping outside with the sound of roaring lions, whooping hyenas and grunting hippos”. Els went camping and has provided practical info on how to visit this remote park, while Svein described the experience from Vundu Camp which has a private concession. Wojtek did it as a self-drive day trip on a budget. |
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Great Zimbabwe |
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The Great Zimbabwe National Monument is the archaeological site of the greatest city of the Shona civilization.
Great Zimbabwe ("stone houses") was a main regional trading center from the Middle Ages onward, and its wealth was associated with Arab gold trading. There were also trade links with East Africa (Kilwa), and fragments of Persian and Chinese pottery have been found at the site. Arab and European travellers in the 16th century sent marvelling reports home about this place and its impressive stone walls.
Community Perspective: the site has mainly attracted the views of Zimbabweans and former residents, who nostalgically reflect on their visits from the 1930s on. More recent visitors report that it is a hot site to visit, but well-restored and with knowledgeable local guides. |
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Khami Ruins |
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Khami Ruins National Monument comprises the archaeological site of the second largest stone-built monument in Zimbabwe.
The dry-stone structures were enhanced by decorative friezes. It was created during the Torwa dynasty and became the region’s next capital after the abandonment of Great Zimbabwe. Imported goods like Ming porcelain and Spanish silverware were found, which hint at a wide range of trading contacts.
Community Perspective: An easy site to visit with your own transport from the city of Bulawayo, but it cannot stand comparison to Great Zimbabwe. Nearby Naletale (a TWHS) reportedly has the most interesting patterned stonework of all the Zimbabwes. |
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Victoria Falls |
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Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls are the largest waterfalls in the world, measured by a combination of their height (108m) and width (1,708m).
The Zambezi River system comprises eight steep gorges and several islands that attract migratory bird species. A riverine 'rainforest' within the spray from the waterfall has also developed. The site spans a contiguous area across the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Zambia), Victoria Falls National Park (Zimbabwe) and Zambezi National Park (Zimbabwe).
Community Perspective: it is recommend visiting them from all 3 sides – the Zimbabwean, the Zambian, AND from the air with a helicopter ride. |
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Matobo Hills |
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The Matobo Hills comprise a living cultural landscape where people have interacted for over 100.000 years with the landscape, notably via rock paintings.
There are around 700 known sites with some 20.000 paintings. They date from the late Stone Age and the Iron Age, the oldest are 13.000 years old. Shrines and sacred places connected with the high God of the oracular cult Mwali are still in use.
Community Perspective: the Matobos offer a variety of sights, including several signposted caves with rock art and natural features such as distinct granite boulders and a game park area most notable for its reintroduced black and white rhinos. |